diff --git a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/analyzer.go b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/analyzer.go
index 0a475cd2e2..e546eee6f8 100644
--- a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/analyzer.go
+++ b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/analyzer.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	fos "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/fanal/analyzer/os"
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/fanal/types"
+	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/licensing"
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/log"
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/misconf"
 	xio "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/x/io"
@@ -287,6 +288,7 @@ func (r *AnalysisResult) Merge(newResult *AnalysisResult) {
 	}
 
 	if len(newResult.Applications) > 0 {
+		normalizeApplicationsLicenses(newResult.Applications)
 		r.Applications = append(r.Applications, newResult.Applications...)
 	}
 
@@ -335,6 +337,14 @@ func belongToGroup(groupName Group, analyzerType Type, disabledAnalyzers []Type,
 	return true
 }
 
+func normalizeApplicationsLicenses(applications []types.Application) {
+	for i, app := range applications {
+		for j, pkg := range app.Packages {
+			applications[i].Packages[j].Licenses = licensing.NormalizeLicenses(pkg.Licenses)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 const separator = ":"
 
 func NewAnalyzerGroup(opts AnalyzerOptions) (AnalyzerGroup, error) {
diff --git a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/analyzer_test.go b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/analyzer_test.go
index 0183108521..480372bb7a 100644
--- a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/analyzer_test.go
+++ b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/analyzer_test.go
@@ -276,6 +276,73 @@ func TestAnalysisResult_Merge(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			name: "normalize licenses for PackageInfos and Applications",
+			args: args{
+				new: &analyzer.AnalysisResult{
+					Applications: []types.Application{
+						{
+							Type:     "gomod",
+							FilePath: "go.mod",
+							Packages: types.Packages{
+								{
+									Name:    "github.com/example/package",
+									Version: "v1.0.0",
+									Licenses: []string{
+										"",
+										"BSD",
+										"GPL-2",
+										"GPL-2.0",
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						{
+							Type:     "gomod",
+							FilePath: "empty-license/go.mod",
+							Packages: types.Packages{
+								{
+									Name:    "github.com/empty/license",
+									Version: "v1.0.0",
+									Licenses: []string{
+										"",
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			want: analyzer.AnalysisResult{
+				Applications: []types.Application{
+					{
+						Type:     "gomod",
+						FilePath: "go.mod",
+						Packages: types.Packages{
+							{
+								Name:    "github.com/example/package",
+								Version: "v1.0.0",
+								Licenses: []string{
+									"BSD-3-Clause",
+									"GPL-2.0-only",
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					{
+						Type:     "gomod",
+						FilePath: "empty-license/go.mod",
+						Packages: types.Packages{
+							{
+								Name:     "github.com/empty/license",
+								Version:  "v1.0.0",
+								Licenses: nil,
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/analyze.go b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/analyze.go
index 6d50a84d1e..c0157e4a61 100644
--- a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/analyze.go
+++ b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/analyze.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/digest"
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/fanal/analyzer"
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/fanal/types"
-	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/licensing"
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/log"
 	xio "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/x/io"
 )
@@ -104,10 +103,6 @@ func toApplication(fileType types.LangType, filePath, libFilePath string, r xio.
 		pkgs[i].DependsOn = deps[pkg.ID]
 		pkgs[i].Digest = d
 		pkgs[i].Indirect = isIndirect(pkg.Relationship) // For backward compatibility
-
-		for j, license := range pkg.Licenses {
-			pkgs[i].Licenses[j] = licensing.Normalize(license)
-		}
 	}
 
 	return &types.Application{
diff --git a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/java/pom/pom_test.go b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/java/pom/pom_test.go
index 3c834f4497..af9888b6a1 100644
--- a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/java/pom/pom_test.go
+++ b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/java/pom/pom_test.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func Test_pomAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 								ID:           "com.example:example:1.0.0",
 								Name:         "com.example:example",
 								Version:      "1.0.0",
-								Licenses:     []string{"Apache-2.0"},
+								Licenses:     []string{"Apache 2.0"},
 								Relationship: types.RelationshipRoot,
 								DependsOn: []string{
 									"com.example:example-api:2.0.0",
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func Test_pomAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 								Name:         "com.example:example",
 								Version:      "1.0.0",
 								Relationship: types.RelationshipRoot,
-								Licenses:     []string{"Apache-2.0"},
+								Licenses:     []string{"Apache 2.0"},
 								DependsOn: []string{
 									"com.example:example-api:2.0.0",
 								},
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func Test_pomAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 								ID:           "com.example:example:1.0.0",
 								Name:         "com.example:example",
 								Version:      "1.0.0",
-								Licenses:     []string{"Apache-2.0"},
+								Licenses:     []string{"Apache 2.0"},
 								Relationship: types.RelationshipRoot,
 								DependsOn: []string{
 									"com.example:example-api:@example.version@",
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func Test_pomAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 								ID:           "com.example:example:2.0.0",
 								Name:         "com.example:example",
 								Version:      "2.0.0",
-								Licenses:     []string{"Apache-2.0"},
+								Licenses:     []string{"Apache 2.0"},
 								Relationship: types.RelationshipRoot,
 							},
 							{
diff --git a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/python/packaging/egg_test.go b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/python/packaging/egg_test.go
index 5fdd6abb69..709705f88e 100644
--- a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/python/packaging/egg_test.go
+++ b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/python/packaging/egg_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func Test_eggAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 								Name:    "kitchen",
 								Version: "1.2.6",
 								Licenses: []string{
-									"LGPL-2.1-only",
+									"GNU Library or Lesser General Public License (LGPL)",
 								},
 								FilePath: "testdata/egg-zip/kitchen-1.2.6-py2.7.egg",
 							},
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func Test_eggAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 								Name:    "kitchen",
 								Version: "1.2.6",
 								Licenses: []string{
-									"LGPL-2.1-only",
+									"GNU Library or Lesser General Public License (LGPL)",
 								},
 								FilePath: "testdata/egg-zip/kitchen-1.2.6-py2.7.egg",
 								Digest:   "sha1:4e13b6e379966771e896ee43cf8e240bf6083dca",
diff --git a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/python/packaging/packaging_test.go b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/python/packaging/packaging_test.go
index 06f6ed739e..c0623040e5 100644
--- a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/python/packaging/packaging_test.go
+++ b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/language/python/packaging/packaging_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func Test_packagingAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 							{
 								Name:     "distlib",
 								Version:  "0.3.1",
-								Licenses: []string{"Python-2.0"},
+								Licenses: []string{"Python license"},
 								FilePath: "distlib-0.3.1.egg-info/PKG-INFO",
 								Digest:   "sha1:d9d89d8ed3b2b683767c96814c9c5d3e57ef2e1b",
 							},
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func Test_packagingAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 							{
 								Name:     "setuptools",
 								Version:  "51.3.3",
-								Licenses: []string{"MIT"},
+								Licenses: []string{"MIT License"},
 								FilePath: "setuptools-51.3.3.egg-info/PKG-INFO",
 							},
 						},
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func Test_packagingAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 							{
 								Name:     "setuptools",
 								Version:  "51.3.3",
-								Licenses: []string{"MIT"},
+								Licenses: []string{"MIT License"},
 								FilePath: "setuptools-51.3.3.dist-info/METADATA",
 							},
 						},
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func Test_packagingAnalyzer_Analyze(t *testing.T) {
 							{
 								Name:     "distlib",
 								Version:  "0.3.1",
-								Licenses: []string{"Python-2.0"},
+								Licenses: []string{"Python license"},
 								FilePath: "distlib-0.3.1.dist-info/METADATA",
 							},
 						},
diff --git a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/pkg/dpkg/copyright.go b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/pkg/dpkg/copyright.go
index 4976d45b40..b5e2932ff3 100644
--- a/pkg/fanal/analyzer/pkg/dpkg/copyright.go
+++ b/pkg/fanal/analyzer/pkg/dpkg/copyright.go
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"regexp"
-	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/samber/lo"
 	"golang.org/x/xerrors"
 
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/fanal/analyzer"
@@ -88,30 +88,19 @@ func (a *dpkgLicenseAnalyzer) parseCopyright(r xio.ReadSeekerAt) ([]types.Licens
 			l := strings.TrimSpace(line[8:])
 
 			l = normalizeLicense(l)
-			if l != "" {
-				for _, lic := range licensing.SplitLicenses(l) {
-					if lic == "" {
-						continue
-					}
-
-					lic = licensing.Normalize(lic)
-					if !slices.Contains(licenses, lic) {
-						licenses = append(licenses, lic)
-					}
-				}
-			}
+			licenses = append(licenses, licensing.SplitLicenses(l)...)
 		case strings.Contains(line, "/usr/share/common-licenses/"):
 			// Common license pattern
 			license := commonLicenseReferenceRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(line)
 			if len(license) == 2 {
-				l := licensing.Normalize(license[1])
-				if l != "" && !slices.Contains(licenses, l) {
-					licenses = append(licenses, l)
-				}
+				licenses = append(licenses, license[1])
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
+	licenses = licensing.NormalizeLicenses(licenses)
+	licenses = lo.Uniq(licenses)
+
 	return xslices.Map(licenses, func(license string) types.LicenseFinding {
 		return types.LicenseFinding{Name: license}
 	}), nil
diff --git a/pkg/licensing/normalize.go b/pkg/licensing/normalize.go
index b39c6de373..a75a8df397 100644
--- a/pkg/licensing/normalize.go
+++ b/pkg/licensing/normalize.go
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ package licensing
 
 import (
 	"regexp"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/samber/lo/it"
+
 	expr "github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/licensing/expression"
 )
 
@@ -671,11 +674,23 @@ func standardizeKeyAndSuffix(name string) expr.SimpleExpr {
 	return expr.SimpleExpr{License: name, HasPlus: hasPlus}
 }
 
-func Normalize(name string) string {
-	return NormalizeLicense(expr.SimpleExpr{License: name}).String()
+func NormalizeLicenses(licenses []string) []string {
+	seq := it.UniqMap(slices.Values(licenses), normalizeLicense)
+	seq = it.Compact(seq)
+	normalized := slices.Collect(seq)
+
+	if len(normalized) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return normalized
 }
 
-func NormalizeLicense(exp expr.Expression) expr.Expression {
+func normalizeLicense(name string) string {
+	return NormalizeLicenseExpression(expr.SimpleExpr{License: name}).String()
+}
+
+func NormalizeLicenseExpression(exp expr.Expression) expr.Expression {
 	switch e := exp.(type) {
 	case expr.SimpleExpr:
 		return normalizeSimpleExpr(e)
@@ -762,7 +777,7 @@ func LaxSplitLicenses(str string) []string {
 			afterWith = true
 			continue
 		default:
-			normalizedLicense := Normalize(s)
+			normalizedLicense := normalizeLicense(s)
 			if afterWith && len(licenses) > 0 {
 				// If we found "WITH" operator, we should not split the license
 				// e.g. "GPL-2 WITH Autoconf exception" => {"GPL-2 WITH Autoconf exception"}
diff --git a/pkg/licensing/normalize_private_test.go b/pkg/licensing/normalize_private_test.go
index 68d62f2419..01c4409293 100644
--- a/pkg/licensing/normalize_private_test.go
+++ b/pkg/licensing/normalize_private_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/licensing/expression"
 )
 
 // All map keys must be standardized to be matched
@@ -16,3 +18,234 @@ func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestNormalize(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		licenses    []expression.Expression
+		want        string
+		wantLicense expression.Expression
+	}{
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "  the apache license  "},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "  the\tapache  \r\nlicense  \r\n "},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: " apache "},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ApacheLicence"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ApacheLicense"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "al-2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "al-v2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "al2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "alv2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache - v 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache - v. 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache - ver 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache - version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (2.0)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (v. 2)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (v. 2.0)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (v2)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (v2.0)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (version 2.0)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license v2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license v2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license version 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, asl version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, version 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, version 2.0 (http://www.apache.org/licenses/license-2.0)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license,version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license,version-2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license-2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public license 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public license-2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public-2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public-2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license (apache-2.0)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license - version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license, version 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license, version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software-2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache v 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache v. 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache v2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache v2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache ver 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache ver. 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache version 2.0, january 2004"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache version-2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache version-2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache, 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache, v2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache, version 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache, version 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-licence"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-license"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-licensed"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-licensed"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "asf 2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "asl 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "asl, version 2"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "asl2.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "the apache license"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "the apache license"},
+			},
+			want:        "Apache-2.0",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Apache-2.0"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Apache+"},
+			},
+			want:        "Apache-2.0+",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Apache-2.0", HasPlus: true},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION LICENSE (CDDL) V1.1"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION LICENSE (CDDL) VERSION 1.1"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION LICENSE (CDDL), VERSION 1.1"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION LICENSE 1.1 (CDDL-1.1)"},
+			},
+			want:        "CDDL-1.1",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "CDDL-1.1"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE (EPL) 1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE (EPL), VERSION 1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE - V 1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE - V1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE - VERSION 1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE 1.0 (EPL-1.0)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE 1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE V. 1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE V1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE, VERSION 1.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC"},
+			},
+			want:        "EPL-1.0",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EPL-1.0"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC LICENSE (EUPL V.1.1)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC LICENSE 1.1 (EUPL 1.1)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC LICENSE 1.1"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC LICENSE, VERSION 1.1"},
+			},
+			want:        "EUPL-1.1",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUPL-1.1"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-or-later"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL+"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-2.0-only+"},
+			},
+			want:        "GPL-2.0-or-later",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-2.0", HasPlus: true},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL (≥ 3)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL3+"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL3-or-later"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL3 or later licence"},
+			},
+			want:        "GPL-3.0-or-later",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-3.0", HasPlus: true},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 3"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (GPL) V. 3"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 3 (GPL V3)"},
+			},
+			want:        "GPL-3.0-only",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-3.0"},
+		},
+
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "LGPL LICENSE-3"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE V3"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE V3.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 3"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 3.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, VERSION 3.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LIBRARY OR LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 3.0 (LGPLV3)"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU GENERAL LESSER PUBLIC LICENSE (LGPL) VERSION 3.0"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (LGPL), VERSION 3"},
+			},
+			want:        "LGPL-3.0-only",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "LGPL-3.0"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "The Unlicense"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Unlicense"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "UNLICENSE"},
+			},
+			want:        "Unlicense",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Unlicense"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "MIT License"},
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "http://json.codeplex.com/license"},
+			},
+			want:        "MIT",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "MIT"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: " The unmapped license "},
+			},
+			want:        "The unmapped license",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "The unmapped license"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Universal Permissive License, Version 1.0"},
+			},
+			want:        "UPL-1.0",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "UPL-1.0"},
+		},
+		{
+			licenses: []expression.Expression{
+				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPLv2 WITH EXCEPTIONS"},
+				expression.NewCompoundExpr( // "GPLv2 WITH EXCEPTIONS"
+					expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPLv2"},
+					expression.TokenWith,
+					expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EXCEPTIONS"},
+				),
+			},
+			want:        "GPL-2.0-with-classpath-exception",
+			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-2.0-with-classpath-exception"},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.want, func(t *testing.T) {
+			for _, ll := range tt.licenses {
+				got := normalizeLicense(ll.String())
+				gotLicense := NormalizeLicenseExpression(ll)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.wantLicense, gotLicense)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/licensing/normalize_test.go b/pkg/licensing/normalize_test.go
index 9b0345ce24..5ed1d121cd 100644
--- a/pkg/licensing/normalize_test.go
+++ b/pkg/licensing/normalize_test.go
@@ -6,240 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
 	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/licensing"
-	"github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/pkg/licensing/expression"
 )
 
-func TestNormalize(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		licenses    []expression.Expression
-		want        string
-		wantLicense expression.Expression
-	}{
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "  the apache license  "},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "  the\tapache  \r\nlicense  \r\n "},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: " apache "},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ApacheLicence"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ApacheLicense"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "al-2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "al-v2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "al2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "alv2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache - v 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache - v. 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache - ver 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache - version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (2.0)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (v. 2)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (v. 2.0)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (v2)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (v2.0)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license (version 2.0)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license v2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license v2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license version 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, asl version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, version 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, version 2.0 (http://www.apache.org/licenses/license-2.0)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license, version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license,version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license,version-2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache license-2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public license 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public license-2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public-2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache public-2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license (apache-2.0)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license - version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license, version 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software license, version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache software-2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache v 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache v. 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache v2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache v2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache ver 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache ver. 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache version 2.0, january 2004"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache version-2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache version-2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache, 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache, v2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache, version 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache, version 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-licence"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-license"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-licensed"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "apache-licensed"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "asf 2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "asl 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "asl, version 2"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "asl2.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "the apache license"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "the apache license"},
-			},
-			want:        "Apache-2.0",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Apache-2.0"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Apache+"},
-			},
-			want:        "Apache-2.0+",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Apache-2.0", HasPlus: true},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION LICENSE (CDDL) V1.1"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION LICENSE (CDDL) VERSION 1.1"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION LICENSE (CDDL), VERSION 1.1"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION LICENSE 1.1 (CDDL-1.1)"},
-			},
-			want:        "CDDL-1.1",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "CDDL-1.1"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE (EPL) 1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE (EPL), VERSION 1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE - V 1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE - V1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE - VERSION 1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE 1.0 (EPL-1.0)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE 1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE V. 1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE V1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC LICENSE, VERSION 1.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "ECLIPSE PUBLIC"},
-			},
-			want:        "EPL-1.0",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EPL-1.0"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC LICENSE (EUPL V.1.1)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC LICENSE 1.1 (EUPL 1.1)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC LICENSE 1.1"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUROPEAN UNION PUBLIC LICENSE, VERSION 1.1"},
-			},
-			want:        "EUPL-1.1",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EUPL-1.1"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-or-later"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL+"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-2.0-only+"},
-			},
-			want:        "GPL-2.0-or-later",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-2.0", HasPlus: true},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL (≥ 3)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL3+"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL3-or-later"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL3 or later licence"},
-			},
-			want:        "GPL-3.0-or-later",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-3.0", HasPlus: true},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 3"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (GPL) V. 3"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 3 (GPL V3)"},
-			},
-			want:        "GPL-3.0-only",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-3.0"},
-		},
-
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "LGPL LICENSE-3"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE V3"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE V3.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 3"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 3.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, VERSION 3.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LIBRARY OR LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE VERSION 3.0 (LGPLV3)"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU GENERAL LESSER PUBLIC LICENSE (LGPL) VERSION 3.0"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (LGPL), VERSION 3"},
-			},
-			want:        "LGPL-3.0-only",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "LGPL-3.0"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "The Unlicense"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Unlicense"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "UNLICENSE"},
-			},
-			want:        "Unlicense",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Unlicense"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "MIT License"},
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "http://json.codeplex.com/license"},
-			},
-			want:        "MIT",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "MIT"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: " The unmapped license "},
-			},
-			want:        "The unmapped license",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "The unmapped license"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "Universal Permissive License, Version 1.0"},
-			},
-			want:        "UPL-1.0",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "UPL-1.0"},
-		},
-		{
-			licenses: []expression.Expression{
-				expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPLv2 WITH EXCEPTIONS"},
-				expression.NewCompoundExpr( // "GPLv2 WITH EXCEPTIONS"
-					expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPLv2"},
-					expression.TokenWith,
-					expression.SimpleExpr{License: "EXCEPTIONS"},
-				),
-			},
-			want:        "GPL-2.0-with-classpath-exception",
-			wantLicense: expression.SimpleExpr{License: "GPL-2.0-with-classpath-exception"},
-		},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.want, func(t *testing.T) {
-			for _, ll := range tt.licenses {
-				got := licensing.Normalize(ll.String())
-				gotLicense := licensing.NormalizeLicense(ll)
-				assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
-				assert.Equal(t, tt.wantLicense, gotLicense)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func TestSplitLicenses(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
diff --git a/pkg/licensing/scanner.go b/pkg/licensing/scanner.go
index daf7133bdb..1831319b97 100644
--- a/pkg/licensing/scanner.go
+++ b/pkg/licensing/scanner.go
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func NewScanner(categories map[types.LicenseCategory][]string) Scanner {
 }
 
 func (s *Scanner) Scan(licenseName string) (types.LicenseCategory, string) {
-	expr, err := expression.Normalize(licenseName, NormalizeLicense)
+	expr, err := expression.Normalize(licenseName, NormalizeLicenseExpression)
 	if err != nil {
 		return types.CategoryUnknown, ""
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/result/ignore.go b/pkg/result/ignore.go
index 23d599194b..30086b4ea9 100644
--- a/pkg/result/ignore.go
+++ b/pkg/result/ignore.go
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func (c *IgnoreConfig) MatchLicense(licenseID, filePath string) *IgnoreFinding {
 		return expr
 	}
 
-	_, err := expression.Normalize(licenseID, licensing.NormalizeLicense, matchLicenses)
+	_, err := expression.Normalize(licenseID, licensing.NormalizeLicenseExpression, matchLicenses)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithPrefix("ignore").Debug("Unable to normalize license expression", log.String("license", licenseID), log.Err(err))
 		return nil
diff --git a/pkg/sbom/cyclonedx/marshal.go b/pkg/sbom/cyclonedx/marshal.go
index 63d81c161e..d8f49039d0 100644
--- a/pkg/sbom/cyclonedx/marshal.go
+++ b/pkg/sbom/cyclonedx/marshal.go
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ func (m *Marshaler) normalizeLicense(license string) expression.Expression {
 	license = strings.ReplaceAll(license, "-with-", " WITH ")
 	license = strings.ReplaceAll(license, "-WITH-", " WITH ")
 
-	normalizedLicenses, err := expression.Normalize(license, licensing.NormalizeLicense, expression.NormalizeForSPDX)
+	normalizedLicenses, err := expression.Normalize(license, licensing.NormalizeLicenseExpression, expression.NormalizeForSPDX)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Not fail on the invalid license
 		m.logger.Warn("Unable to marshal SPDX licenses", log.String("license", license))
diff --git a/pkg/sbom/spdx/marshal.go b/pkg/sbom/spdx/marshal.go
index 1a8041b137..b4be226f42 100644
--- a/pkg/sbom/spdx/marshal.go
+++ b/pkg/sbom/spdx/marshal.go
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ func (m *Marshaler) normalizeLicenses(licenses []string) (string, []*spdx.OtherL
 		return expression.SimpleExpr{License: l.LicenseIdentifier}
 	}
 
-	normalizedLicense, err := expression.Normalize(license, licensing.NormalizeLicense, expression.NormalizeForSPDX, replaceOtherLicenses)
+	normalizedLicense, err := expression.Normalize(license, licensing.NormalizeLicenseExpression, expression.NormalizeForSPDX, replaceOtherLicenses)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Not fail on the invalid license
 		m.logger.Warn("Unable to marshal SPDX licenses", log.String("license", license))