diff --git a/x/async.md b/x/async.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..314a3b7a --- /dev/null +++ b/x/async.md @@ -0,0 +1,325 @@ +# Async Design + +## Async functions in different languages + +### JavaScript + +- [Async/Await](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/async_function) + +Prototype: + +```javascript +async function name(param0) { + statements; +} +async function name(param0, param1) { + statements; +} +async function name(param0, param1, /* …, */ paramN) { + statements; +} +``` + +Example: + +```typescript +async function resolveAfter1Second(): Promise { + return new Promise((resolve) => { + setTimeout(() => { + resolve("Resolved after 1 second"); + }, 1000); + }); +} + +async function asyncCall(): Promise { + const result = await resolveAfter1Second(); + return `AsyncCall: ${result}`; +} + +async function asyncCall2(): Promise { + const result = await resolveAfter1Second(); + return `AsyncCall2: ${result}`; +} + +function asyncCall3(): void { + resolveAfter1Second().then((result) => { + console.log(`AsyncCall3: ${result}`); + }); +} + +async function main() { + console.log("Starting AsyncCall"); + const result1 = await asyncCall(); + console.log(result1); + + console.log("Starting AsyncCall2"); + const result2 = await asyncCall2(); + console.log(result2); + + console.log("Starting AsyncCall3"); + asyncCall3(); + + // Wait for AsyncCall3 to complete + await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000)); + + console.log("Main function completed"); +} + +main().catch(console.error); +``` + +### Python + +- [async def](https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#coroutines) + +Prototype: + +```python +async def name(param0): + statements +``` + +Example: + +```python +import asyncio + +async def resolve_after_1_second() -> str: + await asyncio.sleep(1) + return "Resolved after 1 second" + +async def async_call() -> str: + result = await resolve_after_1_second() + return f"AsyncCall: {result}" + +async def async_call2() -> str: + result = await resolve_after_1_second() + return f"AsyncCall2: {result}" + +def async_call3() -> None: + asyncio.create_task(print_after_1_second()) + +async def print_after_1_second() -> None: + result = await resolve_after_1_second() + print(f"AsyncCall3: {result}") + +async def main(): + print("Starting AsyncCall") + result1 = await async_call() + print(result1) + + print("Starting AsyncCall2") + result2 = await async_call2() + print(result2) + + print("Starting AsyncCall3") + async_call3() + + # Wait for AsyncCall3 to complete + await asyncio.sleep(1) + + print("Main function completed") + +# Run the main coroutine +asyncio.run(main()) +``` + +### Rust + +- [async fn](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.async.html) + +Prototype: + +```rust +async fn name(param0: Type) -> ReturnType { + statements +} +``` + +Example: + +```rust +use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration}; + +async fn resolve_after_1_second() -> String { + sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await; + "Resolved after 1 second".to_string() +} + +async fn async_call() -> String { + let result = resolve_after_1_second().await; + format!("AsyncCall: {}", result) +} + +async fn async_call2() -> String { + let result = resolve_after_1_second().await; + format!("AsyncCall2: {}", result) +} + +fn async_call3() { + tokio::spawn(async { + let result = resolve_after_1_second().await; + println!("AsyncCall3: {}", result); + }); +} + +#[tokio::main] +async fn main() { + println!("Starting AsyncCall"); + let result1 = async_call().await; + println!("{}", result1); + + println!("Starting AsyncCall2"); + let result2 = async_call2().await; + println!("{}", result2); + + println!("Starting AsyncCall3"); + async_call3(); + + // Wait for AsyncCall3 to complete + sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await; + + println!("Main function completed"); +} +``` + +### C# + +- [async](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/concepts/async/) + +Prototype: + +```csharp +async Task NameAsync(Type param0) +{ + statements; +} +``` + +Example: + +```csharp +using System; +using System.Threading.Tasks; + +class Program +{ + static async Task ResolveAfter1Second() + { + await Task.Delay(1000); + return "Resolved after 1 second"; + } + + static async Task AsyncCall() + { + string result = await ResolveAfter1Second(); + return $"AsyncCall: {result}"; + } + + static async Task AsyncCall2() + { + string result = await ResolveAfter1Second(); + return $"AsyncCall2: {result}"; + } + + static void AsyncCall3() + { + _ = Task.Run(async () => + { + string result = await ResolveAfter1Second(); + Console.WriteLine($"AsyncCall3: {result}"); + }); + } + + static async Task Main() + { + Console.WriteLine("Starting AsyncCall"); + string result1 = await AsyncCall(); + Console.WriteLine(result1); + + Console.WriteLine("Starting AsyncCall2"); + string result2 = await AsyncCall2(); + Console.WriteLine(result2); + + Console.WriteLine("Starting AsyncCall3"); + AsyncCall3(); + + // Wait for AsyncCall3 to complete + await Task.Delay(1000); + + Console.WriteLine("Main method completed"); + } +} +``` + +### C++ 20 Coroutines + +- [co_await](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/coroutines) + +Prototype: + +```cpp +TaskReturnType NameAsync(Type param0) +{ + co_return co_await expression; +} +``` + +Example: + +```cpp +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +cppcoro::task resolveAfter1Second() { + co_await std::chrono::seconds(1); + co_return "Resolved after 1 second"; +} + +cppcoro::task asyncCall() { + auto result = co_await resolveAfter1Second(); + co_return "AsyncCall: " + result; +} + +cppcoro::task asyncCall2() { + auto result = co_await resolveAfter1Second(); + co_return "AsyncCall2: " + result; +} + +cppcoro::task asyncCall3() { + auto result = co_await resolveAfter1Second(); + std::cout << "AsyncCall3: " << result << std::endl; +} + +cppcoro::task main() { + std::cout << "Starting AsyncCall" << std::endl; + auto result1 = co_await asyncCall(); + std::cout << result1 << std::endl; + + std::cout << "Starting AsyncCall2" << std::endl; + auto result2 = co_await asyncCall2(); + std::cout << result2 << std::endl; + + std::cout << "Starting AsyncCall3" << std::endl; + auto asyncCall3Task = asyncCall3(); + + // Wait for AsyncCall3 to complete + co_await asyncCall3Task; + + std::cout << "Main function completed" << std::endl; +} + +int main() { + try { + cppcoro::sync_wait(::main()); + } catch (const std::exception& e) { + std::cerr << "Error: " << e.what() << std::endl; + return 1; + } + return 0; +} +```