TripleCross/docs/document.toc

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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{1}{chapter.1}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{1}{section.1.1}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Project objectives}{3}{section.1.2}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Regulatory framework}{4}{section.1.3}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.1}Social and economic environment}{4}{subsection.1.3.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.2}Budget}{4}{subsection.1.3.2}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Structure of the document}{4}{section.1.4}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}Code availability}{4}{section.1.5}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Background}{5}{chapter.2}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}BPF}{5}{section.2.1}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.1}Introduction to the BPF system}{5}{subsection.2.1.1}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.2}The BPF virtual machine}{6}{subsection.2.1.2}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.3}Analysis of a BPF filter program}{7}{subsection.2.1.3}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.4}BPF bytecode instruction format}{8}{subsection.2.1.4}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.5}An example of BPF filter with tcpdump}{10}{subsection.2.1.5}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Modern eBPF}{11}{section.2.2}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}eBPF instruction set}{13}{subsection.2.2.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}JIT compilation}{13}{subsection.2.2.2}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}The eBPF verifier}{14}{subsection.2.2.3}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.4}eBPF maps}{15}{subsection.2.2.4}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.5}The eBPF ring buffer}{16}{subsection.2.2.5}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.6}The bpf() syscall}{16}{subsection.2.2.6}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.7}eBPF helpers}{17}{subsection.2.2.7}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}eBPF program types}{18}{section.2.3}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}XDP}{18}{subsection.2.3.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Traffic Control}{20}{subsection.2.3.2}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.3}Tracepoints}{21}{subsection.2.3.3}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.4}Kprobes}{22}{subsection.2.3.4}%
\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax 
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.5}Uprobes}{22}{subsection.2.3.5}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Developing eBPF programs}{23}{section.2.4}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.1}BCC}{23}{subsection.2.4.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.2}Bpftool}{24}{subsection.2.4.2}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.3}Libbpf}{24}{subsection.2.4.3}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.5}Security features in eBPF}{26}{section.2.5}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.5.1}Access control}{26}{subsection.2.5.1}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.6}Memory management in Linux}{28}{section.2.6}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6.1}Memory pages and faults}{28}{subsection.2.6.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6.2}Process virtual memory}{30}{subsection.2.6.2}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.6.3}The process stack}{32}{subsection.2.6.3}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.7}Attacks at the stack}{35}{section.2.7}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.1}Buffer overflow}{36}{subsection.2.7.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.7.2}Return oriented programming attacks}{39}{subsection.2.7.2}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.8}Networking fundamentals in Linux}{41}{section.2.8}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.1}An overview on the network layer}{41}{subsection.2.8.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.8.2}Introduction to the TCP protocol}{43}{subsection.2.8.2}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.9}ELF binaries}{45}{section.2.9}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.9.1}The ELF format and Lazy Binding}{45}{subsection.2.9.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.9.2}Hardening ELF binaries}{49}{subsection.2.9.2}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Analysis of offensive capabilities}{52}{chapter.3}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}eBPF maps security}{52}{section.3.1}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Abusing tracing programs}{53}{section.3.2}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Access to function arguments}{53}{subsection.3.2.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Reading memory out of bounds}{56}{subsection.3.2.2}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Overriding function return values}{57}{subsection.3.2.3}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.4}Sending signals to user programs}{58}{subsection.3.2.4}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.5}Conclusion}{58}{subsection.3.2.5}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Memory corruption}{58}{section.3.3}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Attacks and limitations of bpf\_probe\_write\_user()}{59}{subsection.3.3.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Conclusion}{61}{subsection.3.3.2}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Abusing networking programs}{62}{section.3.4}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Attacks and limitations of networking programs}{62}{subsection.3.4.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.2}Conclusion}{65}{subsection.3.4.2}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Design of a malicious eBPF rootkit}{66}{chapter.4}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Library injection attacks}{66}{section.4.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}ROP with eBPF}{67}{subsection.4.1.1}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Bypassing hardening features in ELFs}{69}{subsection.4.1.2}%
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.3}Library injection via GOT hijacking}{71}{subsection.4.1.3}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Evaluation}{73}{chapter.5}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Related work}{74}{chapter.6}%
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\contentsline {chapter}{Bibliography}{75}{chapter.6}%
\contentsfinish