feat: implement target configuration system for issue #1176

Add comprehensive target configuration parsing and inheritance system:

- Create internal/targets package with config structures
- Support JSON configuration loading with inheritance resolution
- Implement multi-level inheritance (e.g., rp2040 → cortex-m0plus → cortex-m)
- Add 206 target configurations from TinyGo for embedded platforms
- Support core fields: name, llvm-target, cpu, features, build-tags, goos, goarch, cflags, ldflags
- Provide high-level resolver interface for target lookup
- Include comprehensive unit tests with 100% target parsing coverage

This foundation enables future -target parameter support for cross-compilation
to diverse embedded platforms beyond current GOOS/GOARCH limitations.

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code)

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

targets/feather-rp2040.json

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+    "inherits": [
+        "rp2040"
+    ],
+    "serial-port": ["239a:80f1"],
+    "build-tags": ["feather_rp2040"],
+    "ldflags": [
+        "--defsym=__flash_size=8192K"
+    ],
+    "extra-files": [
+        "targets/feather-rp2040-boot-stage2.S"
+    ]
+}