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<meta name="description" content="A Simple and Comprehensive Vulnerability Scanner for Containers and other Artifacts, Suitable for CI">
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<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
<h1 id="misconfiguration-scanning">Misconfiguration Scanning</h1>
<p>Trivy provides built-in policies to detect configuration issues in Docker, Kubernetes, Terraform and CloudFormation.
Also, you can write your own policies in <a href="https://www.openpolicyagent.org/docs/latest/policy-language/">Rego</a> to scan JSON, YAML, etc, like <a href="https://github.com/open-policy-agent/conftest/">Conftest</a>.</p>
<p><img alt="misconf" src="../../../imgs/misconf.png" /></p>
<h2 id="quick-start">Quick start</h2>
<p>Simply specify a directory containing IaC files such as Terraform, CloudFormation and Dockerfile.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ trivy config <span class="o">[</span>YOUR_IaC_DIRECTORY<span class="o">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ ls build/
Dockerfile
$ trivy config ./build
2022-05-16T13:29:29.952+0100 INFO Detected config files: 1
Dockerfile (dockerfile)
=======================
Tests: 23 (SUCCESSES: 22, FAILURES: 1, EXCEPTIONS: 0)
Failures: 1 (UNKNOWN: 0, LOW: 0, MEDIUM: 1, HIGH: 0, CRITICAL: 0)
MEDIUM: Specify a tag in the &#39;FROM&#39; statement for image &#39;alpine&#39;
══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
When using a &#39;FROM&#39; statement you should use a specific tag to avoid uncontrolled behavior when the image is updated.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ds001
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dockerfile:1
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
1 [ FROM alpine:latest
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also enable misconfiguration detection in container image, filesystem and git repository scanning via <code>--security-checks config</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ trivy image --security-checks config IMAGE_NAME
</code></pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ trivy fs --security-checks config /path/to/dir
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Misconfiguration detection is not enabled by default in <code>image</code>, <code>fs</code> and <code>repo</code> subcommands.</p>
</div>
<p>Unlike the <code>config</code> subcommand, <code>image</code>, <code>fs</code> and <code>repo</code> subcommands can also scan for vulnerabilities and secrets at the same time.
You can specify <code>--security-checks vuln,config,secret</code> to enable vulnerability and secret detection as well as misconfiguration detection.</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ ls myapp/
Dockerfile Pipfile.lock
$ trivy fs --security-checks vuln,config,secret --severity HIGH,CRITICAL myapp/
<span class="m">2022</span>-05-16T13:42:21.440+0100 INFO Number of language-specific files: <span class="m">1</span>
<span class="m">2022</span>-05-16T13:42:21.440+0100 INFO Detecting pipenv vulnerabilities...
<span class="m">2022</span>-05-16T13:42:21.440+0100 INFO Detected config files: <span class="m">1</span>
Pipfile.lock <span class="o">(</span>pipenv<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">=====================</span>
Total: <span class="m">1</span> <span class="o">(</span>HIGH: <span class="m">1</span>, CRITICAL: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
┌──────────┬────────────────┬──────────┬───────────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Library │ Vulnerability │ Severity │ Installed Version │ Fixed Version │ Title │
├──────────┼────────────────┼──────────┼───────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ httplib2 │ CVE-2021-21240 │ HIGH │ <span class="m">0</span>.12.1 │ <span class="m">0</span>.19.0 │ python-httplib2: Regular expression denial of service via │
│ │ │ │ │ │ malicious header │
│ │ │ │ │ │ https://avd.aquasec.com/nvd/cve-2021-21240 │
└──────────┴────────────────┴──────────┴───────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Dockerfile <span class="o">(</span>dockerfile<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">=======================</span>
Tests: <span class="m">17</span> <span class="o">(</span>SUCCESSES: <span class="m">16</span>, FAILURES: <span class="m">1</span>, EXCEPTIONS: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
Failures: <span class="m">1</span> <span class="o">(</span>HIGH: <span class="m">1</span>, CRITICAL: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
HIGH: Last USER <span class="nb">command</span> <span class="k">in</span> Dockerfile should not be <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span>
════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Running containers with <span class="s1">&#39;root&#39;</span> user can lead to a container escape situation. It is a best practice to run containers as non-root users, which can be <span class="k">done</span> by adding a <span class="s1">&#39;USER&#39;</span> statement to the Dockerfile.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ds002
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Dockerfile:3
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
<span class="m">3</span> <span class="o">[</span> USER root
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, Trivy detected vulnerabilities of Python dependencies and misconfigurations in Dockerfile.</p>
<h2 id="type-detection">Type detection</h2>
<p>The specified directory can contain mixed types of IaC files.
Trivy automatically detects config types and applies relevant policies.</p>
<p>For example, the following example holds IaC files for Terraform, CloudFormation, Kubernetes, Helm Charts, and Dockerfile in the same directory.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ ls iac/
Dockerfile deployment.yaml main.tf mysql-8.8.26.tar
$ trivy conf --severity HIGH,CRITICAL ./iac
</code></pre></div>
<details>
<summary>Result</summary>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>2022-06-06T11:01:21.142+0100 INFO Detected config files: 8
Dockerfile (dockerfile)
Tests: 21 (SUCCESSES: 20, FAILURES: 1, EXCEPTIONS: 0)
Failures: 1 (MEDIUM: 0, HIGH: 1, CRITICAL: 0)
HIGH: Specify at least 1 USER command in Dockerfile with non-root user as argument
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Running containers with &#39;root&#39; user can lead to a container escape situation. It is a best practice to run containers as non-root users, which can be done by adding a &#39;USER&#39; statement to the Dockerfile.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ds002
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
deployment.yaml (kubernetes)
Tests: 20 (SUCCESSES: 15, FAILURES: 5, EXCEPTIONS: 0)
Failures: 5 (MEDIUM: 4, HIGH: 1, CRITICAL: 0)
MEDIUM: Container &#39;hello-kubernetes&#39; of Deployment &#39;hello-kubernetes&#39; should set &#39;securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation&#39; to false
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
A program inside the container can elevate its own privileges and run as root, which might give the program control over the container and node.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ksv001
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
deployment.yaml:16-19
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
16 ┌ - name: hello-kubernetes
17 │ image: hello-kubernetes:1.5
18 │ ports:
19 └ - containerPort: 8080
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
HIGH: Deployment &#39;hello-kubernetes&#39; should not specify &#39;/var/run/docker.socker&#39; in &#39;spec.template.volumes.hostPath.path&#39;
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Mounting docker.sock from the host can give the container full root access to the host.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ksv006
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
deployment.yaml:6-29
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
6 ┌ replicas: 3
7 │ selector:
8 │ matchLabels:
9 │ app: hello-kubernetes
10 │ template:
11 │ metadata:
12 │ labels:
13 │ app: hello-kubernetes
14 └ spec:
..
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MEDIUM: Container &#39;hello-kubernetes&#39; of Deployment &#39;hello-kubernetes&#39; should set &#39;securityContext.runAsNonRoot&#39; to true
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
&#39;runAsNonRoot&#39; forces the running image to run as a non-root user to ensure least privileges.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ksv012
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
deployment.yaml:16-19
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
16 ┌ - name: hello-kubernetes
17 │ image: hello-kubernetes:1.5
18 │ ports:
19 └ - containerPort: 8080
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MEDIUM: Deployment &#39;hello-kubernetes&#39; should not set &#39;spec.template.volumes.hostPath&#39;
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
HostPath volumes must be forbidden.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ksv023
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
deployment.yaml:6-29
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
6 ┌ replicas: 3
7 │ selector:
8 │ matchLabels:
9 │ app: hello-kubernetes
10 │ template:
11 │ metadata:
12 │ labels:
13 │ app: hello-kubernetes
14 └ spec:
..
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MEDIUM: Deployment &#39;hello-kubernetes&#39; should set &#39;securityContext.sysctl&#39; to the allowed values
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Sysctls can disable security mechanisms or affect all containers on a host, and should be disallowed except for an allowed &#39;safe&#39; subset. A sysctl is considered safe if it is namespaced in the container or the Pod, and it is isolated from other Pods or processes on the same Node.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ksv026
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
deployment.yaml:6-29
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
6 ┌ replicas: 3
7 │ selector:
8 │ matchLabels:
9 │ app: hello-kubernetes
10 │ template:
11 │ metadata:
12 │ labels:
13 │ app: hello-kubernetes
14 └ spec:
..
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
mysql-8.8.26.tar:templates/primary/statefulset.yaml (helm)
Tests: 20 (SUCCESSES: 18, FAILURES: 2, EXCEPTIONS: 0)
Failures: 2 (MEDIUM: 2, HIGH: 0, CRITICAL: 0)
MEDIUM: Container &#39;mysql&#39; of StatefulSet &#39;mysql&#39; should set &#39;securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation&#39; to false
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
A program inside the container can elevate its own privileges and run as root, which might give the program control over the container and node.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ksv001
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
mysql-8.8.26.tar:templates/primary/statefulset.yaml:56-130
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
56 ┌ - name: mysql
57 │ image: docker.io/bitnami/mysql:8.0.28-debian-10-r23
58 │ imagePullPolicy: &quot;IfNotPresent&quot;
59 │ securityContext:
60 │ runAsUser: 1001
61 │ env:
62 │ - name: BITNAMI_DEBUG
63 │ value: &quot;false&quot;
64 └ - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
..
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MEDIUM: Container &#39;mysql&#39; of StatefulSet &#39;mysql&#39; should set &#39;securityContext.runAsNonRoot&#39; to true
═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
&#39;runAsNonRoot&#39; forces the running image to run as a non-root user to ensure least privileges.
See https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/ksv012
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
mysql-8.8.26.tar:templates/primary/statefulset.yaml:56-130
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
56 ┌ - name: mysql
57 │ image: docker.io/bitnami/mysql:8.0.28-debian-10-r23
58 │ imagePullPolicy: &quot;IfNotPresent&quot;
59 │ securityContext:
60 │ runAsUser: 1001
61 │ env:
62 │ - name: BITNAMI_DEBUG
63 │ value: &quot;false&quot;
64 └ - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
..
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
</code></pre></div>
</details>
<p>You can see the config type next to each file name.</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
</div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>Dockerfile <span class="o">(</span>dockerfile<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">=======================</span>
Tests: <span class="m">23</span> <span class="o">(</span>SUCCESSES: <span class="m">22</span>, FAILURES: <span class="m">1</span>, EXCEPTIONS: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
Failures: <span class="m">1</span> <span class="o">(</span>HIGH: <span class="m">1</span>, CRITICAL: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
...
deployment.yaml <span class="o">(</span>kubernetes<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">============================</span>
Tests: <span class="m">28</span> <span class="o">(</span>SUCCESSES: <span class="m">15</span>, FAILURES: <span class="m">13</span>, EXCEPTIONS: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
Failures: <span class="m">13</span> <span class="o">(</span>MEDIUM: <span class="m">4</span>, HIGH: <span class="m">1</span>, CRITICAL: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
...
main.tf <span class="o">(</span>terraform<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">===================</span>
Tests: <span class="m">23</span> <span class="o">(</span>SUCCESSES: <span class="m">14</span>, FAILURES: <span class="m">9</span>, EXCEPTIONS: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
Failures: <span class="m">9</span> <span class="o">(</span>HIGH: <span class="m">6</span>, CRITICAL: <span class="m">1</span><span class="o">)</span>
...
bucket.yaml <span class="o">(</span>cloudformation<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">============================</span>
Tests: <span class="m">9</span> <span class="o">(</span>SUCCESSES: <span class="m">3</span>, FAILURES: <span class="m">6</span>, EXCEPTIONS: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
Failures: <span class="m">6</span> <span class="o">(</span>UNKNOWN: <span class="m">0</span>, LOW: <span class="m">0</span>, MEDIUM: <span class="m">2</span>, HIGH: <span class="m">4</span>, CRITICAL: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
...
mysql-8.8.26.tar:templates/primary/statefulset.yaml <span class="o">(</span>helm<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">==========================================================</span>
Tests: <span class="m">20</span> <span class="o">(</span>SUCCESSES: <span class="m">18</span>, FAILURES: <span class="m">2</span>, EXCEPTIONS: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
Failures: <span class="m">2</span> <span class="o">(</span>MEDIUM: <span class="m">2</span>, HIGH: <span class="m">0</span>, CRITICAL: <span class="m">0</span><span class="o">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy/tree/v0.31.3/examples/misconf/mixed">here</a></p>
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