Update README.md

cl: fix compilePhis

README.md

@@ -9,3 +9,41 @@ llgo - A Go compiler based on LLVM
 [![Language](https://img.shields.io/badge/language-Go+-blue.svg)](https://github.com/goplus/gop)
 
 This is a Go compiler based on LLVM in order to better integrate Go with the C ecosystem. It's a subproject of [the Go+ project](https://github.com/goplus/gop).
+
+## How to install
+
+Follow these steps to generate the `llgo` command (its usage is the same as the `go` command):
+
+### on macOS
+
+```sh
+brew update  # execute if needed
+brew install llvm@17
+go install -v ./...
+```
+
+### on Linux
+
+```sh
+echo 'deb http://apt.llvm.org/focal/ llvm-toolchain-focal-17 main' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/llvm.list
+wget -O - https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
+sudo apt-get update  # execute if needed
+sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends llvm-17-dev
+go install -v ./...
+```
+
+## Demo
+
+The `_demo` directory contains our demos (it start with `_` to prevent the `go` command from compiling it):
+
+* [hello](_demo/hello/hello.go): call C printf to print `Hello world`
+* [concat](_demo/concat/concat.go): call C fprintf with stderr, and Go variadic function
+* [qsort](_demo/qsort/qsort.go): call C function with a callback (eg. qsort)
+* [genints](_demo/genints/genints.go): various forms of closure usage (including C function, recv.method and anonymous function)
+
+### How to run demos
+
+```sh
+cd <demo-directory>  # eg. cd _demo/genints
+llgo run .
+```

_demo/concat/concat.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+func concat(args ...string) (ret string) {
+	for _, v := range args {
+		ret += v
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func main() {
+	result := concat("Hello", " ", "World")
+	c.Fprintf(c.Stderr, c.Str("Hi, %s\n"), c.AllocaCStr(result))
+}
+
+/* Expected output (stderr):
+Hi, Hello World
+*/

_demo/genints/gen_ints.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+type generator struct {
+	val c.Int
+}
+
+func (g *generator) next() c.Int {
+	g.val++
+	return g.val
+}
+
+func genInts(n int, gen func() c.Int) []c.Int {
+	a := make([]c.Int, n)
+	for i := range a {
+		a[i] = gen()
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
+func main() {
+	// generate 5 random integers
+	for _, v := range genInts(5, c.Rand) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+
+	// generate 5 integers, each is double of the previous one
+	initVal := c.Int(1)
+	ints := genInts(5, func() c.Int {
+		initVal *= 2
+		return initVal
+	})
+	for _, v := range ints {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+
+	// generate 5 integers, each is incremented by 1
+	g := &generator{val: 1}
+	for _, v := range genInts(5, g.next) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+}
+
+/* Posible output:
+16807
+282475249
+1622650073
+984943658
+1144108930
+2
+4
+8
+16
+32
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+*/

_demo/hello/hello.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("Hello world\n"))
+}
+
+/* Expected output:
+Hello World
+*/

_demo/qsort/qsort.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	a := [...]int{100, 8, 23, 2, 7}
+	c.Qsort(c.Pointer(&a), 5, unsafe.Sizeof(0), func(a, b c.Pointer) c.Int {
+		return c.Int(*(*int)(a) - *(*int)(b))
+	})
+	for _, v := range a {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+}
+
+/* Expected output:
+2
+7
+8
+23
+100
+*/

c/c.go

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package c
+
+import "C"
+import "unsafe"
+
+const (
+	LLGoPackage = "decl"
+)
+
+type (
+	Char    = int8
+	Int     = C.int
+	Pointer = unsafe.Pointer
+	FilePtr = unsafe.Pointer
+)
+
+//go:linkname Stdin __stdinp
+var Stdin FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Stdout __stdoutp
+var Stdout FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Stderr __stderrp
+var Stderr FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Str llgo.cstr
+func Str(string) *Char
+
+//go:linkname Advance llgo.advance
+func Advance(ptr Pointer, offset int) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname Alloca llgo.alloca
+func Alloca(size uintptr) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname AllocaCStr llgo.allocaCStr
+func AllocaCStr(s string) *Char
+
+//go:linkname Unreachable llgo.unreachable
+func Unreachable()
+
+//go:linkname Rand C.rand
+func Rand() Int
+
+//go:linkname Malloc C.malloc
+func Malloc(size uintptr) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname Memcpy C.memcpy
+func Memcpy(dst, src Pointer, n uintptr) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname Memset C.memset
+func Memset(s Pointer, c Int, n uintptr) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname Printf C.printf
+func Printf(format *Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) Int
+
+//go:linkname Fprintf C.fprintf
+func Fprintf(fp FilePtr, format *Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) Int
+
+//go:linkname Qsort C.qsort
+func Qsort(base Pointer, count, elem uintptr, compar func(a, b Pointer) Int)

chore/clangast/clangast.go

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/parser"
+)
+
+var (
+	dump = flag.Bool("dump", false, "dump AST")
+)
+
+func usage() {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage: clangast [-dump] source.i\n")
+	flag.PrintDefaults()
+}
+
+func main() {
+	flag.Usage = usage
+	flag.Parse()
+	if flag.NArg() < 1 {
+		usage()
+		return
+	}
+	var file = flag.Arg(0)
+	var err error
+	if *dump {
+		doc, _, e := parser.DumpAST(file, nil)
+		if e == nil {
+			os.Stdout.Write(doc)
+			return
+		}
+		err = e
+	} else {
+		doc, _, e := parser.ParseFile(file, 0)
+		if e == nil {
+			enc := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
+			enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+			check(enc.Encode(doc))
+			return
+		}
+		err = e
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
+	os.Exit(1)
+}
+
+func check(err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}

chore/clangpp/clangpp.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/preprocessor"
+)
+
+func usage() {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage: clangpp source.c\n")
+}
+
+func main() {
+	if len(os.Args) < 2 {
+		usage()
+		return
+	}
+	infile := os.Args[1]
+	outfile := infile + ".i"
+	if err := preprocessor.Do(infile, outfile, nil); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}

cl/_testdata/method/out.ll

@@ -49,6 +49,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testdata/print/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func gwrite(b []byte) {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, v := range b {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%c"), v)
+	}
+}
+
+// func printfloat(v float64) {
+// 	switch {
+// 	case v != v:
+// 		printstring("NaN")
+// 		return
+// 	case v+v == v && v > 0:
+// 		printstring("+Inf")
+// 		return
+// 	case v+v == v && v < 0:
+// 		printstring("-Inf")
+// 		return
+// 	}
+
+// 	const n = 7 // digits printed
+// 	var buf [n + 7]byte
+// 	buf[0] = '+'
+// 	e := 0 // exp
+// 	if v == 0 {
+// 		if 1/v < 0 {
+// 			buf[0] = '-'
+// 		}
+// 	} else {
+// 		if v < 0 {
+// 			v = -v
+// 			buf[0] = '-'
+// 		}
+
+// 		// normalize
+// 		for v >= 10 {
+// 			e++
+// 			v /= 10
+// 		}
+// 		for v < 1 {
+// 			e--
+// 			v *= 10
+// 		}
+
+// 		// round
+// 		h := 5.0
+// 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+// 			h /= 10
+// 		}
+// 		v += h
+// 		if v >= 10 {
+// 			e++
+// 			v /= 10
+// 		}
+// 	}
+
+// 	// format +d.dddd+edd
+// 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+// 		s := int(v)
+// 		buf[i+2] = byte(s + '0')
+// 		v -= float64(s)
+// 		v *= 10
+// 	}
+// 	buf[1] = buf[2]
+// 	buf[2] = '.'
+
+// 	buf[n+2] = 'e'
+// 	buf[n+3] = '+'
+// 	if e < 0 {
+// 		e = -e
+// 		buf[n+3] = '-'
+// 	}
+
+// 	buf[n+4] = byte(e/100) + '0'
+// 	buf[n+5] = byte(e/10)%10 + '0'
+// 	buf[n+6] = byte(e%10) + '0'
+// 	gwrite(buf[:])
+// }
+
+func printuint(v uint64) {
+	var buf [100]byte
+	i := len(buf)
+	for i--; i > 0; i-- {
+		buf[i] = byte(v%10 + '0')
+		if v < 10 {
+			break
+		}
+		v /= 10
+	}
+	gwrite(buf[i:])
+}
+
+// func printint(v int64) {
+// 	if v < 0 {
+// 		printstring("-")
+// 		v = -v
+// 	}
+// 	printuint(uint64(v))
+// }
+
+var minhexdigits = 0
+
+func printhex(v uint64) {
+	const dig = "0123456789abcdef"
+	var buf [100]byte
+	i := len(buf)
+	for i--; i > 0; i-- {
+		buf[i] = dig[v%16]
+		if v < 16 && len(buf)-i >= minhexdigits {
+			break
+		}
+		v /= 16
+	}
+	i--
+	buf[i] = 'x'
+	i--
+	buf[i] = '0'
+	gwrite(buf[i:])
+}
+
+func printsp() {
+	printstring(" ")
+}
+
+func printnl() {
+	printstring("\n")
+}
+
+func printstring(s string) {
+	gwrite(bytes(s))
+}
+
+type slice struct {
+	array unsafe.Pointer
+	len   int
+	cap   int
+}
+
+type stringStruct struct {
+	str unsafe.Pointer
+	len int
+}
+
+func stringStructOf(sp *string) *stringStruct {
+	return (*stringStruct)(unsafe.Pointer(sp))
+}
+
+func bytes(s string) (ret []byte) {
+	rp := (*slice)(unsafe.Pointer(&ret))
+	sp := stringStructOf(&s)
+	rp.array = sp.str
+	rp.len = sp.len
+	rp.cap = sp.len
+	return
+}
+
+func main() {
+	printstring("llgo")
+	printnl()
+	printuint(1024)
+	printnl()
+	printhex(0x1234abcf)
+	printnl()
+}

cl/_testdata/print/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+%main.stringStruct = type { ptr, i64 }
+%main.slice = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@main.minhexdigits = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [3 x i8] c"%c\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"llgo\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [17 x i8] c"0123456789abcdef\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.bytes(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 24)
+  %3 = call ptr @main.stringStructOf(ptr %1)
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %main.stringStruct, ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %main.slice, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %5, ptr %6, align 8
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %main.stringStruct, ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %8 = load i64, ptr %7, align 4
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %main.slice, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 %8, ptr %9, align 4
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %main.stringStruct, ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %11 = load i64, ptr %10, align 4
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %main.slice, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 2
+  store i64 %11, ptr %12, align 4
+  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %2, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %13
+}
+
+define void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %2 = icmp eq i64 %1, 0
+  br i1 %2, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %3 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_2
+  %4 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_2 ], [ %5, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %5 = add i64 %4, 1
+  %6 = icmp slt i64 %5, %3
+  br i1 %6, label %_llgo_4, label %_llgo_5
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %7, i64 %5
+  %9 = load i8, ptr %8, align 1
+  %10 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i8 %9)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  store i64 0, ptr @main.minhexdigits, align 4
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 4)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  call void @main.printnl()
+  call void @main.printuint(i64 1024)
+  call void @main.printnl()
+  call void @main.printhex(i64 305441743)
+  call void @main.printnl()
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.printhex(i64 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 100)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %2 = urem i64 %14, 16
+  %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 16)
+  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3)
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %4, i64 %2
+  %6 = load i8, ptr %5, align 1
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %15
+  store i8 %6, ptr %7, align 1
+  %8 = icmp ult i64 %14, 16
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_3
+  %9 = sub i64 %15, 1
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %9
+  store i8 120, ptr %10, align 1
+  %11 = sub i64 %9, 1
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %11
+  store i8 48, ptr %12, align 1
+  %13 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %1, i64 1, i64 100, i64 %11, i64 100, i64 100)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %13)
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_0
+  %14 = phi i64 [ %0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %17, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %15 = phi i64 [ 99, %_llgo_0 ], [ %18, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %16 = icmp sgt i64 %15, 0
+  br i1 %16, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_1
+  %17 = udiv i64 %14, 16
+  %18 = sub i64 %15, 1
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %19 = sub i64 100, %15
+  %20 = load i64, ptr @main.minhexdigits, align 4
+  %21 = icmp sge i64 %19, %20
+  br i1 %21, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_4
+}
+
+define void @main.printnl() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 1)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.printsp() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 1)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.bytes(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.printuint(i64 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 100)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %2 = urem i64 %8, 10
+  %3 = add i64 %2, 48
+  %4 = trunc i64 %3 to i8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %9
+  store i8 %4, ptr %5, align 1
+  %6 = icmp ult i64 %8, 10
+  br i1 %6, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3, %_llgo_1
+  %7 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %1, i64 1, i64 100, i64 %9, i64 100, i64 100)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_0
+  %8 = phi i64 [ %0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %11, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %9 = phi i64 [ 99, %_llgo_0 ], [ %12, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %10 = icmp sgt i64 %9, 0
+  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %11 = udiv i64 %8, 10
+  %12 = sub i64 %9, 1
+  br label %_llgo_3
+}
+
+define ptr @main.stringStructOf(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  ret ptr %0
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)

cl/_testdata/printf/out.ll

@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testdata/printval/out.ll

@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/allocstr/out.ll

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 source_filename = "main"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
 
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @0 = private unnamed_addr constant [13 x i8] c"Hello world\0A\00", align 1
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/ll
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 

cl/_testrt/builtin/in.go

@@ -1,11 +1,51 @@
 package main
 
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
 var a int64 = 1<<63 - 1
 var b int64 = -1 << 63
-var c uint64 = 1<<64 - 1
+var n uint64 = 1<<64 - 1
 
 func main() {
-	var a = []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
-	_ = len(a)
-	_ = len([]int{1, 2, 3, 4})
+	var s = []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	var a = [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+	out(len(s))
+	out(len([]int{1, 2, 3, 4}))
+	out(len(a))
+	out(len(&a))
+	out(len([4]int{1, 2, 3, 4}))
+
+	out(cap(s))
+	out(cap(a))
+	out(cap(&a))
+
+	out(len(s[1:]))
+	out(cap(s[1:]))
+	out(len(s[1:2]))
+	out(cap(s[1:2]))
+	out(len(s[1:2:2]))
+	out(cap(s[1:2:2]))
+
+	out(len(a[1:]))
+	out(cap(a[1:]))
+	out(len(a[1:2]))
+	out(cap(a[1:2]))
+	out(len(a[1:2:2]))
+	out(cap(a[1:2:2]))
+
+	string_len("hello")
+	string_len("hello"[1:])
+	string_len("hello"[1:2])
+	string_len("hello"[5:])
+}
+
+func string_len(s string) {
+	out(len(s))
+}
+
+func out(n int) {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), n)
 }

cl/_testrt/builtin/out.ll

@@ -2,11 +2,17 @@
 source_filename = "main"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
 
 @main.a = global ptr null
 @main.b = global ptr null
-@main.c = global ptr null
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@main.n = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
 
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
@@ -17,7 +23,7 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
   store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
   store i64 9223372036854775807, ptr @main.a, align 4
   store i64 -9223372036854775808, ptr @main.b, align 4
-  store i64 -1, ptr @main.c, align 4
+  store i64 -1, ptr @main.n, align 4
   br label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
@@ -28,7 +34,7 @@ define void @main() {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
-  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 0
   store i64 1, ptr %1, align 4
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 1
@@ -37,26 +43,132 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i64 3, ptr %3, align 4
   %4 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 3
   store i64 4, ptr %4, align 4
-  %5 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %0, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %6 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
-  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
-  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 0
-  store i64 1, ptr %8, align 4
-  %9 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 1
-  store i64 2, ptr %9, align 4
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 2
-  store i64 3, ptr %10, align 4
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 3
-  store i64 4, ptr %11, align 4
-  %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %7, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %13 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %12)
+  %5 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %0, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %6 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 0
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 1
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 2
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 3
+  store i64 1, ptr %7, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %8, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %9, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %10, align 4
+  %11 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %11)
+  %12 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %13 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %12, i64 0
+  store i64 1, ptr %13, align 4
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %12, i64 1
+  store i64 2, ptr %14, align 4
+  %15 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %12, i64 2
+  store i64 3, ptr %15, align 4
+  %16 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %12, i64 3
+  store i64 4, ptr %16, align 4
+  %17 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %12, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %18 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %17)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %18)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  %19 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %19)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  %20 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %21 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %22 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %23 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %22, i64 8, i64 %20, i64 1, i64 %21, i64 %20)
+  %24 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %23)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %24)
+  %25 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %26 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %27 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %28 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %27, i64 8, i64 %25, i64 1, i64 %26, i64 %25)
+  %29 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %28)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %29)
+  %30 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %31 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %32 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %31, i64 8, i64 %30, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %30)
+  %33 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %32)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %33)
+  %34 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %35 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %36 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %35, i64 8, i64 %34, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %34)
+  %37 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %36)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %37)
+  %38 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %39 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %40 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %39, i64 8, i64 %38, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %41 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %40)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %41)
+  %42 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %43 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %44 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %43, i64 8, i64 %42, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %45 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %44)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %45)
+  %46 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %47 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %46)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %47)
+  %48 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %49 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %48)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %49)
+  %50 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
+  %51 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %50)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %51)
+  %52 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
+  %53 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %52)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %53)
+  %54 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %55 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %54)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %55)
+  %56 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %57 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %56)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %57)
+  %58 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 5)
+  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %58)
+  %59 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 5)
+  %60 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %59)
+  %61 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %59, i64 1, i64 %60)
+  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61)
+  %62 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 5)
+  %63 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %62, i64 1, i64 2)
+  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %63)
+  %64 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 5)
+  %65 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %64)
+  %66 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %64, i64 5, i64 %65)
+  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.out(i64 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @4, i64 %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %1)
   ret void
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
-declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr, i64, i64)
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
 declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i64, i64)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/callback/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func callback(msg *c.Char, f func(*c.Char)) {
+	f(msg)
+}
+
+func print(msg *c.Char) {
+	c.Printf(msg)
+}
+
+func main() {
+	callback(c.Str("Hello\n"), print)
+	callback(c.Str("callback\n"), print)
+}

cl/_testrt/callback/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"Hello\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"callback\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.callback(ptr %0, { ptr, ptr } %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 1
+  %3 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 0
+  call void %3(ptr %2, ptr %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @__llgo_stub.main.print, ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  call void @main.callback(ptr @0, { ptr, ptr } %3)
+  %4 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @__llgo_stub.main.print, ptr %5, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %6, align 8
+  %7 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %4, align 8
+  call void @main.callback(ptr @1, { ptr, ptr } %7)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.print(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+define linkonce void @__llgo_stub.main.print(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  tail call void @main.print(ptr %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/closure/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	func(n1, n2 int) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), n1, n2)
+	}(100, 200)
+	fn1 := func(n1, n2 int) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), n1, n2)
+	}
+	fn2 := func() {
+		fn1(100, 200)
+	}
+	fn2()
+}

cl/_testrt/closure/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  call void @"main.main$1"(i64 100, i64 200)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 16)
+  %1 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"__llgo_stub.main.main$2", ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %1, align 8
+  store { ptr, ptr } %4, ptr %0, align 8
+  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %5, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %0, ptr %6, align 8
+  %7 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"main.main$3", ptr %8, align 8
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %5, ptr %9, align 8
+  %10 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %7, align 8
+  %11 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %10, 1
+  %12 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %10, 0
+  call void %12(ptr %11)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+define void @"main.main$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %0, i64 %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+define void @"main.main$2"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i64 %0, i64 %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define linkonce void @"__llgo_stub.main.main$2"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  tail call void @"main.main$2"(i64 %1, i64 %2)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @"main.main$3"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = load { ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %2, align 8
+  %4 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %3, 1
+  %5 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %3, 0
+  call void %5(ptr %4, i64 100, i64 200)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/concat/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func concat(args ...string) (ret string) {
+	for _, v := range args {
+		ret += v
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func main() {
+	result := concat("Hello", " ", "World")
+	c.Fprintf(c.Stderr, c.Str("Hi, %s\n"), c.AllocaCStr(result))
+}

cl/_testrt/concat/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [1 x i8] zeroinitializer, align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"Hello\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"World\00", align 1
+@__stderrp = external global ptr
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"Hi, %s\0A\00", align 1
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @main.concat(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 0)
+  %3 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, 0
+  %4 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, 1
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
+  %5 = phi ptr [ %3, %_llgo_0 ], [ %18, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %6 = phi i64 [ %4, %_llgo_0 ], [ %19, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %7 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %12, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %8 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %8, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %5, ptr %9, align 8
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %8, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 %6, ptr %10, align 4
+  %11 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %8, align 8
+  %12 = add i64 %7, 1
+  %13 = icmp slt i64 %12, %1
+  br i1 %13, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %14 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %15 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %14, i64 %12
+  %16 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %15, align 8
+  %17 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %16)
+  %18 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17, 0
+  %19 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17, 1
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 48)
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i64 0
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 5)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, ptr %1, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i64 1
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 1)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %4, ptr %3, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i64 2
+  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 5)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6, ptr %5, align 8
+  %7 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %0, i64 16, i64 3, i64 0, i64 3, i64 3)
+  %8 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @main.concat(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %9 = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp, align 8
+  %10 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %8)
+  %11 = add i64 %10, 1
+  %12 = alloca i8, i64 %11, align 1
+  %13 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %12, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %8)
+  %14 = call i32 (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %9, ptr @4, ptr %13)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare i32 @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/cstr/out.ll

@@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/cvar/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package main
+
+import _ "unsafe"
+
+//go:linkname barX _bar_x
+var barX struct {
+	Arr       [16]int8
+	Callbacks [2]func()
+}
+
+//go:linkname barY _bar_y
+var barY struct {
+	Arr [16]int8
+}
+
+func main() {
+	_ = barX
+	_ = barY
+}

cl/_testrt/cvar/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@_bar_x = external global ptr
+@_bar_y = external global ptr
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = load { [16 x i8], [2 x ptr] }, ptr @_bar_x, align 8
+  %1 = load { [16 x i8] }, ptr @_bar_y, align 1
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/fprintf/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package main
+
+import "unsafe"
+
+//go:linkname cstr llgo.cstr
+func cstr(string) *int8
+
+//go:linkname stderr __stderrp
+var stderr unsafe.Pointer
+
+//go:linkname fprintf C.fprintf
+func fprintf(fp unsafe.Pointer, format *int8, __llgo_va_list ...any)
+
+func main() {
+	fprintf(stderr, cstr("Hello %d\n"), 100)
+}

cl/_testrt/fprintf/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__stderrp = external global ptr
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"Hello %d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp, align 8
+  call void (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %0, ptr @0, i64 100)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/gblarray/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, i32, i32 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, { ptr, ptr }, ptr, i32, i32 }
 
 @main.basicTypes = global ptr null
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 define ptr @main.basicType(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 48)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 56)
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr @main.sizeBasicTypes, i64 %0
   %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.init"()
 

cl/_testrt/gotypes/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package main
+
+type base interface {
+	f(m map[string]func())
+}
+
+type bar interface {
+	base
+	g(c chan func())
+}
+
+func foo(bar) {
+}
+
+func main() {
+	foo(nil)
+}

cl/_testrt/gotypes/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" = type { ptr, ptr }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+
+define void @main.foo(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  call void @main.foo(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" zeroinitializer)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/index/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+
+type point struct {
+	x int
+	y int
+}
+
+func main() {
+	a := [...]point{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}}[2]
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), a.x, a.y)
+
+	b := [...][2]int{[2]int{1, 2}, [2]int{3, 4}}[1]
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), b[0], b[1])
+
+	var i int = 2
+	n := [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}[i]
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), n)
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}[i])
+
+	s := "123456"
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%c\n"), s[i])
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%c\n"), "123456"[1])
+}

cl/_testrt/index/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%main.point = type { i64, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%c\0A\00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"123456\00", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%c\0A\00", align 1
+@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"123456\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = alloca %main.point, align 8
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 16)
+  %2 = alloca [3 x %main.point], align 8
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 48)
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %3, i64 0
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %3, i64 1
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 1
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %3, i64 2
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 1, ptr %5, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %6, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %8, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %9, align 4
+  store i64 5, ptr %11, align 4
+  store i64 6, ptr %12, align 4
+  %13 = load [3 x %main.point], ptr %3, align 4
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %3, i64 2
+  %15 = load %main.point, ptr %14, align 4
+  store %main.point %15, ptr %1, align 4
+  %16 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  %17 = load i64, ptr %16, align 4
+  %18 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  %19 = load i64, ptr %18, align 4
+  %20 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %17, i64 %19)
+  %21 = alloca [2 x i64], align 8
+  %22 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %21, i64 16)
+  %23 = alloca [2 x [2 x i64]], align 8
+  %24 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %23, i64 32)
+  %25 = getelementptr inbounds [2 x i64], ptr %24, i64 0
+  %26 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %25, i64 0
+  %27 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %25, i64 1
+  %28 = getelementptr inbounds [2 x i64], ptr %24, i64 1
+  %29 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %28, i64 0
+  %30 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %28, i64 1
+  store i64 1, ptr %26, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %27, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %29, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %30, align 4
+  %31 = load [2 x [2 x i64]], ptr %24, align 4
+  %32 = getelementptr inbounds [2 x i64], ptr %24, i64 1
+  %33 = load [2 x i64], ptr %32, align 4
+  store [2 x i64] %33, ptr %22, align 4
+  %34 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %22, i64 0
+  %35 = load i64, ptr %34, align 4
+  %36 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %22, i64 1
+  %37 = load i64, ptr %36, align 4
+  %38 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i64 %35, i64 %37)
+  %39 = alloca [5 x i64], align 8
+  %40 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %39, i64 40)
+  %41 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 0
+  %42 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 1
+  %43 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 2
+  %44 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 3
+  %45 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 4
+  store i64 1, ptr %41, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %42, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %43, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %44, align 4
+  store i64 5, ptr %45, align 4
+  %46 = load [5 x i64], ptr %40, align 4
+  %47 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 2
+  %48 = load i64, ptr %47, align 4
+  %49 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i64 %48)
+  %50 = alloca [5 x i64], align 8
+  %51 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %50, i64 40)
+  %52 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 0
+  %53 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 1
+  %54 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 2
+  %55 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 3
+  %56 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 4
+  store i64 1, ptr %52, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %53, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %54, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %55, align 4
+  store i64 5, ptr %56, align 4
+  %57 = load [5 x i64], ptr %51, align 4
+  %58 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 2
+  %59 = load i64, ptr %58, align 4
+  %60 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @3, i64 %59)
+  %61 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @5, i64 6)
+  %62 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61)
+  %63 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %62, i64 2
+  %64 = load i8, ptr %63, align 1
+  %65 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @4, i8 %64)
+  %66 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @7, i64 6)
+  %67 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66)
+  %68 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %67, i64 1
+  %69 = load i8, ptr %68, align 1
+  %70 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @6, i8 %69)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")

cl/_testrt/intgen/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+type generator struct {
+	val c.Int
+}
+
+func (g *generator) next() c.Int {
+	g.val++
+	return g.val
+}
+
+func genInts(n int, gen func() c.Int) []c.Int {
+	a := make([]c.Int, n)
+	for i := range a {
+		a[i] = gen()
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
+func main() {
+	for _, v := range genInts(5, c.Rand) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+
+	initVal := c.Int(1)
+	ints := genInts(5, func() c.Int {
+		initVal *= 2
+		return initVal
+	})
+	for _, v := range ints {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+
+	g := &generator{val: 1}
+	for _, v := range genInts(5, g.next) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+}

cl/_testrt/intgen/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+%main.generator = type { i32 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 %0, { ptr, ptr } %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = mul i64 %0, 4
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 %2)
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %3, i64 %0, i64 %0)
+  %5 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
+  %6 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %7, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %7 = add i64 %6, 1
+  %8 = icmp slt i64 %7, %5
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %9 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 1
+  %10 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 0
+  %11 = call i32 %10(ptr %9)
+  %12 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  %13 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %12, i64 %7
+  store i32 %11, ptr %13, align 4
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4
+}
+
+define i32 @"(*main.generator).next"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  %2 = load i32, ptr %1, align 4
+  %3 = add i32 %2, 1
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store i32 %3, ptr %4, align 4
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  %6 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4
+  ret i32 %6
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @__llgo_stub.rand, ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %3)
+  %5 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
+  %6 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %7, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %7 = add i64 %6, 1
+  %8 = icmp slt i64 %7, %5
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %9 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %9, i64 %7
+  %11 = load i32, ptr %10, align 4
+  %12 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %11)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %13 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 4)
+  store i32 1, ptr %13, align 4
+  %14 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %15 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %14, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %13, ptr %15, align 8
+  %16 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %17 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %16, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"main.main$1", ptr %17, align 8
+  %18 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %16, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %14, ptr %18, align 8
+  %19 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %16, align 8
+  %20 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %19)
+  %21 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %20)
+  br label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_3
+  %22 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_3 ], [ %23, %_llgo_5 ]
+  %23 = add i64 %22, 1
+  %24 = icmp slt i64 %23, %21
+  br i1 %24, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_6
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %25 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %20)
+  %26 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %25, i64 %23
+  %27 = load i32, ptr %26, align 4
+  %28 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i32 %27)
+  br label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %29 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 4)
+  %30 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %29, i32 0, i32 0
+  store i32 1, ptr %30, align 4
+  %31 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %32 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %31, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %29, ptr %32, align 8
+  %33 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %34 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %33, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"main.next$bound", ptr %34, align 8
+  %35 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %33, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %31, ptr %35, align 8
+  %36 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %33, align 8
+  %37 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %36)
+  %38 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %37)
+  br label %_llgo_7
+
+_llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6
+  %39 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_6 ], [ %40, %_llgo_8 ]
+  %40 = add i64 %39, 1
+  %41 = icmp slt i64 %40, %38
+  br i1 %41, label %_llgo_8, label %_llgo_9
+
+_llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
+  %42 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %37)
+  %43 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %42, i64 %40
+  %44 = load i32, ptr %43, align 4
+  %45 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i32 %44)
+  br label %_llgo_7
+
+_llgo_9:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr, i64, i64)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare i32 @rand()
+
+define linkonce i32 @__llgo_stub.rand(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = tail call i32 @rand()
+  ret i32 %1
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+define i32 @"main.main$1"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = load { ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  %3 = load i32, ptr %2, align 4
+  %4 = mul i32 %3, 2
+  %5 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  store i32 %4, ptr %5, align 4
+  %6 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  %7 = load i32, ptr %6, align 4
+  ret i32 %7
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64)
+
+define i32 @"main.next$bound"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = load { ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  %3 = call i32 @"(*main.generator).next"(ptr %2)
+  ret i32 %3
+}

cl/_testrt/linkname/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+//go:linkname print github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F
+func print(a, b, c, d *c.Char)
+
+func main() {
+	print(c.Str("a"), c.Str("b"), c.Str("c"), c.Str("d"))
+	print(c.Str("1"), c.Str("2"), c.Str("3"), c.Str("4"))
+}

cl/_testrt/linkname/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"a\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"b\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"c\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"d\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"1\00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"2\00", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"3\00", align 1
+@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"4\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr @0, ptr @1, ptr @2, ptr @3)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr @4, ptr @5, ptr @6, ptr @7)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/map/in.go

@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 package main
 
-/*
 import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
 )
-*/
 
 func main() {
 	a := map[int]int{23: 100, 7: 29}
-	_ = a
-	// c.Printf(c.Str("Hello %d\n"), a[23])
+	c.Printf(c.Str("Hello %d\n"), a[23])
 }

cl/_testrt/map/out.ll

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 source_filename = "main"
 
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"Hello %d\0A\00", align 1
 
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
@@ -21,9 +22,12 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeSmallMap"()
+  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, <null operand!>)
   ret void
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeSmallMap"()
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/qsort/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+//go:linkname qsort C.qsort
+func qsort(base c.Pointer, count, elem uintptr, compar func(a, b c.Pointer) c.Int)
+
+func main() {
+	a := [...]int{100, 8, 23, 2, 7}
+	qsort(c.Pointer(&a[0]), 5, unsafe.Sizeof(0), func(a, b c.Pointer) c.Int {
+		return c.Int(*(*int)(a) - *(*int)(b))
+	})
+	for _, v := range a {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+}

cl/_testrt/qsort/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 40)
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 0
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 1
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 2
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 3
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 4
+  store i64 100, ptr %1, align 4
+  store i64 8, ptr %2, align 4
+  store i64 23, ptr %3, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %4, align 4
+  store i64 7, ptr %5, align 4
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 0
+  call void @qsort(ptr %6, i64 5, i64 8, ptr @"main.main$1")
+  %7 = load [5 x i64], ptr %0, align 4
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
+  %8 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %9, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %9 = add i64 %8, 1
+  %10 = icmp slt i64 %9, 5
+  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 %9
+  %12 = load i64, ptr %11, align 4
+  %13 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %12)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+declare void @qsort(ptr, i64, i64, ptr)
+
+define i32 @"main.main$1"(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = load i64, ptr %0, align 4
+  %3 = load i64, ptr %1, align 4
+  %4 = sub i64 %2, %3
+  %5 = trunc i64 %4 to i32
+  ret i32 %5
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/result/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	fn := func() func(int, int) int {
+		return func(x, y int) int {
+			return x + y
+		}
+	}()
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), fn(100, 200))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), add()(100, 200))
+	fn, n := add2()
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), add()(100, 200), n)
+}
+
+func add() func(int, int) int {
+	return func(x, y int) int {
+		return x + y
+	}
+}
+
+func add2() (func(int, int) int, int) {
+	return func(x, y int) int {
+		return x + y
+	}, 1
+}

cl/_testrt/result/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define { ptr, ptr } @main.add() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"__llgo_stub.main.add$1", ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  ret { ptr, ptr } %3
+}
+
+define { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } @main.add2() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"__llgo_stub.main.add2$1", ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %mrv = insertvalue { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } poison, { ptr, ptr } %3, 0
+  %mrv1 = insertvalue { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } %mrv, i64 1, 1
+  ret { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } %mrv1
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = call { ptr, ptr } @"main.main$1"()
+  %1 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %0, 1
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %0, 0
+  %3 = call i64 %2(ptr %1, i64 100, i64 200)
+  %4 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %3)
+  %5 = call { ptr, ptr } @main.add()
+  %6 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %5, 1
+  %7 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %5, 0
+  %8 = call i64 %7(ptr %6, i64 100, i64 200)
+  %9 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i64 %8)
+  %10 = call { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } @main.add2()
+  %11 = extractvalue { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } %10, 0
+  %12 = extractvalue { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } %10, 1
+  %13 = call { ptr, ptr } @main.add()
+  %14 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %13, 1
+  %15 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %13, 0
+  %16 = call i64 %15(ptr %14, i64 100, i64 200)
+  %17 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i64 %16, i64 %12)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define i64 @"main.add$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = add i64 %0, %1
+  ret i64 %2
+}
+
+define linkonce i64 @"__llgo_stub.main.add$1"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = tail call i64 @"main.add$1"(i64 %1, i64 %2)
+  ret i64 %3
+}
+
+define i64 @"main.add2$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = add i64 %0, %1
+  ret i64 %2
+}
+
+define linkonce i64 @"__llgo_stub.main.add2$1"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = tail call i64 @"main.add2$1"(i64 %1, i64 %2)
+  ret i64 %3
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+define { ptr, ptr } @"main.main$1"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"__llgo_stub.main.main$1$1", ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  ret { ptr, ptr } %3
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+define i64 @"main.main$1$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = add i64 %0, %1
+  ret i64 %2
+}
+
+define linkonce i64 @"__llgo_stub.main.main$1$1"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = tail call i64 @"main.main$1$1"(i64 %1, i64 %2)
+  ret i64 %3
+}

cl/_testrt/strlen/out.ll

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare i32 @strlen(ptr)
 
-declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/struct/out.ll

@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@ source_filename = "main"
 define void @"(main.Foo).Print"(%main.Foo %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %main.Foo, align 8
-  store %main.Foo %0, ptr %1, align 4
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = load i1, ptr %2, align 1
-  br i1 %3, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 8)
+  store %main.Foo %0, ptr %2, align 4
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load i1, ptr %3, align 1
+  br i1 %4, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
-  %5 = load i32, ptr %4, align 4
-  call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.format, i32 %5)
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %6 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4
+  call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.format, i32 %6)
   br label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
@@ -59,15 +60,18 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   %0 = alloca %main.Foo, align 8
-  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
-  store i32 100, ptr %1, align 4
-  store i1 true, ptr %2, align 1
-  %3 = load %main.Foo, ptr %0, align 4
-  call void @"(main.Foo).Print"(%main.Foo %3)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 8)
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i32 100, ptr %2, align 4
+  store i1 true, ptr %3, align 1
+  %4 = load %main.Foo, ptr %1, align 4
+  call void @"(main.Foo).Print"(%main.Foo %4)
   ret void
 }
 
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr, i64)
+
 declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/sum/out.ll

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ define void @main() {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
-  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 0
   store i64 1, ptr %1, align 4
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 1
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i64 3, ptr %3, align 4
   %4 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 3
   store i64 4, ptr %4, align 4
-  %5 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %5 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %0, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
   %6 = call i64 @main.sum(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
   %7 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %6)
   ret void
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
-declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr, i64, i64)
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
 

cl/_testrt/typalias/out.ll

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ define void @main() {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
-  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 5)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 8)
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds { i32, i1 }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds { i32, i1 }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
   store i32 100, ptr %1, align 4
@@ -60,4 +60,4 @@ declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)

cl/builtin_test.go

@@ -25,14 +25,57 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
 )
 
+/*
+func TestErrCompileValue(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != "can't use llgo instruction as a value" {
+			t.Fatal("TestErrCompileValue:", r)
+		}
+	}()
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("foo", "foo")
+	ctx := &context{
+		goTyps: pkg,
+		link: map[string]string{
+			"foo.": "llgo.unreachable",
+		},
+	}
+	ctx.compileValue(nil, &ssa.Function{
+		Pkg:       &ssa.Package{Pkg: pkg},
+		Signature: types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false),
+	})
+}
+*/
+
+func TestErrCompileInstrOrValue(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Fatal("compileInstrOrValue: no error?")
+		}
+	}()
+	ctx := &context{
+		bvals: make(map[ssa.Value]llssa.Expr),
+	}
+	ctx.compileInstrOrValue(nil, &ssa.Call{}, true)
+}
+
+func TestErrAdvance(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Fatal("advance: no error?")
+		}
+	}()
+	var ctx context
+	ctx.advance(nil, nil)
+}
+
 func TestErrAlloca(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() {
 		if r := recover(); r == nil {
 			t.Fatal("alloca: no error?")
 		}
 	}()
-	var ctz context
-	ctz.alloca(nil, nil)
+	var ctx context
+	ctx.alloca(nil, nil)
 }
 
 func TestCStrNoArgs(t *testing.T) {
@@ -122,7 +165,7 @@ func TestErrInitLinkname(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}()
 	var ctx context
-	ctx.initLinkname("foo", "//go:linkname Printf printf")
+	ctx.initLinkname("foo", "//go:linkname Printf printf", false)
 }
 
 func TestErrVarOf(t *testing.T) {

cl/cltest/cltest.go

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import (
 
 func init() {
 	cl.SetDebug(cl.DbgFlagAll)
-	llssa.Initialize(llssa.InitAll)
+	llssa.Initialize(llssa.InitAll | llssa.InitNative)
 	llssa.SetDebug(llssa.DbgFlagAll)
 }
 

cl/compile.go

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func (p *context) compileMethods(pkg llssa.Package, typ types.Type) {
 	for i, n := 0, mthds.Len(); i < n; i++ {
 		mthd := mthds.At(i)
 		if ssaMthd := prog.MethodValue(mthd); ssaMthd != nil {
-			p.compileFunc(pkg, mthd.Obj().Pkg(), ssaMthd)
+			p.compileFuncDecl(pkg, mthd.Obj().Pkg(), ssaMthd)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -177,57 +177,115 @@ func (p *context) compileMethods(pkg llssa.Package, typ types.Type) {
 // Global variable.
 func (p *context) compileGlobal(pkg llssa.Package, gbl *ssa.Global) {
 	typ := gbl.Type()
-	name := llssa.FullName(gbl.Pkg.Pkg, gbl.Name())
+	name, vtype := p.varName(gbl.Pkg.Pkg, gbl)
 	if ignoreName(name) || checkCgo(gbl.Name()) {
 		return
 	}
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Println("==> NewVar", name, typ)
 	}
-	g := pkg.NewVar(name, typ)
+	g := pkg.NewVar(name, typ, llssa.Background(vtype))
+	if vtype == goVar {
 		g.Init(p.prog.Null(g.Type))
 	}
-
-func (p *context) compileFunc(pkg llssa.Package, pkgTypes *types.Package, f *ssa.Function) {
-	sig := f.Signature
-	name, ftype := p.funcName(pkgTypes, f, true)
-	switch ftype {
-	case ignoredFunc, llgoInstr: // llgo extended instructions
-		return
 }
+
+func makeClosureCtx(pkg *types.Package, vars []*ssa.FreeVar) *types.Var {
+	n := len(vars)
+	flds := make([]*types.Var, n)
+	for i, v := range vars {
+		flds[i] = types.NewField(token.NoPos, pkg, v.Name(), v.Type(), false)
+	}
+	t := types.NewPointer(types.NewStruct(flds, nil))
+	return types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "__llgo_ctx", t)
+}
+
+func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, pkgTypes *types.Package, f *ssa.Function) llssa.Function {
+	name, ftype := p.funcName(pkgTypes, f, true)
+	if ftype != goFunc {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fn := pkg.FuncOf(name)
+	if fn != nil && fn.HasBody() {
+		return fn
+	}
+
+	var sig = f.Signature
+	var hasCtx = len(f.FreeVars) > 0
+	if hasCtx {
+		if debugInstr {
+			log.Println("==> NewClosure", name, "type:", sig)
+		}
+		ctx := makeClosureCtx(pkgTypes, f.FreeVars)
+		sig = llssa.FuncAddCtx(ctx, sig)
+	} else {
 		if debugInstr {
 			log.Println("==> NewFunc", name, "type:", sig.Recv(), sig)
 		}
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc(name, sig)
+	}
+	if fn == nil {
+		fn = pkg.NewFuncEx(name, sig, llssa.Background(ftype), hasCtx)
+	}
+	if nblk := len(f.Blocks); nblk > 0 {
+		fn.MakeBlocks(nblk) // to set fn.HasBody() = true
 		p.inits = append(p.inits, func() {
 			p.fn = fn
 			defer func() {
 				p.fn = nil
 			}()
 			p.phis = nil
-		nblk := len(f.Blocks)
-		if nblk == 0 { // external function
-			return
-		}
 			if debugGoSSA {
 				f.WriteTo(os.Stderr)
 			}
 			if debugInstr {
 				log.Println("==> FuncBody", name)
 			}
-		fn.MakeBlocks(nblk)
 			b := fn.NewBuilder()
 			p.bvals = make(map[ssa.Value]llssa.Expr)
+			off := make([]int, len(f.Blocks))
 			for i, block := range f.Blocks {
-			p.compileBlock(b, block, i == 0 && name == "main")
+				off[i] = p.compilePhis(b, block)
+			}
+			for i, block := range f.Blocks {
+				p.compileBlock(b, block, off[i], i == 0 && name == "main")
 			}
 			for _, phi := range p.phis {
 				phi()
 			}
 		})
 	}
+	return fn
+}
 
-func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, doInit bool) llssa.BasicBlock {
+// funcOf returns a function by name and set ftype = goFunc, cFunc, etc.
+// or returns nil and set ftype = llgoCstr, llgoAlloca, llgoUnreachable, etc.
+func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
+	pkgTypes := p.ensureLoaded(fn.Pkg.Pkg)
+	pkg := p.pkg
+	name, ftype := p.funcName(pkgTypes, fn, false)
+	if ftype == llgoInstr {
+		switch name {
+		case "cstr":
+			ftype = llgoCstr
+		case "advance":
+			ftype = llgoAdvance
+		case "alloca":
+			ftype = llgoAlloca
+		case "allocaCStr":
+			ftype = llgoAllocaCStr
+		case "unreachable":
+			ftype = llgoUnreachable
+		default:
+			panic("unknown llgo instruction: " + name)
+		}
+	} else if ret = pkg.FuncOf(name); ret == nil && len(fn.FreeVars) == 0 {
+		sig := fn.Signature
+		ret = pkg.NewFuncEx(name, sig, llssa.Background(ftype), false)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, n int, doInit bool) llssa.BasicBlock {
 	ret := p.fn.Block(block.Index)
 	b.SetBlock(ret)
 	if doInit {
@@ -235,7 +293,7 @@ func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, doInit bo
 		callRuntimeInit(b, pkg)
 		b.Call(pkg.FuncOf("main.init").Expr)
 	}
-	for _, instr := range block.Instrs {
+	for _, instr := range block.Instrs[n:] {
 		p.compileInstr(b, instr)
 	}
 	return ret
@@ -246,7 +304,8 @@ const (
 )
 
 func callRuntimeInit(b llssa.Builder, pkg llssa.Package) {
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc(RuntimeInit, types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc(RuntimeInit, sig, llssa.InC) // don't need to convert runtime.init
 	b.Call(fn.Expr)
 }
 
@@ -298,6 +357,15 @@ func cstr(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr) {
 	panic("cstr(<string-literal>): invalid arguments")
 }
 
+func (p *context) advance(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr) {
+	if len(args) == 2 {
+		ptr := p.compileValue(b, args[0])
+		offset := p.compileValue(b, args[1])
+		return b.Advance(ptr, offset)
+	}
+	panic("advance(p ptr, offset int): invalid arguments")
+}
+
 // func alloca(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer
 func (p *context) alloca(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr) {
 	if len(args) == 1 {
@@ -316,6 +384,52 @@ func (p *context) allocaCStr(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr)
 	panic("allocaCStr(s string): invalid arguments")
 }
 
+func isPhi(i ssa.Instruction) bool {
+	_, ok := i.(*ssa.Phi)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (p *context) compilePhis(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock) int {
+	ret := p.fn.Block(block.Index)
+	b.SetBlock(ret)
+	if ninstr := len(block.Instrs); ninstr > 0 {
+		if isPhi(block.Instrs[0]) {
+			n := 1
+			for n < ninstr && isPhi(block.Instrs[n]) {
+				n++
+			}
+			rets := make([]llssa.Expr, n)
+			for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+				iv := block.Instrs[i].(*ssa.Phi)
+				rets[i] = p.compilePhi(b, iv)
+			}
+			for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+				iv := block.Instrs[i].(*ssa.Phi)
+				p.bvals[iv] = rets[i].Do(b)
+			}
+			return n
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (p *context) compilePhi(b llssa.Builder, v *ssa.Phi) (ret llssa.Expr) {
+	phi := b.Phi(p.prog.Type(v.Type(), llssa.InGo))
+	ret = phi.Expr
+	p.phis = append(p.phis, func() {
+		preds := v.Block().Preds
+		bblks := make([]llssa.BasicBlock, len(preds))
+		for i, pred := range preds {
+			bblks[i] = p.fn.Block(pred.Index)
+		}
+		edges := v.Edges
+		phi.AddIncoming(b, bblks, func(i int) llssa.Expr {
+			return p.compileValue(b, edges[i])
+		})
+	})
+	return
+}
+
 func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue bool) (ret llssa.Expr) {
 	if asValue {
 		if v, ok := p.bvals[iv]; ok {
@@ -346,13 +460,15 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 				ret = b.BuiltinCall(fn, args...)
 			}
 		case *ssa.Function:
-			fn, ftype := p.funcOf(cv)
+			fn, ftype := p.compileFunction(cv)
 			switch ftype {
 			case goFunc, cFunc:
 				args := p.compileValues(b, call.Args, kind)
 				ret = b.Call(fn.Expr, args...)
 			case llgoCstr:
 				ret = cstr(b, call.Args)
+			case llgoAdvance:
+				ret = p.advance(b, call.Args)
 			case llgoAlloca:
 				ret = p.alloca(b, call.Args)
 			case llgoAllocaCStr:
@@ -363,12 +479,9 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 				panic("todo")
 			}
 		default:
-			panic("todo")
-			/*
 			fn := p.compileValue(b, cv)
 			args := p.compileValues(b, call.Args, kind)
 			ret = b.Call(fn, args...)
-			*/
 		}
 	case *ssa.BinOp:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
@@ -377,26 +490,14 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 	case *ssa.UnOp:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		ret = b.UnOp(v.Op, x)
-	case *ssa.Phi:
-		phi := b.Phi(p.prog.Type(v.Type()))
-		ret = phi.Expr
-		p.phis = append(p.phis, func() {
-			vals := p.compileValues(b, v.Edges, 0)
-			preds := v.Block().Preds
-			bblks := make([]llssa.BasicBlock, len(preds))
-			for i, pred := range preds {
-				bblks[i] = p.fn.Block(pred.Index)
-			}
-			phi.AddIncoming(vals, bblks)
-		})
 	case *ssa.ChangeType:
 		t := v.Type()
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
-		ret = b.ChangeType(p.prog.Type(t), x)
+		ret = b.ChangeType(p.prog.Type(t, llssa.InGo), x)
 	case *ssa.Convert:
 		t := v.Type()
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
-		ret = b.Convert(p.prog.Type(t), x)
+		ret = b.Convert(p.prog.Type(t, llssa.InGo), x)
 	case *ssa.FieldAddr:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		ret = b.FieldAddr(x, v.Field)
@@ -405,7 +506,8 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 		if p.checkVArgs(v, t) { // varargs: this is a varargs allocation
 			return
 		}
-		ret = b.Alloc(t, v.Heap)
+		elem := p.prog.Type(t.Elem(), llssa.InGo)
+		ret = b.Alloc(elem, v.Heap)
 	case *ssa.IndexAddr:
 		vx := v.X
 		if _, ok := p.isVArgs(vx); ok { // varargs: this is a varargs index
@@ -414,6 +516,21 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 		x := p.compileValue(b, vx)
 		idx := p.compileValue(b, v.Index)
 		ret = b.IndexAddr(x, idx)
+	case *ssa.Index:
+		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
+		idx := p.compileValue(b, v.Index)
+		ret = b.Index(x, idx, func(e llssa.Expr) (ret llssa.Expr) {
+			if e == x {
+				if n, ok := v.X.(*ssa.UnOp); ok {
+					return p.compileValue(b, n.X)
+				}
+			}
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("todo: addr of %v", e))
+		})
+	case *ssa.Lookup:
+		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
+		idx := p.compileValue(b, v.Index)
+		ret = b.Lookup(x, idx, v.CommaOk)
 	case *ssa.Slice:
 		vx := v.X
 		if _, ok := p.isVArgs(vx); ok { // varargs: this is a varargs slice
@@ -431,23 +548,39 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 			max = p.compileValue(b, v.Max)
 		}
 		ret = b.Slice(x, low, high, max)
-	case *ssa.MakeMap:
-		var nReserve llssa.Expr
-		t := v.Type()
-		if v.Reserve != nil {
-			nReserve = p.compileValue(b, v.Reserve)
-		}
-		ret = b.MakeMap(p.prog.Type(t), nReserve)
 	case *ssa.MakeInterface:
 		const (
 			delayExpr = true // varargs: don't need to convert an expr to any
 		)
-		t := v.Type()
+		t := p.prog.Type(v.Type(), llssa.InGo)
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		ret = b.MakeInterface(t, x, delayExpr)
+	case *ssa.MakeSlice:
+		var nCap llssa.Expr
+		t := p.prog.Type(v.Type(), llssa.InGo)
+		nLen := p.compileValue(b, v.Len)
+		if v.Cap != nil {
+			nCap = p.compileValue(b, v.Cap)
+		}
+		ret = b.MakeSlice(t, nLen, nCap)
+	case *ssa.MakeMap:
+		var nReserve llssa.Expr
+		t := p.prog.Type(v.Type(), llssa.InGo)
+		if v.Reserve != nil {
+			nReserve = p.compileValue(b, v.Reserve)
+		}
+		ret = b.MakeMap(t, nReserve)
+	case *ssa.MakeClosure:
+		fn := p.compileValue(b, v.Fn)
+		bindings := p.compileValues(b, v.Bindings, 0)
+		ret = b.MakeClosure(fn, bindings)
 	case *ssa.TypeAssert:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
-		ret = b.TypeAssert(x, p.prog.Type(v.AssertedType), v.CommaOk)
+		t := p.prog.Type(v.AssertedType, llssa.InGo)
+		ret = b.TypeAssert(x, t, v.CommaOk)
+	case *ssa.Extract:
+		x := p.compileValue(b, v.Tuple)
+		ret = b.Extract(x, v.Index)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("compileInstrAndValue: unknown instr - %T\n", iv))
 	}
@@ -504,13 +637,24 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 		val := p.compileValue(b, v.Value)
 		b.MapUpdate(m, key, val)
 	case *ssa.Panic:
-		arg := p.compileValue(b, v.X).Do()
+		arg := p.compileValue(b, v.X).Do(b)
 		b.Panic(arg)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("compileInstr: unknown instr - %T\n", instr))
 	}
 }
 
+func (p *context) compileFunction(v *ssa.Function) (llssa.Function, int) {
+	// v.Pkg == nil: means auto generated function?
+	if v.Pkg == p.goPkg || v.Pkg == nil {
+		// function in this package
+		if fn := p.compileFuncDecl(p.pkg, p.goTyps, v); fn != nil {
+			return fn, goFunc
+		}
+	}
+	return p.funcOf(v)
+}
+
 func (p *context) compileValue(b llssa.Builder, v ssa.Value) llssa.Expr {
 	if iv, ok := v.(instrOrValue); ok {
 		return p.compileInstrOrValue(b, iv, true)
@@ -524,20 +668,21 @@ func (p *context) compileValue(b llssa.Builder, v ssa.Value) llssa.Expr {
 			}
 		}
 	case *ssa.Function:
-		panic("unreachable")
-		/*
-			fn, ftype := p.funcOf(v)
-			if ftype >= llgoInstrBase {
-				panic("can't use llgo instruction as a value")
-			}
+		fn, _ := p.compileFunction(v)
 		return fn.Expr
-		*/
 	case *ssa.Global:
 		g := p.varOf(v)
 		return g.Expr
 	case *ssa.Const:
 		t := types.Default(v.Type())
-		return b.Const(v.Value, p.prog.Type(t))
+		return b.Const(v.Value, p.prog.Type(t, llssa.InGo))
+	case *ssa.FreeVar:
+		fn := v.Parent()
+		for idx, freeVar := range fn.FreeVars {
+			if freeVar == v {
+				return p.fn.FreeVar(b, idx)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	panic(fmt.Sprintf("compileValue: unknown value - %T\n", v))
 }
@@ -561,7 +706,7 @@ func (p *context) compileValues(b llssa.Builder, vals []ssa.Value, hasVArg int)
 	n := len(vals) - hasVArg
 	ret := make([]llssa.Expr, n)
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		ret[i] = p.compileValue(b, vals[i]).Do()
+		ret[i] = p.compileValue(b, vals[i]).Do(b)
 	}
 	if hasVArg > 0 {
 		ret = p.compileVArg(ret, b, vals[n])
@@ -616,16 +761,20 @@ func NewPackage(prog llssa.Program, pkg *ssa.Package, files []*ast.File) (ret ll
 				// Do not try to build generic (non-instantiated) functions.
 				continue
 			}
-			ctx.compileFunc(ret, member.Pkg.Pkg, member)
+			ctx.compileFuncDecl(ret, member.Pkg.Pkg, member)
 		case *ssa.Type:
 			ctx.compileType(ret, member)
 		case *ssa.Global:
 			ctx.compileGlobal(ret, member)
 		}
 	}
-	for _, ini := range ctx.inits {
+	for len(ctx.inits) > 0 {
+		inits := ctx.inits
+		ctx.inits = nil
+		for _, ini := range inits {
 			ini()
 		}
+	}
 	return
 }
 

cl/import.go

@@ -90,19 +90,14 @@ func (p *context) importPkg(pkg *types.Package, i *pkgInfo) {
 	for _, name := range names {
 		if token.IsExported(name) {
 			obj := scope.Lookup(name)
-			if obj, ok := obj.(*types.Func); ok {
+			switch obj := obj.(type) {
+			case *types.Func:
 				if pos := obj.Pos(); pos != token.NoPos {
-					f := fset.File(pos)
-					if fp := f.Position(pos); fp.Line > 2 {
-						lines, err := contentOf(contents, fp.Filename)
-						if err != nil {
-							panic(err)
-						}
-						if i := fp.Line - 2; i < len(lines) {
-							line := string(lines[i])
-							p.initLinkname(pkgPath, line)
-						}
+					p.initLinknameByPos(fset, pos, pkgPath, contents, false)
 				}
+			case *types.Var:
+				if pos := obj.Pos(); pos != token.NoPos {
+					p.initLinknameByPos(fset, pos, pkgPath, contents, true)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -112,21 +107,44 @@ func (p *context) importPkg(pkg *types.Package, i *pkgInfo) {
 func (p *context) initFiles(pkgPath string, files []*ast.File) {
 	for _, file := range files {
 		for _, decl := range file.Decls {
-			if decl, ok := decl.(*ast.FuncDecl); ok {
+			switch decl := decl.(type) {
+			case *ast.FuncDecl:
 				if decl.Recv == nil {
-					if doc := decl.Doc; doc != nil {
-						if n := len(doc.List); n > 0 {
-							line := doc.List[n-1].Text
-							p.initLinkname(pkgPath, line)
-						}
+					p.initLinknameByDoc(decl.Doc, pkgPath, false)
 				}
+			case *ast.GenDecl:
+				if decl.Tok == token.VAR && len(decl.Specs) == 1 {
+					p.initLinknameByDoc(decl.Doc, pkgPath, true)
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *context) initLinkname(pkgPath, line string) {
+func (p *context) initLinknameByDoc(doc *ast.CommentGroup, pkgPath string, isVar bool) {
+	if doc != nil {
+		if n := len(doc.List); n > 0 {
+			line := doc.List[n-1].Text
+			p.initLinkname(pkgPath, line, isVar)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *context) initLinknameByPos(fset *token.FileSet, pos token.Pos, pkgPath string, contents contentMap, isVar bool) {
+	f := fset.File(pos)
+	if fp := f.Position(pos); fp.Line > 2 {
+		lines, err := contentOf(contents, fp.Filename)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		if i := fp.Line - 2; i < len(lines) {
+			line := string(lines[i])
+			p.initLinkname(pkgPath, line, isVar)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *context) initLinkname(pkgPath, line string, isVar bool) {
 	const (
 		linkname = "//go:linkname "
 	)
@@ -134,7 +152,7 @@ func (p *context) initLinkname(pkgPath, line string) {
 		text := strings.TrimSpace(line[len(linkname):])
 		if idx := strings.IndexByte(text, ' '); idx > 0 {
 			link := strings.TrimLeft(text[idx+1:], " ")
-			if strings.Contains(link, ".") { // eg. C.printf, C.strlen, llgo.cstr
+			if isVar || strings.Contains(link, ".") { // eg. C.printf, C.strlen, llgo.cstr
 				name := pkgPath + "." + text[:idx]
 				p.link[name] = link
 			} else {
@@ -173,8 +191,8 @@ func checkCgo(fnName string) bool {
 
 const (
 	ignoredFunc = iota
-	goFunc
-	cFunc
+	goFunc      = int(llssa.InGo)
+	cFunc       = int(llssa.InC)
 	llgoInstr   = -1
 
 	llgoInstrBase   = 0x80
@@ -182,6 +200,7 @@ const (
 	llgoCstr        = llgoInstrBase + 1
 	llgoAlloca      = llgoInstrBase + 2
 	llgoAllocaCStr  = llgoInstrBase + 3
+	llgoAdvance     = llgoInstrBase + 4
 )
 
 func (p *context) funcName(pkg *types.Package, fn *ssa.Function, ignore bool) (string, int) {
@@ -201,39 +220,28 @@ func (p *context) funcName(pkg *types.Package, fn *ssa.Function, ignore bool) (s
 	return name, goFunc
 }
 
-// funcOf returns a function by name and set ftype = goFunc, cFunc, etc.
-// or returns nil and set ftype = llgoCstr, llgoAlloca, llgoUnreachable, etc.
-func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
-	pkgTypes := p.ensureLoaded(fn.Pkg.Pkg)
-	pkg := p.pkg
-	name, ftype := p.funcName(pkgTypes, fn, false)
-	if ftype == llgoInstr {
-		switch name {
-		case "cstr":
-			ftype = llgoCstr
-		case "alloca":
-			ftype = llgoAlloca
-		case "allocaCStr":
-			ftype = llgoAllocaCStr
-		case "unreachable":
-			ftype = llgoUnreachable
-		default:
-			panic("unknown llgo instruction: " + name)
+const (
+	ignoredVar = iota
+	goVar      = int(llssa.InGo)
+	cVar       = int(llssa.InC)
+)
+
+func (p *context) varName(pkg *types.Package, v *ssa.Global) (vName string, vtype int) {
+	name := llssa.FullName(pkg, v.Name())
+	if v, ok := p.link[name]; ok {
+		return v, cVar
 	}
-	} else if ret = pkg.FuncOf(name); ret == nil {
-		ret = pkg.NewFunc(name, fn.Signature)
-	}
-	return
+	return name, goVar
 }
 
-func (p *context) varOf(v *ssa.Global) llssa.Global {
+func (p *context) varOf(v *ssa.Global) (ret llssa.Global) {
 	pkgTypes := p.ensureLoaded(v.Pkg.Pkg)
 	pkg := p.pkg
-	name := llssa.FullName(pkgTypes, v.Name())
-	if ret := pkg.VarOf(name); ret != nil {
-		return ret
+	name, vtype := p.varName(pkgTypes, v)
+	if ret = pkg.VarOf(name); ret == nil {
+		ret = pkg.NewVar(name, v.Type(), llssa.Background(vtype))
 	}
-	return pkg.NewVar(name, v.Type())
+	return
 }
 
 func (p *context) ensureLoaded(pkgTypes *types.Package) *types.Package {

cl/internal/linktarget/foo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package linktarget
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func F(a, b *c.Char) {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("a: %s, b: %s\n"), a, b)
+}

cl/internal/linktarget/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+; ModuleID = 'github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget'
+source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget"
+
+@"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [14 x i8] c"a: %s, b: %s\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, ptr %0, ptr %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.init"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

go.mod

@@ -5,13 +5,16 @@ go 1.18
 require (
 	github.com/aykevl/go-wasm v0.0.1
 	github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2
-	github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.3
+	github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5
 	github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
 	github.com/qiniu/x v1.13.10
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.20.0
 )
 
 require (
+	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 github.com/aykevl/go-wasm v0.0.1 h1:lPxy8l48P39W7I0tLrtCrLfZBOUq9IWZ7odGdyJP2AM=
 github.com/aykevl/go-wasm v0.0.1/go.mod h1:b4nggwg3lEkNKOU4wzhtLKz2q2sLxSHFnc98aGt6z/Y=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2 h1:Q6XaSx/Zi5tWnjfAziYsQI6Jv6MgODRpFtOYqNkiiqM=
 github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2/go.mod h1:92qEzVgv7y8JEFICWG9GvYI5IzfEkxYdsA1DbmnTkqk=
-github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.3 h1:I7UkAO4kzn0Es2iHKRpGU1LjYQ452XwYfsSs1OAAXk8=
-github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.3/go.mod h1:PeVK8GgzxwAYCiMiUAJb5wJR6xbhj989tu9oulKLLT4=
+github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5 h1:ges8WcUdu4FBi0mkZUs27p/4qDQlj28N1UpMg3VQUoE=
+github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5/go.mod h1:PeVK8GgzxwAYCiMiUAJb5wJR6xbhj989tu9oulKLLT4=
 github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10 h1:5Om6KOvo31daN7N30kWU1vC5zhsJPM+uPbcEN/FnlzE=
 github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10/go.mod h1:HDuPZgpWiaTp3PUolFgsiX+Q77cbUWB/mikVHfYND3c=
+github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 h1:PV8peI4a0ysnczrg+LtxykD8LfKY9ML6u2jnxaEnrnM=
+github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12/go.mod h1:e30LSqwooZae/UwlEbR2852Gd8hjQvJoHmT4TnhNGBo=
+github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 h1:ZqeYNhU3OHLH3mGKHDcjJRFFRrJa6eAM5H+CtDdOsPc=
+github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
+github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 h1:xBagoLtFs94CBntxluKeaWgTMpvLxC4ur3nMaC9Gz0M=
+github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2/go.mod h1:yWuevngMOJpCy52FWWMvUC8ws7m/LJsjYzDa0/r8luk=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/qiniu/x v1.13.10 h1:J4Z3XugYzAq85SlyAfqlKVrbf05glMbAOh+QncsDQpE=
 github.com/qiniu/x v1.13.10/go.mod h1:INZ2TSWSJVWO/RuELQROERcslBwVgFG7MkTfEdaQz9E=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5taEt/CY=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=

internal/abi/llgo_autogen.ll

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.ArrayType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr, ptr, i64 }
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, i32, i32 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, { ptr, ptr }, ptr, i32, i32 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.ChanType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr, i64 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.FuncType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", i16, i16 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.InterfaceType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Name", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Name" = type { ptr }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.MapType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr, i8, i8, i16, i32 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.MapType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr, ptr, ptr, { ptr, ptr }, i8, i8, i16, i32 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.PtrType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.SliceType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.StructType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Name", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" }

internal/aliases/aliases.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package aliases
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+// Package aliases defines backward compatible shims
+// for the types.Alias type representation added in 1.22.
+// This defines placeholders for x/tools until 1.26.
+
+// NewAlias creates a new TypeName in Package pkg that
+// is an alias for the type rhs.
+//
+// The enabled parameter determines whether the resulting [TypeName]'s
+// type is an [types.Alias]. Its value must be the result of a call to
+// [Enabled], which computes the effective value of
+// GODEBUG=gotypesalias=... by invoking the type checker. The Enabled
+// function is expensive and should be called once per task (e.g.
+// package import), not once per call to NewAlias.
+func NewAlias(enabled bool, pos token.Pos, pkg *types.Package, name string, rhs types.Type) *types.TypeName {
+	if enabled {
+		tname := types.NewTypeName(pos, pkg, name, nil)
+		newAlias(tname, rhs)
+		return tname
+	}
+	return types.NewTypeName(pos, pkg, name, rhs)
+}

internal/aliases/aliases_go121.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !go1.22
+// +build !go1.22
+
+package aliases
+
+import (
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+// Alias is a placeholder for a go/types.Alias for <=1.21.
+// It will never be created by go/types.
+type Alias struct{}
+
+func (*Alias) String() string         { panic("unreachable") }
+func (*Alias) Underlying() types.Type { panic("unreachable") }
+func (*Alias) Obj() *types.TypeName   { panic("unreachable") }
+func Rhs(alias *Alias) types.Type     { panic("unreachable") }
+
+// Unalias returns the type t for go <=1.21.
+func Unalias(t types.Type) types.Type { return t }
+
+func newAlias(name *types.TypeName, rhs types.Type) *Alias { panic("unreachable") }
+
+// Enabled reports whether [NewAlias] should create [types.Alias] types.
+//
+// Before go1.22, this function always returns false.
+func Enabled() bool { return false }

internal/aliases/aliases_go122.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build go1.22
+// +build go1.22
+
+package aliases
+
+import (
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/parser"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+// Alias is an alias of types.Alias.
+type Alias = types.Alias
+
+// Rhs returns the type on the right-hand side of the alias declaration.
+func Rhs(alias *Alias) types.Type {
+	if alias, ok := any(alias).(interface{ Rhs() types.Type }); ok {
+		return alias.Rhs() // go1.23+
+	}
+
+	// go1.22's Alias didn't have the Rhs method,
+	// so Unalias is the best we can do.
+	return Unalias(alias)
+}
+
+// Unalias is a wrapper of types.Unalias.
+func Unalias(t types.Type) types.Type { return types.Unalias(t) }
+
+// newAlias is an internal alias around types.NewAlias.
+// Direct usage is discouraged as the moment.
+// Try to use NewAlias instead.
+func newAlias(tname *types.TypeName, rhs types.Type) *Alias {
+	a := types.NewAlias(tname, rhs)
+	// TODO(go.dev/issue/65455): Remove kludgy workaround to set a.actual as a side-effect.
+	Unalias(a)
+	return a
+}
+
+// Enabled reports whether [NewAlias] should create [types.Alias] types.
+//
+// This function is expensive! Call it sparingly.
+func Enabled() bool {
+	// The only reliable way to compute the answer is to invoke go/types.
+	// We don't parse the GODEBUG environment variable, because
+	// (a) it's tricky to do so in a manner that is consistent
+	//     with the godebug package; in particular, a simple
+	//     substring check is not good enough. The value is a
+	//     rightmost-wins list of options. But more importantly:
+	// (b) it is impossible to detect changes to the effective
+	//     setting caused by os.Setenv("GODEBUG"), as happens in
+	//     many tests. Therefore any attempt to cache the result
+	//     is just incorrect.
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	f, _ := parser.ParseFile(fset, "a.go", "package p; type A = int", 0)
+	pkg, _ := new(types.Config).Check("p", fset, []*ast.File{f}, nil)
+	_, enabled := pkg.Scope().Lookup("A").Type().(*types.Alias)
+	return enabled
+}

internal/llgen/llgen.go

@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ func Gen(pkgPath, inFile string, src any) string {
 	}
 
 	prog := llssa.NewProgram(nil)
+	prog.SetRuntime(func() *types.Package {
+		rt, err := imp.Import(llssa.PkgRuntime)
+		check(err)
+		return rt
+	})
 	ret, err := cl.NewPackage(prog, ssaPkg, files)
 	check(err)
 

internal/runtime/c/c.go

@@ -27,11 +27,24 @@ type (
 	Char    = int8
 	Int     = C.int
 	Pointer = unsafe.Pointer
+	FilePtr = unsafe.Pointer
 )
 
+//go:linkname Stdin __stdinp
+var Stdin FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Stdout __stdoutp
+var Stdout FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Stderr __stderrp
+var Stderr FilePtr
+
 //go:linkname Str llgo.cstr
 func Str(string) *Char
 
+//go:linkname Advance llgo.advance
+func Advance(ptr Pointer, offset int) Pointer
+
 //go:linkname Alloca llgo.alloca
 func Alloca(size uintptr) Pointer
 
@@ -50,5 +63,11 @@ func Malloc(size uintptr) Pointer
 //go:linkname Memcpy C.memcpy
 func Memcpy(dst, src Pointer, n uintptr) Pointer
 
+//go:linkname Memset C.memset
+func Memset(s Pointer, c Int, n uintptr) Pointer
+
 //go:linkname Printf C.printf
 func Printf(format *Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) Int
+
+//go:linkname Fprintf C.fprintf
+func Fprintf(fp FilePtr, format *Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) Int

internal/runtime/llgo_autogen.ll

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime"
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" = type { ptr, ptr }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab" = type { ptr, ptr, i32, [4 x i8], [1 x i64] }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, i32, i32 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, { ptr, ptr }, ptr, i32, i32 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.hmap" = type { i64, i8, i8, i16, i32, ptr, ptr, i64, ptr }
 
 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny" = global ptr null
@@ -13,14 +13,24 @@ source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime"
 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.sizeBasicTypes" = global ptr null
 @0 = private unnamed_addr constant [21 x i8] c"I2Int: type mismatch\00", align 1
-@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [11 x i8] c"panic: %s\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [26 x i8] c"slice index out of bounds\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [33 x i8] c"string slice index out of bounds\00", align 1
+@__stderrp = external global ptr
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [11 x i8] c"panic: %s\0A\00", align 1
 
-define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 %0) {
+define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = call ptr @malloc(i64 %0)
   ret ptr %1
 }
 
+define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @malloc(i64 %0)
+  %2 = call ptr @memset(ptr %1, i32 0, i64 %0)
+  ret ptr %2
+}
+
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.basicTypes", i64 %0
@@ -31,46 +41,49 @@ _llgo_0:
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %0, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1, ptr %2, align 8
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
-  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
-  %6 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8
-  %7 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %0, ptr %6, i64 %4)
-  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %0, i64 %4
-  store i8 0, ptr %8, align 1
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %5 = load i64, ptr %4, align 4
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %7 = load ptr, ptr %6, align 8
+  %8 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %0, ptr %7, i64 %5)
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %0, i64 %5
+  store i8 0, ptr %9, align 1
   ret ptr %0
 }
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrDup"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = load i64, ptr %2, align 4
-  %4 = add i64 %3, 1
-  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 %4)
-  %6 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, align 8
-  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %5, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6)
-  ret ptr %7
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
+  %5 = add i64 %4, 1
+  %6 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 %5)
+  %7 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, align 8
+  %8 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %6, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %7)
+  ret ptr %8
 }
 
 define { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %2, align 8
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
-  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
-  %6 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8
-  %7 = icmp eq ptr %6, %1
-  br i1 %7, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = load ptr, ptr %6, align 8
+  %8 = icmp eq ptr %7, %1
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
-  %9 = load ptr, ptr %8, align 8
-  %10 = ptrtoint ptr %9 to i64
-  %mrv = insertvalue { i64, i1 } poison, i64 %10, 0
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %10 = load ptr, ptr %9, align 8
+  %11 = ptrtoint ptr %10 to i64
+  %mrv = insertvalue { i64, i1 } poison, i64 %11, 0
   %mrv1 = insertvalue { i64, i1 } %mrv, i1 true, 1
   ret { i64, i1 } %mrv1
 
@@ -81,41 +94,43 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.EmptyString"() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr null, ptr %1, align 8
-  store i64 0, ptr %2, align 4
-  %3 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 16)
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  store i64 0, ptr %3, align 4
+  %4 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %4
 }
 
 define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.I2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %2, align 8
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
-  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
-  %6 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8
-  %7 = icmp eq ptr %6, %1
-  br i1 %7, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = load ptr, ptr %6, align 8
+  %8 = icmp eq ptr %7, %1
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
-  %9 = load ptr, ptr %8, align 8
-  %10 = ptrtoint ptr %9 to i64
-  ret i64 %10
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %10 = load ptr, ptr %9, align 8
+  %11 = ptrtoint ptr %10 to i64
+  ret i64 %11
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %11 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 20)
-  %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11)
-  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %12)
+  %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 20)
+  %13 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %12)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13)
   unreachable
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAny"(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
   %4 = load ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny", align 8
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
@@ -127,17 +142,18 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 0, ptr %6, align 4
   store i64 0, ptr %8, align 4
   %9 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 0
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %2, ptr %10, align 8
-  store ptr %1, ptr %11, align 8
-  %12 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %12
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %9, i64 16)
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %2, ptr %11, align 8
+  store ptr %1, ptr %12, align 8
+  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %0, i64 %1) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
   %4 = load ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny", align 8
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
@@ -149,21 +165,22 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 0, ptr %6, align 4
   store i64 0, ptr %8, align 4
   %9 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 0
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 1
-  %12 = inttoptr i64 %1 to ptr
-  store ptr %2, ptr %10, align 8
-  store ptr %12, ptr %11, align 8
-  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %9, i64 16)
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
+  %13 = inttoptr i64 %1 to ptr
+  store ptr %2, ptr %11, align 8
+  store ptr %13, ptr %12, align 8
+  %14 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %14
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 16)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 16)
   store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %1, align 8
   %2 = load ptr, ptr getelementptr inbounds (ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.basicTypes", i64 24), align 8
-  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
   %5 = load ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny", align 8
   %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
@@ -175,17 +192,18 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 0, ptr %7, align 4
   store i64 0, ptr %9, align 4
   %10 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
-  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %3, ptr %11, align 8
-  store ptr %1, ptr %12, align 8
-  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13
+  %11 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %10, i64 16)
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %11, i32 0, i32 0
+  %13 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %11, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %3, ptr %12, align 8
+  store ptr %1, ptr %13, align 8
+  %14 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %11, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %14
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeInterface"(ptr %0, ptr %1, ptr %2) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
   %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 2
@@ -196,12 +214,13 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 0, ptr %6, align 4
   store i64 0, ptr %8, align 4
   %9 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 0
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %3, ptr %10, align 8
-  store ptr %2, ptr %11, align 8
-  %12 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %12
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %9, i64 16)
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %3, ptr %11, align 8
+  store ptr %2, ptr %12, align 8
+  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13
 }
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeSmallMap"() {
@@ -213,109 +232,274 @@ _llgo_0:
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
 _llgo_0:
   %3 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
-  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 2
-  store ptr %0, ptr %4, align 8
-  store i64 %1, ptr %5, align 4
-  store i64 %2, ptr %6, align 4
-  %7 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %3, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7
+  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %3, i64 24)
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 2
+  store ptr %0, ptr %5, align 8
+  store i64 %1, ptr %6, align 4
+  store i64 %2, ptr %7, align 4
+  %8 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %4, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %8
+}
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2, i64 %3, i64 %4, i64 %5) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %6 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
+  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %6, i64 24)
+  %8 = icmp slt i64 %3, 0
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_5
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_4, %_llgo_3, %_llgo_0
+  %9 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 25)
+  %10 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %9)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %10)
+  unreachable
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %11 = sub i64 %4, %3
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 %11, ptr %12, align 4
+  %13 = sub i64 %5, %3
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, i32 0, i32 2
+  store i64 %13, ptr %14, align 4
+  %15 = sub i64 %5, %3
+  %16 = icmp sgt i64 %15, 0
+  br i1 %16, label %_llgo_6, label %_llgo_8
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %17 = icmp sgt i64 %5, %2
+  br i1 %17, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5
+  %18 = icmp slt i64 %5, %4
+  br i1 %18, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %19 = icmp slt i64 %4, %3
+  br i1 %19, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %20 = mul i64 %3, %1
+  %21 = getelementptr i8, ptr %0, i64 %20
+  %22 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %21, ptr %22, align 8
+  br label %_llgo_7
+
+_llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6
+  %23 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %23
+
+_llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %24 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %0, ptr %24, align 8
+  br label %_llgo_7
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr %0, i64 %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
-  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %0, ptr %3, align 8
-  store i64 %1, ptr %4, align 4
-  %5 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %5
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %0, ptr %4, align 8
+  store i64 %1, ptr %5, align 4
+  %6 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6
+}
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %3, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %4, align 8
+  %5 = icmp slt i64 %1, 0
+  br i1 %5, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_3, %_llgo_0
+  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 32)
+  %7 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %7)
+  unreachable
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %9 = load i64, ptr %8, align 4
+  %10 = icmp slt i64 %1, %9
+  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_6
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %12 = load i64, ptr %11, align 4
+  %13 = icmp sgt i64 %2, %12
+  br i1 %13, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %14 = icmp slt i64 %2, %1
+  br i1 %14, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %15 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %16 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %15, i64 16)
+  %17 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %16, i32 0, i32 0
+  %18 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
+  %19 = load ptr, ptr %18, align 8
+  %20 = getelementptr i8, ptr %19, i64 %1
+  %21 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %16, i32 0, i32 1
+  %22 = sub i64 %2, %1
+  store ptr %20, ptr %17, align 8
+  store i64 %22, ptr %21, align 4
+  %23 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %16, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %23
+
+_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %24 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %25 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %24, i64 16)
+  %26 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %25, i32 0, i32 0
+  %27 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %25, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %26, align 8
+  store i64 0, ptr %27, align 4
+  %28 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %25, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %28
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NilSlice"() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 2
-  store ptr null, ptr %1, align 8
-  store i64 0, ptr %2, align 4
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 24)
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 2
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
   store i64 0, ptr %3, align 4
-  %4 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %0, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4
+  store i64 0, ptr %4, align 4
+  %5 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5
+}
+
+define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 24)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 2
+  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
+  ret i64 %4
 }
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
-  %3 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
-  ret ptr %3
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 24)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
+  ret ptr %4
 }
 
 define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = load i64, ptr %2, align 4
-  ret i64 %3
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 24)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
+  ret i64 %4
+}
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %4, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1, ptr %5, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = load i64, ptr %6, align 4
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 1
+  %9 = load i64, ptr %8, align 4
+  %10 = add i64 %7, %9
+  %11 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 %10)
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %13 = load ptr, ptr %12, align 8
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %15 = load i64, ptr %14, align 4
+  %16 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %11, ptr %13, i64 %15)
+  %17 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %18 = load i64, ptr %17, align 4
+  %19 = getelementptr i8, ptr %11, i64 %18
+  %20 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 0
+  %21 = load ptr, ptr %20, align 8
+  %22 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 1
+  %23 = load i64, ptr %22, align 4
+  %24 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %19, ptr %21, i64 %23)
+  %25 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %26 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %25, i64 16)
+  %27 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %26, i32 0, i32 0
+  %28 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %26, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %11, ptr %27, align 8
+  store i64 %10, ptr %28, align 4
+  %29 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %26, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %29
 }
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
-  %3 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
-  ret ptr %3
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
+  ret ptr %4
 }
 
-define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = load i64, ptr %2, align 4
-  ret i64 %3
+  %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
+  ret i64 %4
 }
 
 define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
-  %3 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
-  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
-  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
-  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 6
-  %7 = load i8, ptr %6, align 1
-  %8 = sext i8 %7 to i64
-  %9 = icmp eq i64 %8, 24
-  br i1 %9, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %6 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %6, i32 0, i32 6
+  %8 = load i8, ptr %7, align 1
+  %9 = sext i8 %8 to i64
+  %10 = icmp eq i64 %9, 24
+  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %11 = load ptr, ptr %10, align 8
-  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %11, i32 0, i32 1
-  %13 = load i64, ptr %12, align 4
-  %14 = add i64 %13, 1
-  %15 = alloca i8, i64 %14, align 1
-  %16 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %11, align 8
-  %17 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %15, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %16)
-  %18 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, ptr %17)
+  %11 = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp, align 8
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %13 = load ptr, ptr %12, align 8
+  %14 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %13, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.stringTracef"(ptr %11, ptr @3, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %14)
   br label %_llgo_1
 }
 
+define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call ptr @memset(ptr %0, i32 0, i64 %1)
+  ret ptr %2
+}
+
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.basicType"(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 48)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 56)
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.sizeBasicTypes", i64 %0
   %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
@@ -329,8 +513,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret ptr %1
 }
 
-declare i32 @rand()
-
 define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = load i1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init$guard", align 1
@@ -339,7 +521,7 @@ _llgo_0:
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
   store i1 true, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init$guard", align 1
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.init"()
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 80)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 88)
   store ptr %1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny", align 8
   store i64 1, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i64, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.sizeBasicTypes", i64 1), align 4
   store i64 8, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i64, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.sizeBasicTypes", i64 2), align 4
@@ -406,17 +588,36 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.makemap_small"() {
 _llgo_0:
-  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 48)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 48)
   %1 = call i32 @rand()
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.hmap", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 4
   store i32 %1, ptr %2, align 4
   ret ptr %0
 }
 
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.stringTracef"(ptr %0, ptr %1, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %3, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, ptr %4, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %6 = load i64, ptr %5, align 4
+  %7 = add i64 %6, 1
+  %8 = alloca i8, i64 %7, align 1
+  %9 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, align 8
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %8, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %9)
+  %11 = call i32 (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %0, ptr %1, ptr %10)
+  ret void
+}
+
 declare ptr @malloc(i64)
 
+declare ptr @memset(ptr, i32, i64)
+
 declare ptr @memcpy(ptr, ptr, i64)
 
-declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.init"()
+
+declare i32 @rand()
+
+declare i32 @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)

internal/runtime/z_c.go

@@ -23,19 +23,33 @@ import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
 )
 
-// Alloc allocates memory.
-func Alloc(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+// AllocU allocates uninitialized memory.
+func AllocU(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
 	return c.Malloc(size)
 }
 
+// AllocZ allocates zero-initialized memory.
+func AllocZ(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	ret := c.Malloc(size)
+	return c.Memset(ret, 0, size)
+}
+
+// Zeroinit initializes memory to zero.
+func Zeroinit(p c.Pointer, size uintptr) c.Pointer {
+	return c.Memset(p, 0, size)
+}
+
 // TracePanic prints panic message.
 func TracePanic(v Interface) {
 	kind := abi.Kind(v.tab._type.Kind_)
 	switch {
 	case kind == abi.String:
-		s := (*String)(v.data)
-		cs := c.Alloca(uintptr(s.len) + 1)
-		c.Printf(c.Str("panic: %s\n"), CStrCopy(cs, *s))
+		stringTracef(c.Stderr, c.Str("panic: %s\n"), *(*String)(v.data))
 	}
 	// TODO(xsw): other message type
 }
+
+func stringTracef(fp c.FilePtr, format *c.Char, s String) {
+	cs := c.Alloca(uintptr(s.len) + 1)
+	c.Fprintf(fp, format, CStrCopy(cs, s))
+}

internal/runtime/z_closure.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package runtime
+
+/*
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// Closure represents a closure.
+type Closure struct {
+	f    unsafe.Pointer
+	data unsafe.Pointer // means no context if data is nil
+}
+
+// NewClosure creates a closure.
+func NewClosure(f, data unsafe.Pointer) Closure {
+	return Closure{f, data}
+}
+
+// ClosureF returns the function of a closure.
+func ClosureF(c Closure) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return c.f
+}
+
+// ClosureData returns the data of a closure.
+func ClosureData(c Closure) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return c.data
+}
+*/

internal/runtime/z_slice.go

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ package runtime
 
 import (
 	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
 )
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -39,11 +41,30 @@ func NewSlice(data unsafe.Pointer, len, cap int) Slice {
 	return Slice{data, len, cap}
 }
 
+func NewSlice3(base unsafe.Pointer, eltSize, cap, i, j, k int) (s Slice) {
+	if i < 0 || j < i || k < j || k > cap {
+		panic("slice index out of bounds")
+	}
+	s.len = j - i
+	s.cap = k - i
+	if k-i > 0 {
+		s.data = c.Advance(base, i*eltSize)
+	} else {
+		s.data = base
+	}
+	return
+}
+
 // SliceLen returns the length of a slice.
 func SliceLen(s Slice) int {
 	return s.len
 }
 
+// SliceCap returns the capacity of a slice.
+func SliceCap(s Slice) int {
+	return s.cap
+}
+
 // SliceData returns the data pointer of a slice.
 func SliceData(s Slice) unsafe.Pointer {
 	return s.data

internal/runtime/z_string.go

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func NewString(data unsafe.Pointer, len int) String {
 }
 
 // StringLen returns the length of a string.
-func StringLen(s Slice) int {
+func StringLen(s String) int {
 	return s.len
 }
 
@@ -55,6 +55,15 @@ func StringData(s String) unsafe.Pointer {
 	return s.data
 }
 
+// StringCat concatenates two strings.
+func StringCat(a, b String) String {
+	n := a.len + b.len
+	dest := AllocU(uintptr(n))
+	c.Memcpy(dest, a.data, uintptr(a.len))
+	c.Memcpy(c.Advance(dest, a.len), b.data, uintptr(b.len))
+	return String{dest, n}
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // CStrCopy copies a Go string to a C string buffer and returns it.
@@ -67,8 +76,18 @@ func CStrCopy(dest unsafe.Pointer, s String) *int8 {
 }
 
 func CStrDup(s String) *int8 {
-	dest := Alloc(uintptr(s.len + 1))
+	dest := AllocU(uintptr(s.len + 1))
 	return CStrCopy(dest, s)
 }
 
+func NewStringSlice(base String, i, j int) String {
+	if i < 0 || j < i || j > base.len {
+		panic("string slice index out of bounds")
+	}
+	if i < base.len {
+		return String{c.Advance(base.data, i), j - i}
+	}
+	return String{nil, 0}
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

internal/typeparams/normalize.go

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package typeparams
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/types"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+//go:generate go run copytermlist.go
+
+const debug = false
+
+var ErrEmptyTypeSet = errors.New("empty type set")
+
+// StructuralTerms returns a slice of terms representing the normalized
+// structural type restrictions of a type parameter, if any.
+//
+// Structural type restrictions of a type parameter are created via
+// non-interface types embedded in its constraint interface (directly, or via a
+// chain of interface embeddings). For example, in the declaration
+//
+//	type T[P interface{~int; m()}] int
+//
+// the structural restriction of the type parameter P is ~int.
+//
+// With interface embedding and unions, the specification of structural type
+// restrictions may be arbitrarily complex. For example, consider the
+// following:
+//
+//	type A interface{ ~string|~[]byte }
+//
+//	type B interface{ int|string }
+//
+//	type C interface { ~string|~int }
+//
+//	type T[P interface{ A|B; C }] int
+//
+// In this example, the structural type restriction of P is ~string|int: A|B
+// expands to ~string|~[]byte|int|string, which reduces to ~string|~[]byte|int,
+// which when intersected with C (~string|~int) yields ~string|int.
+//
+// StructuralTerms computes these expansions and reductions, producing a
+// "normalized" form of the embeddings. A structural restriction is normalized
+// if it is a single union containing no interface terms, and is minimal in the
+// sense that removing any term changes the set of types satisfying the
+// constraint. It is left as a proof for the reader that, modulo sorting, there
+// is exactly one such normalized form.
+//
+// Because the minimal representation always takes this form, StructuralTerms
+// returns a slice of tilde terms corresponding to the terms of the union in
+// the normalized structural restriction. An error is returned if the
+// constraint interface is invalid, exceeds complexity bounds, or has an empty
+// type set. In the latter case, StructuralTerms returns ErrEmptyTypeSet.
+//
+// StructuralTerms makes no guarantees about the order of terms, except that it
+// is deterministic.
+func StructuralTerms(tparam *types.TypeParam) ([]*types.Term, error) {
+	constraint := tparam.Constraint()
+	if constraint == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s has nil constraint", tparam)
+	}
+	iface, _ := constraint.Underlying().(*types.Interface)
+	if iface == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("constraint is %T, not *types.Interface", constraint.Underlying())
+	}
+	return InterfaceTermSet(iface)
+}
+
+// InterfaceTermSet computes the normalized terms for a constraint interface,
+// returning an error if the term set cannot be computed or is empty. In the
+// latter case, the error will be ErrEmptyTypeSet.
+//
+// See the documentation of StructuralTerms for more information on
+// normalization.
+func InterfaceTermSet(iface *types.Interface) ([]*types.Term, error) {
+	return computeTermSet(iface)
+}
+
+// UnionTermSet computes the normalized terms for a union, returning an error
+// if the term set cannot be computed or is empty. In the latter case, the
+// error will be ErrEmptyTypeSet.
+//
+// See the documentation of StructuralTerms for more information on
+// normalization.
+func UnionTermSet(union *types.Union) ([]*types.Term, error) {
+	return computeTermSet(union)
+}
+
+func computeTermSet(typ types.Type) ([]*types.Term, error) {
+	tset, err := computeTermSetInternal(typ, make(map[types.Type]*termSet), 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if tset.terms.isEmpty() {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyTypeSet
+	}
+	if tset.terms.isAll() {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var terms []*types.Term
+	for _, term := range tset.terms {
+		terms = append(terms, types.NewTerm(term.tilde, term.typ))
+	}
+	return terms, nil
+}
+
+// A termSet holds the normalized set of terms for a given type.
+//
+// The name termSet is intentionally distinct from 'type set': a type set is
+// all types that implement a type (and includes method restrictions), whereas
+// a term set just represents the structural restrictions on a type.
+type termSet struct {
+	complete bool
+	terms    termlist
+}
+
+func indentf(depth int, format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, strings.Repeat(".", depth)+format+"\n", args...)
+}
+
+func computeTermSetInternal(t types.Type, seen map[types.Type]*termSet, depth int) (res *termSet, err error) {
+	if t == nil {
+		panic("nil type")
+	}
+
+	if debug {
+		indentf(depth, "%s", t.String())
+		defer func() {
+			if err != nil {
+				indentf(depth, "=> %s", err)
+			} else {
+				indentf(depth, "=> %s", res.terms.String())
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	const maxTermCount = 100
+	if tset, ok := seen[t]; ok {
+		if !tset.complete {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cycle detected in the declaration of %s", t)
+		}
+		return tset, nil
+	}
+
+	// Mark the current type as seen to avoid infinite recursion.
+	tset := new(termSet)
+	defer func() {
+		tset.complete = true
+	}()
+	seen[t] = tset
+
+	switch u := t.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Interface:
+		// The term set of an interface is the intersection of the term sets of its
+		// embedded types.
+		tset.terms = allTermlist
+		for i := 0; i < u.NumEmbeddeds(); i++ {
+			embedded := u.EmbeddedType(i)
+			if _, ok := embedded.Underlying().(*types.TypeParam); ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid embedded type %T", embedded)
+			}
+			tset2, err := computeTermSetInternal(embedded, seen, depth+1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			tset.terms = tset.terms.intersect(tset2.terms)
+		}
+	case *types.Union:
+		// The term set of a union is the union of term sets of its terms.
+		tset.terms = nil
+		for i := 0; i < u.Len(); i++ {
+			t := u.Term(i)
+			var terms termlist
+			switch t.Type().Underlying().(type) {
+			case *types.Interface:
+				tset2, err := computeTermSetInternal(t.Type(), seen, depth+1)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				terms = tset2.terms
+			case *types.TypeParam, *types.Union:
+				// A stand-alone type parameter or union is not permitted as union
+				// term.
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid union term %T", t)
+			default:
+				if t.Type() == types.Typ[types.Invalid] {
+					continue
+				}
+				terms = termlist{{t.Tilde(), t.Type()}}
+			}
+			tset.terms = tset.terms.union(terms)
+			if len(tset.terms) > maxTermCount {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("exceeded max term count %d", maxTermCount)
+			}
+		}
+	case *types.TypeParam:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	default:
+		// For all other types, the term set is just a single non-tilde term
+		// holding the type itself.
+		if u != types.Typ[types.Invalid] {
+			tset.terms = termlist{{false, t}}
+		}
+	}
+	return tset, nil
+}
+
+// under is a facade for the go/types internal function of the same name. It is
+// used by typeterm.go.
+func under(t types.Type) types.Type {
+	return t.Underlying()
+}

internal/typeparams/termlist.go

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Code generated by copytermlist.go DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package typeparams
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+// A termlist represents the type set represented by the union
+// t1 ∪ y2 ∪ ... tn of the type sets of the terms t1 to tn.
+// A termlist is in normal form if all terms are disjoint.
+// termlist operations don't require the operands to be in
+// normal form.
+type termlist []*term
+
+// allTermlist represents the set of all types.
+// It is in normal form.
+var allTermlist = termlist{new(term)}
+
+// String prints the termlist exactly (without normalization).
+func (xl termlist) String() string {
+	if len(xl) == 0 {
+		return "∅"
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	for i, x := range xl {
+		if i > 0 {
+			buf.WriteString(" | ")
+		}
+		buf.WriteString(x.String())
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// isEmpty reports whether the termlist xl represents the empty set of types.
+func (xl termlist) isEmpty() bool {
+	// If there's a non-nil term, the entire list is not empty.
+	// If the termlist is in normal form, this requires at most
+	// one iteration.
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if x != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// isAll reports whether the termlist xl represents the set of all types.
+func (xl termlist) isAll() bool {
+	// If there's a 𝓤 term, the entire list is 𝓤.
+	// If the termlist is in normal form, this requires at most
+	// one iteration.
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if x != nil && x.typ == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// norm returns the normal form of xl.
+func (xl termlist) norm() termlist {
+	// Quadratic algorithm, but good enough for now.
+	// TODO(gri) fix asymptotic performance
+	used := make([]bool, len(xl))
+	var rl termlist
+	for i, xi := range xl {
+		if xi == nil || used[i] {
+			continue
+		}
+		for j := i + 1; j < len(xl); j++ {
+			xj := xl[j]
+			if xj == nil || used[j] {
+				continue
+			}
+			if u1, u2 := xi.union(xj); u2 == nil {
+				// If we encounter a 𝓤 term, the entire list is 𝓤.
+				// Exit early.
+				// (Note that this is not just an optimization;
+				// if we continue, we may end up with a 𝓤 term
+				// and other terms and the result would not be
+				// in normal form.)
+				if u1.typ == nil {
+					return allTermlist
+				}
+				xi = u1
+				used[j] = true // xj is now unioned into xi - ignore it in future iterations
+			}
+		}
+		rl = append(rl, xi)
+	}
+	return rl
+}
+
+// union returns the union xl ∪ yl.
+func (xl termlist) union(yl termlist) termlist {
+	return append(xl, yl...).norm()
+}
+
+// intersect returns the intersection xl ∩ yl.
+func (xl termlist) intersect(yl termlist) termlist {
+	if xl.isEmpty() || yl.isEmpty() {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Quadratic algorithm, but good enough for now.
+	// TODO(gri) fix asymptotic performance
+	var rl termlist
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		for _, y := range yl {
+			if r := x.intersect(y); r != nil {
+				rl = append(rl, r)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return rl.norm()
+}
+
+// equal reports whether xl and yl represent the same type set.
+func (xl termlist) equal(yl termlist) bool {
+	// TODO(gri) this should be more efficient
+	return xl.subsetOf(yl) && yl.subsetOf(xl)
+}
+
+// includes reports whether t ∈ xl.
+func (xl termlist) includes(t types.Type) bool {
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if x.includes(t) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// supersetOf reports whether y ⊆ xl.
+func (xl termlist) supersetOf(y *term) bool {
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if y.subsetOf(x) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// subsetOf reports whether xl ⊆ yl.
+func (xl termlist) subsetOf(yl termlist) bool {
+	if yl.isEmpty() {
+		return xl.isEmpty()
+	}
+
+	// each term x of xl must be a subset of yl
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if !yl.supersetOf(x) {
+			return false // x is not a subset yl
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}

internal/typeparams/typeterm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Code generated by copytermlist.go DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package typeparams
+
+import "go/types"
+
+// A term describes elementary type sets:
+//
+//	 ∅:  (*term)(nil)     == ∅                      // set of no types (empty set)
+//	 𝓤:  &term{}          == 𝓤                      // set of all types (𝓤niverse)
+//	 T:  &term{false, T}  == {T}                    // set of type T
+//	~t:  &term{true, t}   == {t' | under(t') == t}  // set of types with underlying type t
+type term struct {
+	tilde bool // valid if typ != nil
+	typ   types.Type
+}
+
+func (x *term) String() string {
+	switch {
+	case x == nil:
+		return "∅"
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return "𝓤"
+	case x.tilde:
+		return "~" + x.typ.String()
+	default:
+		return x.typ.String()
+	}
+}
+
+// equal reports whether x and y represent the same type set.
+func (x *term) equal(y *term) bool {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil || y == nil:
+		return x == y
+	case x.typ == nil || y.typ == nil:
+		return x.typ == y.typ
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x, y ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	return x.tilde == y.tilde && types.Identical(x.typ, y.typ)
+}
+
+// union returns the union x ∪ y: zero, one, or two non-nil terms.
+func (x *term) union(y *term) (_, _ *term) {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil && y == nil:
+		return nil, nil // ∅ ∪ ∅ == ∅
+	case x == nil:
+		return y, nil // ∅ ∪ y == y
+	case y == nil:
+		return x, nil // x ∪ ∅ == x
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return x, nil // 𝓤 ∪ y == 𝓤
+	case y.typ == nil:
+		return y, nil // x ∪ 𝓤 == 𝓤
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x, y ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	if x.disjoint(y) {
+		return x, y // x ∪ y == (x, y) if x ∩ y == ∅
+	}
+	// x.typ == y.typ
+
+	// ~t ∪ ~t == ~t
+	// ~t ∪  T == ~t
+	//  T ∪ ~t == ~t
+	//  T ∪  T ==  T
+	if x.tilde || !y.tilde {
+		return x, nil
+	}
+	return y, nil
+}
+
+// intersect returns the intersection x ∩ y.
+func (x *term) intersect(y *term) *term {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil || y == nil:
+		return nil // ∅ ∩ y == ∅ and ∩ ∅ == ∅
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return y // 𝓤 ∩ y == y
+	case y.typ == nil:
+		return x // x ∩ 𝓤 == x
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x, y ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	if x.disjoint(y) {
+		return nil // x ∩ y == ∅ if x ∩ y == ∅
+	}
+	// x.typ == y.typ
+
+	// ~t ∩ ~t == ~t
+	// ~t ∩  T ==  T
+	//  T ∩ ~t ==  T
+	//  T ∩  T ==  T
+	if !x.tilde || y.tilde {
+		return x
+	}
+	return y
+}
+
+// includes reports whether t ∈ x.
+func (x *term) includes(t types.Type) bool {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil:
+		return false // t ∈ ∅ == false
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return true // t ∈ 𝓤 == true
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	u := t
+	if x.tilde {
+		u = under(u)
+	}
+	return types.Identical(x.typ, u)
+}
+
+// subsetOf reports whether x ⊆ y.
+func (x *term) subsetOf(y *term) bool {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil:
+		return true // ∅ ⊆ y == true
+	case y == nil:
+		return false // x ⊆ ∅ == false since x != ∅
+	case y.typ == nil:
+		return true // x ⊆ 𝓤 == true
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return false // 𝓤 ⊆ y == false since y != 𝓤
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x, y ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	if x.disjoint(y) {
+		return false // x ⊆ y == false if x ∩ y == ∅
+	}
+	// x.typ == y.typ
+
+	// ~t ⊆ ~t == true
+	// ~t ⊆ T == false
+	//  T ⊆ ~t == true
+	//  T ⊆  T == true
+	return !x.tilde || y.tilde
+}
+
+// disjoint reports whether x ∩ y == ∅.
+// x.typ and y.typ must not be nil.
+func (x *term) disjoint(y *term) bool {
+	if debug && (x.typ == nil || y.typ == nil) {
+		panic("invalid argument(s)")
+	}
+	ux := x.typ
+	if y.tilde {
+		ux = under(ux)
+	}
+	uy := y.typ
+	if x.tilde {
+		uy = under(uy)
+	}
+	return !types.Identical(ux, uy)
+}

internal/typeutil/map.go

@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package typeutil defines various utilities for types, such as Map,
+// a mapping from types.Type to interface{} values.
+package typeutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/types"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/aliases"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/typeparams"
+)
+
+// Map is a hash-table-based mapping from types (types.Type) to
+// arbitrary interface{} values.  The concrete types that implement
+// the Type interface are pointers.  Since they are not canonicalized,
+// == cannot be used to check for equivalence, and thus we cannot
+// simply use a Go map.
+//
+// Just as with map[K]V, a nil *Map is a valid empty map.
+//
+// Not thread-safe.
+type Map struct {
+	hasher Hasher             // shared by many Maps
+	table  map[uint32][]entry // maps hash to bucket; entry.key==nil means unused
+	length int                // number of map entries
+}
+
+// entry is an entry (key/value association) in a hash bucket.
+type entry struct {
+	key   types.Type
+	value interface{}
+}
+
+// SetHasher sets the hasher used by Map.
+//
+// All Hashers are functionally equivalent but contain internal state
+// used to cache the results of hashing previously seen types.
+//
+// A single Hasher created by MakeHasher() may be shared among many
+// Maps.  This is recommended if the instances have many keys in
+// common, as it will amortize the cost of hash computation.
+//
+// A Hasher may grow without bound as new types are seen.  Even when a
+// type is deleted from the map, the Hasher never shrinks, since other
+// types in the map may reference the deleted type indirectly.
+//
+// Hashers are not thread-safe, and read-only operations such as
+// Map.Lookup require updates to the hasher, so a full Mutex lock (not a
+// read-lock) is require around all Map operations if a shared
+// hasher is accessed from multiple threads.
+//
+// If SetHasher is not called, the Map will create a private hasher at
+// the first call to Insert.
+func (m *Map) SetHasher(hasher Hasher) {
+	m.hasher = hasher
+}
+
+// Delete removes the entry with the given key, if any.
+// It returns true if the entry was found.
+func (m *Map) Delete(key types.Type) bool {
+	if m != nil && m.table != nil {
+		hash := m.hasher.Hash(key)
+		bucket := m.table[hash]
+		for i, e := range bucket {
+			if e.key != nil && types.Identical(key, e.key) {
+				// We can't compact the bucket as it
+				// would disturb iterators.
+				bucket[i] = entry{}
+				m.length--
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// At returns the map entry for the given key.
+// The result is nil if the entry is not present.
+func (m *Map) At(key types.Type) interface{} {
+	if m != nil && m.table != nil {
+		for _, e := range m.table[m.hasher.Hash(key)] {
+			if e.key != nil && types.Identical(key, e.key) {
+				return e.value
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Set sets the map entry for key to val,
+// and returns the previous entry, if any.
+func (m *Map) Set(key types.Type, value interface{}) (prev interface{}) {
+	if m.table != nil {
+		hash := m.hasher.Hash(key)
+		bucket := m.table[hash]
+		var hole *entry
+		for i, e := range bucket {
+			if e.key == nil {
+				hole = &bucket[i]
+			} else if types.Identical(key, e.key) {
+				prev = e.value
+				bucket[i].value = value
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		if hole != nil {
+			*hole = entry{key, value} // overwrite deleted entry
+		} else {
+			m.table[hash] = append(bucket, entry{key, value})
+		}
+	} else {
+		if m.hasher.memo == nil {
+			m.hasher = MakeHasher()
+		}
+		hash := m.hasher.Hash(key)
+		m.table = map[uint32][]entry{hash: {entry{key, value}}}
+	}
+
+	m.length++
+	return
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of map entries.
+func (m *Map) Len() int {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.length
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// Iterate calls function f on each entry in the map in unspecified order.
+//
+// If f should mutate the map, Iterate provides the same guarantees as
+// Go maps: if f deletes a map entry that Iterate has not yet reached,
+// f will not be invoked for it, but if f inserts a map entry that
+// Iterate has not yet reached, whether or not f will be invoked for
+// it is unspecified.
+func (m *Map) Iterate(f func(key types.Type, value interface{})) {
+	if m != nil {
+		for _, bucket := range m.table {
+			for _, e := range bucket {
+				if e.key != nil {
+					f(e.key, e.value)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Keys returns a new slice containing the set of map keys.
+// The order is unspecified.
+func (m *Map) Keys() []types.Type {
+	keys := make([]types.Type, 0, m.Len())
+	m.Iterate(func(key types.Type, _ interface{}) {
+		keys = append(keys, key)
+	})
+	return keys
+}
+
+func (m *Map) toString(values bool) string {
+	if m == nil {
+		return "{}"
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	fmt.Fprint(&buf, "{")
+	sep := ""
+	m.Iterate(func(key types.Type, value interface{}) {
+		fmt.Fprint(&buf, sep)
+		sep = ", "
+		fmt.Fprint(&buf, key)
+		if values {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, ": %q", value)
+		}
+	})
+	fmt.Fprint(&buf, "}")
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// String returns a string representation of the map's entries.
+// Values are printed using fmt.Sprintf("%v", v).
+// Order is unspecified.
+func (m *Map) String() string {
+	return m.toString(true)
+}
+
+// KeysString returns a string representation of the map's key set.
+// Order is unspecified.
+func (m *Map) KeysString() string {
+	return m.toString(false)
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Hasher
+
+// A Hasher maps each type to its hash value.
+// For efficiency, a hasher uses memoization; thus its memory
+// footprint grows monotonically over time.
+// Hashers are not thread-safe.
+// Hashers have reference semantics.
+// Call MakeHasher to create a Hasher.
+type Hasher struct {
+	memo map[types.Type]uint32
+
+	// ptrMap records pointer identity.
+	ptrMap map[interface{}]uint32
+
+	// sigTParams holds type parameters from the signature being hashed.
+	// Signatures are considered identical modulo renaming of type parameters, so
+	// within the scope of a signature type the identity of the signature's type
+	// parameters is just their index.
+	//
+	// Since the language does not currently support referring to uninstantiated
+	// generic types or functions, and instantiated signatures do not have type
+	// parameter lists, we should never encounter a second non-empty type
+	// parameter list when hashing a generic signature.
+	sigTParams *types.TypeParamList
+}
+
+// MakeHasher returns a new Hasher instance.
+func MakeHasher() Hasher {
+	return Hasher{
+		memo:       make(map[types.Type]uint32),
+		ptrMap:     make(map[interface{}]uint32),
+		sigTParams: nil,
+	}
+}
+
+// Hash computes a hash value for the given type t such that
+// Identical(t, t') => Hash(t) == Hash(t').
+func (h Hasher) Hash(t types.Type) uint32 {
+	hash, ok := h.memo[t]
+	if !ok {
+		hash = h.hashFor(t)
+		h.memo[t] = hash
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+// hashString computes the Fowler–Noll–Vo hash of s.
+func hashString(s string) uint32 {
+	var h uint32
+	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
+		h ^= uint32(s[i])
+		h *= 16777619
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+func HashSig(h Hasher, t *types.Signature) uint32 {
+	var hash uint32 = 9091
+	if t.Variadic() {
+		hash *= 8863
+	}
+
+	// Use a separate hasher for types inside of the signature, where type
+	// parameter identity is modified to be (index, constraint). We must use a
+	// new memo for this hasher as type identity may be affected by this
+	// masking. For example, in func[T any](*T), the identity of *T depends on
+	// whether we are mapping the argument in isolation, or recursively as part
+	// of hashing the signature.
+	//
+	// We should never encounter a generic signature while hashing another
+	// generic signature, but defensively set sigTParams only if h.mask is
+	// unset.
+	tparams := t.TypeParams()
+	if h.sigTParams == nil && tparams.Len() != 0 {
+		h = Hasher{
+			// There may be something more efficient than discarding the existing
+			// memo, but it would require detecting whether types are 'tainted' by
+			// references to type parameters.
+			memo: make(map[types.Type]uint32),
+			// Re-using ptrMap ensures that pointer identity is preserved in this
+			// hasher.
+			ptrMap:     h.ptrMap,
+			sigTParams: tparams,
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < tparams.Len(); i++ {
+		tparam := tparams.At(i)
+		hash += 7 * h.Hash(tparam.Constraint())
+	}
+
+	return hash + 3*h.hashTuple(t.Params()) + 5*h.hashTuple(t.Results())
+}
+
+// hashFor computes the hash of t.
+func (h Hasher) hashFor(t types.Type) uint32 {
+	// See Identical for rationale.
+	switch t := t.(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		return uint32(t.Kind())
+
+	case *aliases.Alias:
+		return h.Hash(t.Underlying())
+
+	case *types.Array:
+		return 9043 + 2*uint32(t.Len()) + 3*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Slice:
+		return 9049 + 2*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Struct:
+		var hash uint32 = 9059
+		for i, n := 0, t.NumFields(); i < n; i++ {
+			f := t.Field(i)
+			if f.Anonymous() {
+				hash += 8861
+			}
+			hash += hashString(t.Tag(i))
+			hash += hashString(f.Name()) // (ignore f.Pkg)
+			hash += h.Hash(f.Type())
+		}
+		return hash
+
+	case *types.Pointer:
+		return 9067 + 2*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Signature:
+		return HashSig(h, t)
+
+	case *types.Union:
+		return h.hashUnion(t)
+
+	case *types.Interface:
+		// Interfaces are identical if they have the same set of methods, with
+		// identical names and types, and they have the same set of type
+		// restrictions. See go/types.identical for more details.
+		var hash uint32 = 9103
+
+		// Hash methods.
+		for i, n := 0, t.NumMethods(); i < n; i++ {
+			// Method order is not significant.
+			// Ignore m.Pkg().
+			m := t.Method(i)
+			// Use shallow hash on method signature to
+			// avoid anonymous interface cycles.
+			hash += 3*hashString(m.Name()) + 5*h.shallowHash(m.Type())
+		}
+
+		// Hash type restrictions.
+		terms, err := typeparams.InterfaceTermSet(t)
+		// if err != nil t has invalid type restrictions.
+		if err == nil {
+			hash += h.hashTermSet(terms)
+		}
+
+		return hash
+
+	case *types.Map:
+		return 9109 + 2*h.Hash(t.Key()) + 3*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Chan:
+		return 9127 + 2*uint32(t.Dir()) + 3*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Named:
+		hash := h.hashPtr(t.Obj())
+		targs := t.TypeArgs()
+		for i := 0; i < targs.Len(); i++ {
+			targ := targs.At(i)
+			hash += 2 * h.Hash(targ)
+		}
+		return hash
+
+	case *types.TypeParam:
+		return h.hashTypeParam(t)
+
+	case *types.Tuple:
+		return h.hashTuple(t)
+
+	case interface{ Hash(h Hasher) uint32 }:
+		return t.Hash(h)
+	}
+
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: %v", t, t))
+}
+
+func (h Hasher) hashTuple(tuple *types.Tuple) uint32 {
+	// See go/types.identicalTypes for rationale.
+	n := tuple.Len()
+	hash := 9137 + 2*uint32(n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		hash += 3 * h.Hash(tuple.At(i).Type())
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+func (h Hasher) hashUnion(t *types.Union) uint32 {
+	// Hash type restrictions.
+	terms, err := typeparams.UnionTermSet(t)
+	// if err != nil t has invalid type restrictions. Fall back on a non-zero
+	// hash.
+	if err != nil {
+		return 9151
+	}
+	return h.hashTermSet(terms)
+}
+
+func (h Hasher) hashTermSet(terms []*types.Term) uint32 {
+	hash := 9157 + 2*uint32(len(terms))
+	for _, term := range terms {
+		// term order is not significant.
+		termHash := h.Hash(term.Type())
+		if term.Tilde() {
+			termHash *= 9161
+		}
+		hash += 3 * termHash
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+// hashTypeParam returns a hash of the type parameter t, with a hash value
+// depending on whether t is contained in h.sigTParams.
+//
+// If h.sigTParams is set and contains t, then we are in the process of hashing
+// a signature, and the hash value of t must depend only on t's index and
+// constraint: signatures are considered identical modulo type parameter
+// renaming. To avoid infinite recursion, we only hash the type parameter
+// index, and rely on types.Identical to handle signatures where constraints
+// are not identical.
+//
+// Otherwise the hash of t depends only on t's pointer identity.
+func (h Hasher) hashTypeParam(t *types.TypeParam) uint32 {
+	if h.sigTParams != nil {
+		i := t.Index()
+		if i >= 0 && i < h.sigTParams.Len() && t == h.sigTParams.At(i) {
+			return 9173 + 3*uint32(i)
+		}
+	}
+	return h.hashPtr(t.Obj())
+}
+
+// hashPtr hashes the pointer identity of ptr. It uses h.ptrMap to ensure that
+// pointers values are not dependent on the GC.
+func (h Hasher) hashPtr(ptr interface{}) uint32 {
+	if hash, ok := h.ptrMap[ptr]; ok {
+		return hash
+	}
+	hash := uint32(reflect.ValueOf(ptr).Pointer())
+	h.ptrMap[ptr] = hash
+	return hash
+}
+
+// shallowHash computes a hash of t without looking at any of its
+// element Types, to avoid potential anonymous cycles in the types of
+// interface methods.
+//
+// When an unnamed non-empty interface type appears anywhere among the
+// arguments or results of an interface method, there is a potential
+// for endless recursion. Consider:
+//
+//	type X interface { m() []*interface { X } }
+//
+// The problem is that the Methods of the interface in m's result type
+// include m itself; there is no mention of the named type X that
+// might help us break the cycle.
+// (See comment in go/types.identical, case *Interface, for more.)
+func (h Hasher) shallowHash(t types.Type) uint32 {
+	// t is the type of an interface method (Signature),
+	// its params or results (Tuples), or their immediate
+	// elements (mostly Slice, Pointer, Basic, Named),
+	// so there's no need to optimize anything else.
+	switch t := t.(type) {
+	case *aliases.Alias:
+		return h.shallowHash(t.Underlying())
+
+	case *types.Signature:
+		var hash uint32 = 604171
+		if t.Variadic() {
+			hash *= 971767
+		}
+		// The Signature/Tuple recursion is always finite
+		// and invariably shallow.
+		return hash + 1062599*h.shallowHash(t.Params()) + 1282529*h.shallowHash(t.Results())
+
+	case *types.Tuple:
+		n := t.Len()
+		hash := 9137 + 2*uint32(n)
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			hash += 53471161 * h.shallowHash(t.At(i).Type())
+		}
+		return hash
+
+	case *types.Basic:
+		return 45212177 * uint32(t.Kind())
+
+	case *types.Array:
+		return 1524181 + 2*uint32(t.Len())
+
+	case *types.Slice:
+		return 2690201
+
+	case *types.Struct:
+		return 3326489
+
+	case *types.Pointer:
+		return 4393139
+
+	case *types.Union:
+		return 562448657
+
+	case *types.Interface:
+		return 2124679 // no recursion here
+
+	case *types.Map:
+		return 9109
+
+	case *types.Chan:
+		return 9127
+
+	case *types.Named:
+		return h.hashPtr(t.Obj())
+
+	case *types.TypeParam:
+		return h.hashPtr(t.Obj())
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("shallowHash: %T: %v", t, t))
+}

ssa/cl_test.go

@@ -34,3 +34,46 @@ func TestRuntime(t *testing.T) {
 	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime", "../internal/runtime/llgo_autogen.ll")
 	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi", "../internal/abi/llgo_autogen.ll")
 }
+
+/*
+func TestCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := llvm.NewContext()
+	mod := ctx.NewModule("foo/bar")
+
+	tc := llvm.FunctionType(ctx.VoidType(), nil, false)
+	callback := llvm.PointerType(tc, 0)
+	params := []llvm.Type{callback}
+
+	tfn := llvm.FunctionType(ctx.VoidType(), params, false)
+	f := llvm.AddFunction(mod, "fn", tfn)
+	b := ctx.NewBuilder()
+	blk := llvm.AddBasicBlock(f, "")
+	b.SetInsertPointAtEnd(blk)
+
+	arg := f.Param(0)
+	// arg = b.CreateLoad(tc, arg, "")
+	b.CreateCall(tc, arg, nil, "")
+	b.CreateRetVoid()
+
+	expected := `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
+`
+	if v := mod.String(); v != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("\n==> got:\n%s\n==> expected:\n%s\n", v, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var m typeutil.Map
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	m.Set(sig, 1)
+	csig := (*ssa.CFuncPtr)(sig)
+	m.Set(csig, 2)
+	if v := m.At(sig); v.(int) != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("At(sig):", v)
+	}
+	if v := m.At(csig); v.(int) != 2 {
+		t.Fatal("At(csig):", v)
+	}
+}
+*/

ssa/decl.go

@@ -25,6 +25,26 @@ import (
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+const (
+	ClosureCtx  = "__llgo_ctx"
+	ClosureStub = "__llgo_stub."
+	NameValist  = "__llgo_va_list"
+)
+
+func VArg() *types.Var {
+	return types.NewParam(0, nil, NameValist, types.Typ[types.Invalid])
+}
+
+func IsVArg(arg *types.Var) bool {
+	return arg.Name() == NameValist
+}
+
+func HasVArg(t *types.Tuple, n int) bool {
+	return n > 0 && IsVArg(t.At(n-1))
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 type aNamedConst struct {
 }
 
@@ -106,24 +126,31 @@ func (g Global) Init(v Expr) {
 // respectively, and is nil in the generic method.
 type aFunction struct {
 	Expr
-	pkg  Package
-	prog Program
+	Pkg  Package
+	Prog Program
+
 	blks []BasicBlock
 
 	params   []Type
+	freeVars Expr
+	base     int // base = 1 if hasFreeVars; base = 0 otherwise
 	hasVArg  bool
 }
 
 // Function represents a function or method.
 type Function = *aFunction
 
-func newFunction(fn llvm.Value, t Type, pkg Package, prog Program) Function {
+func newFunction(fn llvm.Value, t Type, pkg Package, prog Program, hasFreeVars bool) Function {
 	params, hasVArg := newParams(t, prog)
-	return &aFunction{Expr{fn, t}, pkg, prog, nil, params, hasVArg}
+	base := 0
+	if hasFreeVars {
+		base = 1
+	}
+	return &aFunction{Expr{fn, t}, pkg, prog, nil, params, Expr{}, base, hasVArg}
 }
 
 func newParams(fn Type, prog Program) (params []Type, hasVArg bool) {
-	sig := fn.t.(*types.Signature)
+	sig := fn.raw.Type.(*types.Signature)
 	in := sig.Params()
 	if n := in.Len(); n > 0 {
 		if hasVArg = HasVArg(in, n); hasVArg {
@@ -131,7 +158,7 @@ func newParams(fn Type, prog Program) (params []Type, hasVArg bool) {
 		}
 		params = make([]Type, n)
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-			params[i] = prog.Type(in.At(i).Type())
+			params[i] = prog.rawType(in.At(i).Type())
 		}
 	}
 	return
@@ -139,18 +166,41 @@ func newParams(fn Type, prog Program) (params []Type, hasVArg bool) {
 
 // Params returns the function's ith parameter.
 func (p Function) Param(i int) Expr {
+	i += p.base // skip if hasFreeVars
 	return Expr{p.impl.Param(i), p.params[i]}
 }
 
+func (p Function) closureCtx(b Builder) Expr {
+	if p.freeVars.IsNil() {
+		if p.base == 0 {
+			panic("ssa: function has no free variables")
+		}
+		ptr := Expr{p.impl.Param(0), p.params[0]}
+		p.freeVars = b.Load(ptr)
+	}
+	return p.freeVars
+}
+
+// FreeVar returns the function's ith free variable.
+func (p Function) FreeVar(b Builder, i int) Expr {
+	ctx := p.closureCtx(b)
+	return b.getField(ctx, i)
+}
+
 // NewBuilder creates a new Builder for the function.
 func (p Function) NewBuilder() Builder {
-	prog := p.prog
+	prog := p.Prog
 	b := prog.ctx.NewBuilder()
 	// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
 	// b.Finalize()
 	return &aBuilder{b, p, prog}
 }
 
+// HasBody reports whether the function has a body.
+func (p Function) HasBody() bool {
+	return len(p.blks) > 0
+}
+
 // MakeBody creates nblk basic blocks for the function, and creates
 // a new Builder associated to #0 block.
 func (p Function) MakeBody(nblk int) Builder {

ssa/expr.go

@@ -41,24 +41,23 @@ func (v Expr) IsNil() bool {
 	return v.Type == nil
 }
 
-/*
-// TypeOf returns the type of the expression.
-func (v Expr) TypeOf() types.Type {
-	return v.t
-}
-*/
-
 // Do evaluates the delay expression and returns the result.
-func (v Expr) Do() Expr {
-	if vt := v.Type; vt.kind == vkDelayExpr {
-		return vt.t.(delayExprTy)()
+func (v Expr) Do(b Builder) Expr {
+	switch vt := v.Type; vt.kind {
+	case vkDelayExpr:
+		return vt.raw.Type.(delayExprTy)()
+	case vkPhisExpr:
+		e := vt.raw.Type.(*phisExprTy)
+		return b.aggregateValue(e.Type, e.phis...)
 	}
 	return v
 }
 
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 // DelayExpr returns a delay expression.
 func DelayExpr(f func() Expr) Expr {
-	return Expr{Type: &aType{t: delayExprTy(f), kind: vkDelayExpr}}
+	return Expr{Type: &aType{raw: rawType{delayExprTy(f)}, kind: vkDelayExpr}}
 }
 
 type delayExprTy func() Expr
@@ -73,6 +72,25 @@ func (p delayExprTy) String() string {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+type phisExprTy struct {
+	phis []llvm.Value
+	Type
+}
+
+func (p phisExprTy) Underlying() types.Type {
+	panic("don't call")
+}
+
+func (p phisExprTy) String() string {
+	return "phisExpr"
+}
+
+func phisExpr(t Type, phis []llvm.Value) Expr {
+	return Expr{Type: &aType{raw: rawType{&phisExprTy{phis, t}}, kind: vkPhisExpr}}
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 // Null returns a null constant expression.
 func (p Program) Null(t Type) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.ConstNull(t.ll), t}
@@ -123,7 +141,8 @@ func (b Builder) Const(v constant.Value, typ Type) Expr {
 	if v == nil {
 		return prog.Null(typ)
 	}
-	switch t := typ.t.(type) {
+	raw := typ.raw.Type
+	switch t := raw.(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		kind := t.Kind()
 		switch {
@@ -145,7 +164,14 @@ func (b Builder) Const(v constant.Value, typ Type) Expr {
 			return b.Str(constant.StringVal(v))
 		}
 	}
-	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported Const: %v, %v", v, typ.t))
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported Const: %v, %v", v, raw))
+}
+
+// SizeOf returns the size of a type.
+func (b Builder) SizeOf(t Type, n ...int64) Expr {
+	prog := b.Prog
+	size := prog.SizeOf(t, n...)
+	return prog.IntVal(size, prog.Uintptr())
 }
 
 // CStr returns a c-style string constant expression.
@@ -157,7 +183,7 @@ func (b Builder) CStr(v string) Expr {
 func (b Builder) Str(v string) (ret Expr) {
 	prog := b.Prog
 	cstr := b.CStr(v)
-	ret = b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("NewString"), cstr, prog.Val(len(v)))
+	ret = b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("NewString"), cstr, prog.Val(len(v)))
 	ret.Type = prog.String()
 	return
 }
@@ -268,13 +294,18 @@ func (b Builder) BinOp(op token.Token, x, y Expr) Expr {
 	case isMathOp(op): // op: + - * / %
 		kind := x.kind
 		switch kind {
-		case vkString, vkComplex:
-			panic("todo")
+		case vkString:
+			if op == token.ADD {
+				pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+				return b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringCat"), x, y)
 			}
+		case vkComplex:
+		default:
 			idx := mathOpIdx(op, kind)
 			if llop := mathOpToLLVM[idx]; llop != 0 {
 				return Expr{llvm.CreateBinOp(b.impl, llop, x.impl, y.impl), x.Type}
 			}
+		}
 	case isLogicOp(op): // op: & | ^ << >> &^
 		if op == token.AND_NOT {
 			panic("todo")
@@ -324,11 +355,58 @@ func (b Builder) UnOp(op token.Token, x Expr) Expr {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-func llvmValues(vals []Expr) []llvm.Value {
-	ret := make([]llvm.Value, len(vals))
-	for i, v := range vals {
+func checkExpr(v Expr, t types.Type, b Builder) Expr {
+	if t, ok := t.(*types.Struct); ok && isClosure(t) {
+		if v.kind != vkClosure {
+			return b.Func.Pkg.closureStub(b, t, v)
+		}
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+func llvmParamsEx(data Expr, vals []Expr, params *types.Tuple, b Builder) (ret []llvm.Value) {
+	if data.IsNil() {
+		return llvmParams(0, vals, params, b)
+	}
+	ret = llvmParams(1, vals, params, b)
+	ret[0] = data.impl
+	return
+}
+
+func llvmParams(base int, vals []Expr, params *types.Tuple, b Builder) (ret []llvm.Value) {
+	n := params.Len()
+	if n > 0 {
+		ret = make([]llvm.Value, len(vals)+base)
+		for idx, v := range vals {
+			i := base + idx
+			if i < n {
+				v = checkExpr(v, params.At(i).Type(), b)
+			}
 			ret[i] = v.impl
 		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func llvmFields(vals []Expr, t *types.Struct, b Builder) (ret []llvm.Value) {
+	n := t.NumFields()
+	if n > 0 {
+		ret = make([]llvm.Value, len(vals))
+		for i, v := range vals {
+			if i < n {
+				v = checkExpr(v, t.Field(i).Type(), b)
+			}
+			ret[i] = v.impl
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func llvmDelayValues(f func(i int) Expr, n int) []llvm.Value {
+	ret := make([]llvm.Value, n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		ret[i] = f(i).impl
+	}
 	return ret
 }
 
@@ -346,19 +424,65 @@ type Phi struct {
 }
 
 // AddIncoming adds incoming values to a phi node.
-func (p Phi) AddIncoming(vals []Expr, bblks []BasicBlock) {
-	v := llvmValues(vals)
-	b := llvmBlocks(bblks)
-	p.impl.AddIncoming(v, b)
+func (p Phi) AddIncoming(b Builder, bblks []BasicBlock, f func(i int) Expr) {
+	bs := llvmBlocks(bblks)
+	if p.kind != vkPhisExpr { // normal phi node
+		vs := llvmDelayValues(f, len(bblks))
+		p.impl.AddIncoming(vs, bs)
+		return
+	}
+	e := p.raw.Type.(*phisExprTy)
+	phis := e.phis
+	vals := make([][]llvm.Value, len(phis))
+	for iblk, blk := range bblks {
+		last := blk.impl.LastInstruction()
+		b.impl.SetInsertPointBefore(last)
+		impl := b.impl
+		val := f(iblk).impl
+		for i := range phis {
+			if iblk == 0 {
+				vals[i] = make([]llvm.Value, len(bblks))
+			}
+			vals[i][iblk] = llvm.CreateExtractValue(impl, val, i)
+		}
+	}
+	for i, phi := range phis {
+		phi.AddIncoming(vals[i], bs)
+	}
 }
 
 // Phi returns a phi node.
 func (b Builder) Phi(t Type) Phi {
-	return Phi{Expr{llvm.CreatePHI(b.impl, t.ll), t}}
+	impl := b.impl
+	switch tund := t.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		kind := tund.Kind()
+		switch kind {
+		case types.String:
+			prog := b.Prog
+			phis := make([]llvm.Value, 2)
+			phis[0] = llvm.CreatePHI(impl, prog.tyVoidPtr())
+			phis[1] = llvm.CreatePHI(impl, prog.tyInt())
+			return Phi{phisExpr(t, phis)}
+		}
+	case *types.Struct:
+		panic("todo")
+	}
+	phi := llvm.CreatePHI(impl, t.ll)
+	return Phi{Expr{phi, t}}
 }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+// Advance returns the pointer ptr advanced by offset bytes.
+func (b Builder) Advance(ptr Expr, offset Expr) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("Advance %v, %v\n", ptr.impl, offset.impl)
+	}
+	ret := llvm.CreateGEP(b.impl, b.Prog.tyInt8(), ptr.impl, []llvm.Value{offset.impl})
+	return Expr{ret, ptr.Type}
+}
+
 // Load returns the value at the pointer ptr.
 func (b Builder) Load(ptr Expr) Expr {
 	if debugInstr {
@@ -370,13 +494,61 @@ func (b Builder) Load(ptr Expr) Expr {
 
 // Store stores val at the pointer ptr.
 func (b Builder) Store(ptr, val Expr) Builder {
+	raw := ptr.raw.Type
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("Store %v, %v\n", ptr.impl, val.impl)
+		log.Printf("Store %v, %v, %v\n", raw, ptr.impl, val.impl)
 	}
+	val = checkExpr(val, raw.(*types.Pointer).Elem(), b)
 	b.impl.CreateStore(val.impl, ptr.impl)
 	return b
 }
 
+func (b Builder) aggregateAlloc(t Type, flds ...llvm.Value) llvm.Value {
+	prog := b.Prog
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+	size := prog.SizeOf(t)
+	ptr := b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("AllocU"), prog.IntVal(size, prog.Uintptr())).impl
+	tll := t.ll
+	impl := b.impl
+	for i, fld := range flds {
+		impl.CreateStore(fld, llvm.CreateStructGEP(impl, tll, ptr, i))
+	}
+	return ptr
+}
+
+// aggregateValue yields the value of the aggregate X with the fields
+func (b Builder) aggregateValue(t Type, flds ...llvm.Value) Expr {
+	tll := t.ll
+	impl := b.impl
+	ptr := llvm.CreateAlloca(impl, tll)
+	for i, fld := range flds {
+		impl.CreateStore(fld, llvm.CreateStructGEP(impl, tll, ptr, i))
+	}
+	return Expr{llvm.CreateLoad(b.impl, tll, ptr), t}
+}
+
+// The MakeClosure instruction yields a closure value whose code is
+// Fn and whose free variables' values are supplied by Bindings.
+//
+// Type() returns a (possibly named) *types.Signature.
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t0 = make closure anon@1.2 [x y z]
+//	t1 = make closure bound$(main.I).add [i]
+func (b Builder) MakeClosure(fn Expr, bindings []Expr) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("MakeClosure %v, %v\n", fn, bindings)
+	}
+	prog := b.Prog
+	tfn := fn.Type
+	sig := tfn.raw.Type.(*types.Signature)
+	tctx := sig.Params().At(0).Type().Underlying().(*types.Pointer).Elem().(*types.Struct)
+	flds := llvmFields(bindings, tctx, b)
+	data := b.aggregateAlloc(prog.rawType(tctx), flds...)
+	return b.aggregateValue(prog.Closure(tfn), fn.impl, data)
+}
+
 // The FieldAddr instruction yields the address of Field of *struct X.
 //
 // The field is identified by its index within the field list of the
@@ -387,12 +559,6 @@ func (b Builder) Store(ptr, val Expr) Builder {
 //
 // Type() returns a (possibly named) *types.Pointer.
 //
-// Pos() returns the position of the ast.SelectorExpr.Sel for the
-// field, if explicit in the source. For implicit selections, returns
-// the position of the inducing explicit selection. If produced for a
-// struct literal S{f: e}, it returns the position of the colon; for
-// S{e} it returns the start of expression e.
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = &t0.name [#1]
@@ -407,6 +573,20 @@ func (b Builder) FieldAddr(x Expr, idx int) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.CreateStructGEP(b.impl, tstruc.ll, x.impl, idx), pt}
 }
 
+// The Field instruction yields the value of Field of struct X.
+func (b Builder) Field(x Expr, idx int) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("Field %v, %d\n", x.impl, idx)
+	}
+	return b.getField(x, idx)
+}
+
+func (b Builder) getField(x Expr, idx int) Expr {
+	tfld := b.Prog.Field(x.Type, idx)
+	fld := llvm.CreateExtractValue(b.impl, x.impl, idx)
+	return Expr{fld, tfld}
+}
+
 // The IndexAddr instruction yields the address of the element at
 // index `idx` of collection `x`.  `idx` is an integer expression.
 //
@@ -426,9 +606,9 @@ func (b Builder) IndexAddr(x, idx Expr) Expr {
 	prog := b.Prog
 	telem := prog.Index(x.Type)
 	pt := prog.Pointer(telem)
-	switch x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	switch x.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Slice:
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
+		pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 		ptr := b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("SliceData"), x)
 		indices := []llvm.Value{idx.impl}
 		return Expr{llvm.CreateInBoundsGEP(b.impl, telem.ll, ptr.impl, indices), pt}
@@ -438,6 +618,64 @@ func (b Builder) IndexAddr(x, idx Expr) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.CreateInBoundsGEP(b.impl, telem.ll, x.impl, indices), pt}
 }
 
+// The Index instruction yields element Index of collection X, an array,
+// string or type parameter containing an array, a string, a pointer to an,
+// array or a slice.
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t2 = t0[t1]
+func (b Builder) Index(x, idx Expr, addr func(Expr) Expr) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("Index %v, %v\n", x.impl, idx.impl)
+	}
+	prog := b.Prog
+	var telem Type
+	var ptr Expr
+	switch t := x.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		if t.Kind() != types.String {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid operation: cannot index %v", t))
+		}
+		telem = prog.rawType(types.Typ[types.Byte])
+		pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+		ptr = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringData"), x)
+	case *types.Array:
+		telem = prog.Index(x.Type)
+		if addr != nil {
+			ptr = addr(x)
+		} else {
+			size := b.SizeOf(telem, t.Len())
+			ptr = b.Alloca(size)
+			b.Store(ptr, x)
+		}
+	}
+	pt := prog.Pointer(telem)
+	indices := []llvm.Value{idx.impl}
+	buf := Expr{llvm.CreateInBoundsGEP(b.impl, telem.ll, ptr.impl, indices), pt}
+	return b.Load(buf)
+}
+
+// The Lookup instruction yields element Index of collection map X.
+// Index is the appropriate key type.
+//
+// If CommaOk, the result is a 2-tuple of the value above and a
+// boolean indicating the result of a map membership test for the key.
+// The components of the tuple are accessed using Extract.
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t2 = t0[t1]
+//	t5 = t3[t4],ok
+func (b Builder) Lookup(x, key Expr, commaOk bool) (ret Expr) {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("Lookup %v, %v, %v\n", x.impl, key.impl, commaOk)
+	}
+	// TODO(xsw)
+	// panic("todo")
+	return
+}
+
 // The Slice instruction yields a slice of an existing string, slice
 // or *array X between optional integer bounds Low and High.
 //
@@ -447,10 +685,6 @@ func (b Builder) IndexAddr(x, idx Expr) Expr {
 // Type() returns string if the type of X was string, otherwise a
 // *types.Slice with the same element type as X.
 //
-// Pos() returns the ast.SliceExpr.Lbrack if created by a x[:] slice
-// operation, the ast.CompositeLit.Lbrace if created by a literal, or
-// NoPos if not explicit in the source (e.g. a variadic argument slice).
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = slice t0[1:]
@@ -459,21 +693,51 @@ func (b Builder) Slice(x, low, high, max Expr) (ret Expr) {
 		log.Printf("Slice %v, %v, %v\n", x.impl, low.impl, high.impl)
 	}
 	prog := b.Prog
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
-	switch t := x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+	var nCap Expr
+	var nEltSize Expr
+	var base Expr
+	if low.IsNil() {
+		low = prog.IntVal(0, prog.Int())
+	}
+	switch t := x.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		if t.Kind() != types.String {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid operation: cannot slice %v", t))
+		}
+		if high.IsNil() {
+			high = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringLen"), x)
+		}
+		ret.Type = x.Type
+		ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("NewStringSlice"), x, low, high).impl
+		return
+	case *types.Slice:
+		nEltSize = b.SizeOf(prog.Index(x.Type))
+		nCap = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("SliceCap"), x)
+		if high.IsNil() {
+			high = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("SliceLen"), x)
+		}
+		ret.Type = x.Type
+		base = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("SliceData"), x)
 	case *types.Pointer:
 		telem := t.Elem()
 		switch te := telem.Underlying().(type) {
 		case *types.Array:
-			ret.Type = prog.Type(types.NewSlice(te.Elem()))
-			if low.IsNil() && high.IsNil() && max.IsNil() {
-				n := prog.Val(int(te.Len()))
-				ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("NewSlice"), x, n, n).impl
-				return ret
+			elem := prog.rawType(te.Elem())
+			ret.Type = prog.Slice(elem)
+			nEltSize = b.SizeOf(elem)
+			nCap = prog.IntVal(uint64(te.Len()), prog.Int())
+			if high.IsNil() {
+				high = nCap
+			}
+			base = x
 		}
 	}
+	if max.IsNil() {
+		max = nCap
 	}
-	panic("todo")
+	ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("NewSlice3"), base, nEltSize, nCap, low, high, max).impl
+	return
 }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -483,24 +747,51 @@ func (b Builder) Slice(x, low, high, max Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //
 // t is a (possibly named) *types.Map.
 //
-// Pos() returns the ast.CallExpr.Lparen, if created by make(map), or
-// the ast.CompositeLit.Lbrack if created by a literal.
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = make map[string]int t0
 //	t1 = make StringIntMap t0
 func (b Builder) MakeMap(t Type, nReserve Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("MakeMap %v, %v\n", t, nReserve.impl)
+		log.Printf("MakeMap %v, %v\n", t.RawType(), nReserve.impl)
 	}
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	ret.Type = t
 	ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("MakeSmallMap")).impl
 	// TODO(xsw): nReserve
 	return
 }
 
+// The MakeSlice instruction yields a slice of length Len backed by a
+// newly allocated array of length Cap.
+//
+// Both Len and Cap must be non-nil Values of integer type.
+//
+// (Alloc(types.Array) followed by Slice will not suffice because
+// Alloc can only create arrays of constant length.)
+//
+// Type() returns a (possibly named) *types.Slice.
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t1 = make []string 1:int t0
+//	t1 = make StringSlice 1:int t0
+func (b Builder) MakeSlice(t Type, len, cap Expr) (ret Expr) {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("MakeSlice %v, %v, %v\n", t.RawType(), len.impl, cap.impl)
+	}
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+	if cap.IsNil() {
+		cap = len
+	}
+	elemSize := b.SizeOf(b.Prog.Index(t))
+	size := b.BinOp(token.MUL, cap, elemSize)
+	ptr := b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("AllocZ"), size)
+	ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("NewSlice"), ptr, len, cap).impl
+	ret.Type = t
+	return
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // The Alloc instruction reserves space for a variable of the given type,
@@ -522,21 +813,20 @@ func (b Builder) MakeMap(t Type, nReserve Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //
 //	t0 = local int
 //	t1 = new int
-func (b Builder) Alloc(t *types.Pointer, heap bool) (ret Expr) {
+func (b Builder) Alloc(elem Type, heap bool) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("Alloc %v, %v\n", t, heap)
+		log.Printf("Alloc %v, %v\n", elem.RawType(), heap)
 	}
 	prog := b.Prog
-	telem := t.Elem()
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+	size := b.SizeOf(elem)
 	if heap {
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
-		size := prog.sizs.Sizeof(telem)
-		ret = b.Call(pkg.rtFunc("Alloc"), prog.Val(uintptr(size)))
+		ret = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("AllocZ"), size)
 	} else {
-		ret.impl = llvm.CreateAlloca(b.impl, prog.Type(telem).ll)
+		ret = Expr{llvm.CreateAlloca(b.impl, elem.ll), prog.VoidPtr()}
+		ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("Zeroinit"), ret, size).impl
 	}
-	// TODO(xsw): zero-initialize
-	ret.Type = prog.Type(t)
+	ret.Type = prog.Pointer(elem)
 	return
 }
 
@@ -548,7 +838,7 @@ func (b Builder) Alloca(n Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	prog := b.Prog
 	telem := prog.tyInt8()
 	ret.impl = llvm.CreateArrayAlloca(b.impl, telem, n.impl)
-	ret.Type = &aType{prog.tyVoidPtr(), types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer], vkPtr}
+	ret.Type = prog.VoidPtr()
 	return
 }
 
@@ -569,7 +859,7 @@ func (b Builder) AllocaCStr(gostr Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Printf("AllocaCStr %v\n", gostr.impl)
 	}
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	n := b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringLen"), gostr)
 	n1 := b.BinOp(token.ADD, n, b.Prog.Val(1))
 	cstr := b.Alloca(n1)
@@ -603,13 +893,14 @@ func (b Builder) AllocaCStr(gostr Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //	t1 = changetype *int <- IntPtr (t0)
 func (b Builder) ChangeType(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("ChangeType %v, %v\n", t.t, x.impl)
+		log.Printf("ChangeType %v, %v\n", t.RawType(), x.impl)
 	}
-	typ := t.t
+	typ := t.raw.Type
 	switch typ.(type) {
 	default:
+		// TODO(xsw): remove instr name
 		ret.impl = b.impl.CreateBitCast(x.impl, t.ll, "bitCast")
-		ret.Type = b.Prog.Type(typ)
+		ret.Type = b.Prog.rawType(typ)
 		return
 	}
 }
@@ -637,15 +928,12 @@ func (b Builder) ChangeType(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 // Conversions of untyped string/number/bool constants to a specific
 // representation are eliminated during SSA construction.
 //
-// Pos() returns the ast.CallExpr.Lparen, if the instruction arose
-// from an explicit conversion in the source.
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = convert []byte <- string (t0)
 func (b Builder) Convert(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
-	typ := t.t
-	ret.Type = b.Prog.Type(typ)
+	typ := t.raw.Type
+	ret.Type = b.Prog.rawType(typ)
 	switch und := typ.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		kind := und.Kind()
@@ -692,24 +980,21 @@ func castPtr(b llvm.Builder, x llvm.Value, t llvm.Type) llvm.Value {
 //
 //	NewConst(constant.MakeNil(), T, pos)
 //
-// Pos() returns the ast.CallExpr.Lparen, if the instruction arose
-// from an explicit conversion in the source.
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = make interface{} <- int (42:int)
 //	t2 = make Stringer <- t0
-func (b Builder) MakeInterface(inter types.Type, x Expr, mayDelay bool) (ret Expr) {
+func (b Builder) MakeInterface(tinter Type, x Expr, mayDelay bool) (ret Expr) {
+	raw := tinter.raw.Type
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("MakeInterface %v, %v\n", inter, x.impl)
+		log.Printf("MakeInterface %v, %v\n", raw, x.impl)
 	}
-	tiund := inter.Underlying().(*types.Interface)
+	tiund := raw.Underlying().(*types.Interface)
 	isAny := tiund.Empty()
 	fnDo := func() Expr {
 		prog := b.Prog
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
-		tinter := prog.Type(inter)
-		switch tx := x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+		pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+		switch tx := x.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 		case *types.Basic:
 			kind := tx.Kind()
 			switch {
@@ -771,18 +1056,18 @@ func (b Builder) MakeInterface(inter types.Type, x Expr, mayDelay bool) (ret Exp
 //	t3 = typeassert,ok t2.(T)
 func (b Builder) TypeAssert(x Expr, assertedTyp Type, commaOk bool) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("TypeAssert %v, %v, %v\n", x.impl, assertedTyp.t, commaOk)
+		log.Printf("TypeAssert %v, %v, %v\n", x.impl, assertedTyp.raw.Type, commaOk)
 	}
 	switch assertedTyp.kind {
 	case vkSigned, vkUnsigned, vkFloat:
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
+		pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 		fnName := "I2Int"
 		if commaOk {
 			fnName = "CheckI2Int"
 		}
 		fn := pkg.rtFunc(fnName)
 		var kind types.BasicKind
-		switch t := assertedTyp.t.(type) {
+		switch t := assertedTyp.raw.Type.(type) {
 		case *types.Basic:
 			kind = t.Kind()
 		default:
@@ -813,21 +1098,57 @@ func (b Builder) InlineCall(fn Expr, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //	t4 = t3()
 //	t7 = invoke t5.Println(...t6)
 func (b Builder) Call(fn Expr, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
+	prog := b.Prog
 	if debugInstr {
 		var b bytes.Buffer
-		fmt.Fprint(&b, "Call ", fn.impl.Name())
+		name := fn.impl.Name()
+		if name == "" {
+			name = "closure"
+		}
+		fmt.Fprint(&b, "Call ", fn.kind, " ", fn.raw.Type, " ", name)
+		sep := ": "
 		for _, arg := range args {
-			fmt.Fprint(&b, ", ", arg.impl)
+			fmt.Fprint(&b, sep, arg.impl)
+			sep = ", "
 		}
 		log.Println(b.String())
 	}
-	switch t := fn.t.(type) {
-	case *types.Signature:
-		ret.Type = b.Prog.retType(t)
+	var ll llvm.Type
+	var data Expr
+	var sig *types.Signature
+	var raw = fn.raw.Type
+	switch fn.kind {
+	case vkClosure:
+		data = b.Field(fn, 1)
+		fn = b.Field(fn, 0)
+		raw = fn.raw.Type
+		fallthrough
+	case vkFuncPtr:
+		sig = raw.(*types.Signature)
+		ll = prog.FuncDecl(sig, InC).ll
+	case vkFuncDecl:
+		sig = raw.(*types.Signature)
+		ll = fn.ll
 	default:
-		panic("todo")
+		panic("unreachable")
 	}
-	ret.impl = llvm.CreateCall(b.impl, fn.ll, fn.impl, llvmValues(args))
+	ret.Type = prog.retType(sig)
+	ret.impl = llvm.CreateCall(b.impl, ll, fn.impl, llvmParamsEx(data, args, sig.Params(), b))
+	return
+}
+
+// The Extract instruction yields component Index of Tuple.
+//
+// This is used to access the results of instructions with multiple
+// return values, such as Call, TypeAssert, Next, UnOp(ARROW) and
+// IndexExpr(Map).
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t1 = extract t0 #1
+func (b Builder) Extract(x Expr, index int) (ret Expr) {
+	ret.Type = b.Prog.toType(x.Type.raw.Type.(*types.Tuple).At(index).Type())
+	ret.impl = b.impl.CreateExtractValue(x.impl, index, "")
 	return
 }
 
@@ -842,9 +1163,21 @@ func (b Builder) BuiltinCall(fn string, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	case "len":
 		if len(args) == 1 {
 			arg := args[0]
-			switch arg.t.Underlying().(type) {
+			switch t := arg.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 			case *types.Slice:
-				return b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("SliceLen"), arg)
+				return b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("SliceLen"), arg)
+			case *types.Basic:
+				if t.Kind() == types.String {
+					return b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("StringLen"), arg)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	case "cap":
+		if len(args) == 1 {
+			arg := args[0]
+			switch arg.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
+			case *types.Slice:
+				return b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("SliceCap"), arg)
 			}
 		}
 	}

ssa/package.go

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 package ssa
 
 import (
-	"go/constant"
+	"go/token"
 	"go/types"
-	"runtime"
+	"log"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
 	"golang.org/x/tools/go/types/typeutil"
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ func Initialize(flags InitFlags) {
 
 type aProgram struct {
 	ctx   llvm.Context
-	typs typeutil.Map
-	sizs types.Sizes
+	typs  typeutil.Map // rawType -> Type
+	gocvt goTypes
 
 	rt    *types.Package
 	rtget func() *types.Package
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ type aProgram struct {
 
 	anyTy     Type
 	voidTy    Type
+	voidPtr   Type
 	boolTy    Type
 	cstrTy    Type
 	stringTy  Type
@@ -141,16 +142,19 @@ func NewProgram(target *Target) Program {
 	if target == nil {
 		target = &Target{}
 	}
+	ctx := llvm.NewContext()
+	td := llvm.NewTargetData("") // TODO(xsw): target config
+	/*
 		arch := target.GOARCH
 		if arch == "" {
 			arch = runtime.GOARCH
 		}
-	ctx := llvm.NewContext()
 		sizes := types.SizesFor("gc", arch)
+
 		// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
-	// ctx.Finalize()
-	td := llvm.NewTargetData("") // TODO(xsw): target config
-	return &aProgram{ctx: ctx, sizs: sizes, target: target, td: td}
+		ctx.Finalize()
+	*/
+	return &aProgram{ctx: ctx, gocvt: newGoTypes(), target: target, td: td}
 }
 
 // SetRuntime sets the runtime.
@@ -178,11 +182,13 @@ func (p Program) runtime() *types.Package {
 }
 
 func (p Program) rtNamed(name string) *types.Named {
-	return p.runtime().Scope().Lookup(name).Type().(*types.Named)
+	t := p.runtime().Scope().Lookup(name).Type().(*types.Named)
+	t, _ = p.gocvt.cvtNamed(t)
+	return t
 }
 
 func (p Program) rtType(name string) Type {
-	return p.Type(p.rtNamed(name))
+	return p.rawType(p.rtNamed(name))
 }
 
 func (p Program) rtIface() llvm.Type {
@@ -218,38 +224,46 @@ func (p Program) NewPackage(name, pkgPath string) Package {
 	mod := p.ctx.NewModule(pkgPath)
 	// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
 	// mod.Finalize()
-	fns := make(map[string]Function)
 	gbls := make(map[string]Global)
+	fns := make(map[string]Function)
+	stubs := make(map[string]Function)
 	p.needRuntime = false
-	return &aPackage{mod, fns, gbls, p}
+	return &aPackage{mod, gbls, fns, stubs, p}
 }
 
 // Void returns void type.
 func (p Program) Void() Type {
 	if p.voidTy == nil {
-		p.voidTy = &aType{p.tyVoid(), types.Typ[types.Invalid], vkInvalid}
+		p.voidTy = &aType{p.tyVoid(), rawType{types.Typ[types.Invalid]}, vkInvalid}
 	}
 	return p.voidTy
 }
 
+func (p Program) VoidPtr() Type {
+	if p.voidPtr == nil {
+		p.voidPtr = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer])
+	}
+	return p.voidPtr
+}
+
 // Bool returns bool type.
 func (p Program) Bool() Type {
 	if p.boolTy == nil {
-		p.boolTy = p.Type(types.Typ[types.Bool])
+		p.boolTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Bool])
 	}
 	return p.boolTy
 }
 
 func (p Program) CStr() Type {
 	if p.cstrTy == nil { // *int8
-		p.cstrTy = p.Type(types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.Int8]))
+		p.cstrTy = p.rawType(types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.Int8]))
 	}
 	return p.cstrTy
 }
 
 func (p Program) String() Type {
 	if p.stringTy == nil {
-		p.stringTy = p.Type(types.Typ[types.String])
+		p.stringTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.String])
 	}
 	return p.stringTy
 }
@@ -257,7 +271,7 @@ func (p Program) String() Type {
 // Any returns any type.
 func (p Program) Any() Type {
 	if p.anyTy == nil {
-		p.anyTy = p.Type(tyAny)
+		p.anyTy = p.rawType(tyAny)
 	}
 	return p.anyTy
 }
@@ -265,7 +279,7 @@ func (p Program) Any() Type {
 // Int returns int type.
 func (p Program) Int() Type {
 	if p.intTy == nil {
-		p.intTy = p.Type(types.Typ[types.Int])
+		p.intTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Int])
 	}
 	return p.intTy
 }
@@ -273,7 +287,7 @@ func (p Program) Int() Type {
 // Uintptr returns uintptr type.
 func (p Program) Uintptr() Type {
 	if p.uintptrTy == nil {
-		p.uintptrTy = p.Type(types.Typ[types.Uintptr])
+		p.uintptrTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Uintptr])
 	}
 	return p.uintptrTy
 }
@@ -281,7 +295,7 @@ func (p Program) Uintptr() Type {
 // Float64 returns float64 type.
 func (p Program) Float64() Type {
 	if p.f64Ty == nil {
-		p.f64Ty = p.Type(types.Typ[types.Float64])
+		p.f64Ty = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Float64])
 	}
 	return p.f64Ty
 }
@@ -298,21 +312,24 @@ func (p Program) Float64() Type {
 // and unspecified other things too.
 type aPackage struct {
 	mod   llvm.Module
-	fns  map[string]Function
 	vars  map[string]Global
-	prog Program
+	fns   map[string]Function
+	stubs map[string]Function
+	Prog  Program
 }
 
 type Package = *aPackage
 
+/*
 // NewConst creates a new named constant.
 func (p Package) NewConst(name string, val constant.Value) NamedConst {
 	return &aNamedConst{}
 }
+*/
 
 // NewVar creates a new global variable.
-func (p Package) NewVar(name string, typ types.Type) Global {
-	t := p.prog.Type(typ)
+func (p Package) NewVar(name string, typ types.Type, bg Background) Global {
+	t := p.Prog.Type(typ, bg)
 	gbl := llvm.AddGlobal(p.mod, t.ll, name)
 	ret := &aGlobal{Expr{gbl, t}}
 	p.vars[name] = ret
@@ -325,28 +342,70 @@ func (p Package) VarOf(name string) Global {
 }
 
 // NewFunc creates a new function.
-func (p Package) NewFunc(name string, sig *types.Signature) Function {
+func (p Package) NewFunc(name string, sig *types.Signature, bg Background) Function {
+	return p.NewFuncEx(name, sig, bg, false)
+}
+
+// NewFuncEx creates a new function.
+func (p Package) NewFuncEx(name string, sig *types.Signature, bg Background, hasFreeVars bool) Function {
 	if v, ok := p.fns[name]; ok {
 		return v
 	}
-	t := p.prog.llvmSignature(sig, false)
+	t := p.Prog.FuncDecl(sig, bg)
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Println("NewFunc", name, t.raw.Type, "hasFreeVars:", hasFreeVars)
+	}
 	fn := llvm.AddFunction(p.mod, name, t.ll)
-	ret := newFunction(fn, t, p, p.prog)
+	ret := newFunction(fn, t, p, p.Prog, hasFreeVars)
 	p.fns[name] = ret
 	return ret
 }
 
+func (p Package) rtFunc(fnName string) Expr {
+	fn := p.Prog.runtime().Scope().Lookup(fnName).(*types.Func)
+	name := FullName(fn.Pkg(), fnName)
+	sig := fn.Type().(*types.Signature)
+	return p.NewFunc(name, sig, InGo).Expr
+}
+
+func (p Package) closureStub(b Builder, t *types.Struct, v Expr) Expr {
+	name := v.impl.Name()
+	prog := b.Prog
+	nilVal := prog.Null(prog.VoidPtr()).impl
+	if fn, ok := p.stubs[name]; ok {
+		v = fn.Expr
+	} else {
+		sig := v.raw.Type.(*types.Signature)
+		n := sig.Params().Len()
+		nret := sig.Results().Len()
+		ctx := types.NewParam(token.NoPos, nil, ClosureCtx, types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer])
+		sig = FuncAddCtx(ctx, sig)
+		fn := p.NewFunc(ClosureStub+name, sig, InC)
+		fn.impl.SetLinkage(llvm.LinkOnceAnyLinkage)
+		args := make([]Expr, n)
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			args[i] = fn.Param(i + 1)
+		}
+		b := fn.MakeBody(1)
+		call := b.Call(v, args...)
+		call.impl.SetTailCall(true)
+		switch nret {
+		case 0:
+			b.impl.CreateRetVoid()
+		default: // TODO(xsw): support multiple return values
+			b.impl.CreateRet(call.impl)
+		}
+		p.stubs[name] = fn
+		v = fn.Expr
+	}
+	return b.aggregateValue(prog.rawType(t), v.impl, nilVal)
+}
+
 // FuncOf returns a function by name.
 func (p Package) FuncOf(name string) Function {
 	return p.fns[name]
 }
 
-func (p Package) rtFunc(fnName string) Expr {
-	fn := p.prog.runtime().Scope().Lookup(fnName).(*types.Func)
-	name := FullName(fn.Pkg(), fnName)
-	return p.NewFunc(name, fn.Type().(*types.Signature)).Expr
-}
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // String returns a string representation of the package.

ssa/ssa_test.go

@@ -21,25 +21,73 @@ import (
 	"go/token"
 	"go/types"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
 )
 
-/*
-func TestMakeInterface(t *testing.T) {
-	var b Builder
-	b.MakeInterface(types.NewInterfaceType(nil, nil), Expr{}, true).Do(true)
-}
-*/
-
-func TestDelayExpr(t *testing.T) {
-	a := delayExprTy(nil)
-	_ = a.String()
+func TestClosureCtx(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() {
 		if r := recover(); r == nil {
-			t.Log("TestDelayExpr: no error?")
+			t.Log("closureCtx: no error?")
+		}
+	}()
+	var f aFunction
+	f.closureCtx(nil)
+}
+
+func TestTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := llvm.NewContext()
+	llvmIntType(ctx, 4)
+
+	intT := types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	ret := types.NewTuple(intT, intT)
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, ret, false)
+	prog := NewProgram(nil)
+	prog.retType(sig)
+}
+
+func TestIndexType(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Log("indexType: no error?")
+		}
+	}()
+	indexType(types.Typ[types.Int])
+}
+
+func TestCvtType(t *testing.T) {
+	gt := newGoTypes()
+	callback := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	params := types.NewTuple(types.NewParam(0, nil, "", callback))
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, nil, false)
+	ret1 := gt.cvtFunc(sig, nil)
+	if ret1 == sig {
+		t.Fatal("cvtFunc failed")
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Log("cvtType: no error?")
+		}
+	}()
+	gt.cvtType(nil)
+}
+
+func TestUserdefExpr(t *testing.T) {
+	a := delayExprTy(nil)
+	b := &phisExprTy{}
+	_ = a.String()
+	_ = b.String()
+	test := func(a types.Type) {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r == nil {
+				t.Log("TestUserdefExpr: no error?")
 			}
 		}()
 		a.Underlying()
 	}
+	test(a)
+	test(b)
+}
 
 func TestAny(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
@@ -64,9 +112,9 @@ func assertPkg(t *testing.T, p Package, expected string) {
 func TestVar(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
-	a := pkg.NewVar("a", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	a := pkg.NewVar("a", types.Typ[types.Int], InGo)
 	a.Init(prog.Val(100))
-	b := pkg.NewVar("b", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	b := pkg.NewVar("b", types.Typ[types.Int], InGo)
 	b.Init(a.Expr)
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
@@ -81,7 +129,7 @@ func TestConst(t *testing.T) {
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Bool]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, rets, false)
-	b := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig).MakeBody(1)
+	b := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo).MakeBody(1)
 	b.Return(b.Const(constant.MakeBool(true), prog.Bool()))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
@@ -98,7 +146,7 @@ func TestStruct(t *testing.T) {
 
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
-	pkg.NewVar("a", empty)
+	pkg.NewVar("a", empty, InGo)
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
 
@@ -115,7 +163,7 @@ func TestNamedStruct(t *testing.T) {
 
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
-	pkg.NewVar("a", empty)
+	pkg.NewVar("a", empty, InGo)
 	if pkg.VarOf("a") == nil {
 		t.Fatal("VarOf failed")
 	}
@@ -133,7 +181,7 @@ func TestDeclFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
 	params := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "a", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, nil, false)
-	pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	if pkg.FuncOf("fn") == nil {
 		t.Fatal("FuncOf failed")
 	}
@@ -155,7 +203,7 @@ func TestBasicFunc(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig).MakeBody(1).
+	pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo).MakeBody(1).
 		Return(prog.Val(1))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
@@ -175,7 +223,7 @@ func TestFuncParam(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	fn.MakeBody(1).Return(fn.Param(0))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
@@ -196,12 +244,12 @@ func TestFuncCall(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	fn.MakeBody(1).
 		Return(prog.Val(1))
 
 	sigMain := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
-	b := pkg.NewFunc("main", sigMain).MakeBody(1)
+	b := pkg.NewFunc("main", sigMain, InGo).MakeBody(1)
 	b.Call(fn.Expr, prog.Val(1), prog.Val(1.2))
 	b.Return()
 
@@ -230,8 +278,8 @@ func TestFuncMultiRet(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "c", types.Typ[types.Int]),
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "d", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	a := pkg.NewVar("a", types.Typ[types.Int])
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	a := pkg.NewVar("a", types.Typ[types.Int], InGo)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	b.Return(a.Expr, fn.Param(0))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
@@ -251,7 +299,7 @@ func TestJump(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("loop", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("loop", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	b.Jump(fn.Block(0))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
@@ -270,7 +318,7 @@ func TestIf(t *testing.T) {
 	params := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "a", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(3)
 	iftrue := fn.Block(1)
 	iffalse := fn.Block(2)
@@ -305,7 +353,7 @@ func TestPrintf(t *testing.T) {
 	params := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "format", pchar), VArg())
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int32]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	pkg.NewFunc("printf", sig)
+	pkg.NewFunc("printf", sig, InGo)
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
 
@@ -321,7 +369,7 @@ func TestBinOp(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	ret := b.BinOp(token.ADD, fn.Param(0), prog.Val(1))
 	b.Return(ret)
@@ -344,7 +392,7 @@ func TestUnOp(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	ptr := fn.Param(0)
 	val := b.UnOp(token.MUL, ptr)

ssa/stmt_builder.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package ssa
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
+	"go/types"
 	"log"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ func (p BasicBlock) Index() int {
 
 type aBuilder struct {
 	impl llvm.Builder
-	fn   Function
+	Func Function
 	Prog Program
 }
 
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ type Builder = *aBuilder
 
 // SetBlock sets the current block to the specified basic block.
 func (b Builder) SetBlock(blk BasicBlock) Builder {
-	if b.fn != blk.fn {
+	if b.Func != blk.fn {
 		panic("mismatched function")
 	}
 	if debugInstr {
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ func (b Builder) Panic(v Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Printf("Panic %v\n", v.impl)
 	}
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	b.Call(pkg.rtFunc("TracePanic"), v)
 	b.impl.CreateUnreachable()
 }
@@ -100,15 +101,18 @@ func (b Builder) Return(results ...Expr) {
 	case 0:
 		b.impl.CreateRetVoid()
 	case 1:
-		b.impl.CreateRet(results[0].impl)
+		raw := b.Func.raw.Type.(*types.Signature).Results().At(0).Type()
+		ret := checkExpr(results[0], raw, b)
+		b.impl.CreateRet(ret.impl)
 	default:
-		b.impl.CreateAggregateRet(llvmValues(results))
+		tret := b.Func.raw.Type.(*types.Signature).Results()
+		b.impl.CreateAggregateRet(llvmParams(0, results, tret, b))
 	}
 }
 
 // Jump emits a jump instruction.
 func (b Builder) Jump(jmpb BasicBlock) {
-	if b.fn != jmpb.fn {
+	if b.Func != jmpb.fn {
 		panic("mismatched function")
 	}
 	if debugInstr {
@@ -119,7 +123,7 @@ func (b Builder) Jump(jmpb BasicBlock) {
 
 // If emits an if instruction.
 func (b Builder) If(cond Expr, thenb, elseb BasicBlock) {
-	if b.fn != thenb.fn || b.fn != elseb.fn {
+	if b.Func != thenb.fn || b.Func != elseb.fn {
 		panic("mismatched function")
 	}
 	if debugInstr {

ssa/type.go

@@ -40,29 +40,16 @@ const (
 	vkString
 	vkBool
 	vkPtr
-	vkFunc
+	vkFuncDecl
+	vkFuncPtr
+	vkClosure
 	vkTuple
 	vkDelayExpr = -1
+	vkPhisExpr  = -2
 )
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const (
-	NameValist = "__llgo_va_list"
-)
-
-func VArg() *types.Var {
-	return types.NewParam(0, nil, NameValist, types.Typ[types.Invalid])
-}
-
-func IsVArg(arg *types.Var) bool {
-	return arg.Name() == NameValist
-}
-
-func HasVArg(t *types.Tuple, n int) bool {
-	return n > 0 && IsVArg(t.At(n-1))
-}
-
 func indexType(t types.Type) types.Type {
 	switch t := t.(type) {
 	case *types.Slice:
@@ -78,73 +65,64 @@ func indexType(t types.Type) types.Type {
 	panic("index: type doesn't support index - " + t.String())
 }
 
-// convert method to func
-func methodToFunc(sig *types.Signature) *types.Signature {
-	if recv := sig.Recv(); recv != nil {
-		tParams := sig.Params()
-		nParams := tParams.Len()
-		params := make([]*types.Var, nParams+1)
-		params[0] = recv
-		for i := 0; i < nParams; i++ {
-			params[i+1] = tParams.At(i)
-		}
-		return types.NewSignatureType(
-			nil, nil, nil, types.NewTuple(params...), sig.Results(), sig.Variadic())
-	}
-	return sig
-}
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+type rawType struct {
+	types.Type
+}
+
 type aType struct {
 	ll   llvm.Type
-	t    types.Type
-	kind valueKind
+	raw  rawType
+	kind valueKind // value kind of llvm.Type
 }
 
 type Type = *aType
 
+// RawType returns the raw type.
+func (t Type) RawType() types.Type {
+	return t.raw.Type
+}
+
+// TODO(xsw):
+// how to generate platform independent code?
+func (p Program) SizeOf(typ Type, n ...int64) uint64 {
+	size := p.td.TypeAllocSize(typ.ll)
+	if len(n) != 0 {
+		size *= uint64(n[0])
+	}
+	return size
+}
+
 func (p Program) Slice(typ Type) Type {
-	return p.Type(types.NewSlice(typ.t))
+	return p.rawType(types.NewSlice(typ.raw.Type))
 }
 
 func (p Program) Pointer(typ Type) Type {
-	return p.Type(types.NewPointer(typ.t))
+	return p.rawType(types.NewPointer(typ.raw.Type))
 }
 
 func (p Program) Elem(typ Type) Type {
-	elem := typ.t.(*types.Pointer).Elem()
-	return p.Type(elem)
+	elem := typ.raw.Type.(*types.Pointer).Elem()
+	return p.rawType(elem)
 }
 
 func (p Program) Index(typ Type) Type {
-	return p.Type(indexType(typ.t))
+	return p.rawType(indexType(typ.raw.Type))
 }
 
 func (p Program) Field(typ Type, i int) Type {
-	tunder := typ.t.Underlying()
-	return p.Type(tunder.(*types.Struct).Field(i).Type())
+	tunder := typ.raw.Type.Underlying()
+	tfld := tunder.(*types.Struct).Field(i).Type()
+	return p.rawType(tfld)
 }
 
-func (p Program) Type(typ types.Type) Type {
-	if sig, ok := typ.(*types.Signature); ok { // should methodToFunc
-		return p.llvmSignature(sig, true)
-	}
-	if v := p.typs.At(typ); v != nil {
+func (p Program) rawType(raw types.Type) Type {
+	if v := p.typs.At(raw); v != nil {
 		return v.(Type)
 	}
-	ret := p.toLLVMType(typ)
-	p.typs.Set(typ, ret)
-	return ret
-}
-
-func (p Program) llvmSignature(sig *types.Signature, isPtr bool) Type {
-	sig = methodToFunc(sig)
-	if v := p.typs.At(sig); v != nil {
-		return v.(Type)
-	}
-	ret := p.toLLVMFunc(sig, isPtr)
-	p.typs.Set(sig, ret)
+	ret := p.toType(raw)
+	p.typs.Set(raw, ret)
 	return ret
 }
 
@@ -211,8 +189,9 @@ func (p Program) tyInt64() llvm.Type {
 	return p.int64Type
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMType(typ types.Type) Type {
-	switch t := typ.(type) {
+func (p Program) toType(raw types.Type) Type {
+	typ := rawType{raw}
+	switch t := raw.(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		switch t.Kind() {
 		case types.Int:
@@ -249,7 +228,7 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMType(typ types.Type) Type {
 			return &aType{p.tyVoidPtr(), typ, vkPtr}
 		}
 	case *types.Pointer:
-		elem := p.Type(t.Elem())
+		elem := p.rawType(t.Elem())
 		return &aType{llvm.PointerType(elem.ll, 0), typ, vkPtr}
 	case *types.Interface:
 		return &aType{p.rtIface(), typ, vkInvalid}
@@ -258,35 +237,52 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMType(typ types.Type) Type {
 	case *types.Map:
 		return &aType{p.rtMap(), typ, vkInvalid}
 	case *types.Struct:
-		return p.toLLVMStruct(t)
+		ll, kind := p.toLLVMStruct(t)
+		return &aType{ll, typ, kind}
 	case *types.Named:
-		return p.toLLVMNamed(t)
+		return p.toNamed(t)
+	case *types.Signature: // represents a C function pointer in raw type
+		return &aType{p.toLLVMFuncPtr(t), typ, vkFuncPtr}
 	case *types.Array:
-		elem := p.Type(t.Elem())
+		elem := p.rawType(t.Elem())
 		return &aType{llvm.ArrayType(elem.ll, int(t.Len())), typ, vkInvalid}
 	case *types.Chan:
 	}
 	panic(fmt.Sprintf("toLLVMType: todo - %T\n", typ))
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMNamedStruct(name string, typ *types.Struct) llvm.Type {
+func (p Program) toLLVMNamedStruct(name string, raw *types.Struct) llvm.Type {
 	t := p.ctx.StructCreateNamed(name)
-	fields := p.toLLVMFields(typ)
+	fields := p.toLLVMFields(raw)
 	t.StructSetBody(fields, false)
 	return t
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMStruct(typ *types.Struct) Type {
-	fields := p.toLLVMFields(typ)
-	return &aType{p.ctx.StructType(fields, false), typ, vkInvalid}
+func (p Program) toLLVMStruct(raw *types.Struct) (ret llvm.Type, kind valueKind) {
+	fields := p.toLLVMFields(raw)
+	ret = p.ctx.StructType(fields, false)
+	if isClosure(raw) {
+		kind = vkClosure
+	}
+	return
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMFields(typ *types.Struct) (fields []llvm.Type) {
-	n := typ.NumFields()
+func isClosure(raw *types.Struct) bool {
+	n := raw.NumFields()
+	if n == 2 {
+		if _, ok := raw.Field(0).Type().(*types.Signature); ok {
+			return raw.Field(1).Type() == types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer]
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (p Program) toLLVMFields(raw *types.Struct) (fields []llvm.Type) {
+	n := raw.NumFields()
 	if n > 0 {
 		fields = make([]llvm.Type, n)
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-			fields[i] = p.Type(typ.Field(i).Type()).ll
+			fields[i] = p.rawType(raw.Field(i).Type()).ll
 		}
 	}
 	return
@@ -300,13 +296,13 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMTypes(t *types.Tuple, n int) (ret []llvm.Type) {
 	if n > 0 {
 		ret = make([]llvm.Type, n)
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-			ret[i] = p.Type(t.At(i).Type()).ll
+			ret[i] = p.rawType(t.At(i).Type()).ll
 		}
 	}
 	return
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMFunc(sig *types.Signature, isPtr bool) Type {
+func (p Program) toLLVMFunc(sig *types.Signature) llvm.Type {
 	tParams := sig.Params()
 	n := tParams.Len()
 	hasVArg := HasVArg(tParams, n)
@@ -320,36 +316,37 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMFunc(sig *types.Signature, isPtr bool) Type {
 	case 0:
 		ret = p.tyVoid()
 	case 1:
-		ret = p.Type(out.At(0).Type()).ll
+		ret = p.rawType(out.At(0).Type()).ll
 	default:
 		ret = p.toLLVMTuple(out)
 	}
-	ft := llvm.FunctionType(ret, params, hasVArg)
-	if isPtr {
-		ft = llvm.PointerType(ft, 0)
-	}
-	return &aType{ft, sig, vkFunc}
+	return llvm.FunctionType(ret, params, hasVArg)
 }
 
-func (p Program) retType(sig *types.Signature) Type {
-	out := sig.Results()
+func (p Program) toLLVMFuncPtr(sig *types.Signature) llvm.Type {
+	ft := p.toLLVMFunc(sig)
+	return llvm.PointerType(ft, 0)
+}
+
+func (p Program) retType(raw *types.Signature) Type {
+	out := raw.Results()
 	switch n := out.Len(); n {
 	case 0:
 		return p.Void()
 	case 1:
-		return p.Type(out.At(0).Type())
+		return p.rawType(out.At(0).Type())
 	default:
-		return &aType{p.toLLVMTuple(out), out, vkTuple}
+		return &aType{p.toLLVMTuple(out), rawType{out}, vkTuple}
 	}
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMNamed(typ *types.Named) Type {
-	switch t := typ.Underlying().(type) {
+func (p Program) toNamed(raw *types.Named) Type {
+	switch t := raw.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Struct:
-		name := NameOf(typ)
-		return &aType{p.toLLVMNamedStruct(name, t), typ, vkInvalid}
+		name := NameOf(raw)
+		return &aType{p.toLLVMNamedStruct(name, t), rawType{raw}, vkInvalid}
 	default:
-		return p.Type(t)
+		return p.rawType(t)
 	}
 }
 

ssa/type_cvt.go

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ssa
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type goTypes struct {
+	typs map[unsafe.Pointer]unsafe.Pointer
+}
+
+func newGoTypes() goTypes {
+	typs := make(map[unsafe.Pointer]unsafe.Pointer)
+	return goTypes{typs}
+}
+
+type Background int
+
+const (
+	inUnknown Background = iota
+	InGo
+	InC
+)
+
+// Type convert a Go/C type into raw type.
+// C type = raw type
+// Go type: convert to raw type (because of closure)
+func (p Program) Type(typ types.Type, bg Background) Type {
+	if bg == InGo {
+		typ, _ = p.gocvt.cvtType(typ)
+	}
+	return p.rawType(typ)
+}
+
+// FuncDecl converts a Go/C function declaration into raw type.
+func (p Program) FuncDecl(sig *types.Signature, bg Background) Type {
+	if bg == InGo {
+		sig = p.gocvt.cvtFunc(sig, sig.Recv())
+	}
+	return &aType{p.toLLVMFunc(sig), rawType{sig}, vkFuncDecl}
+}
+
+// Closure creates a closture type for a function.
+func (p Program) Closure(fn Type) Type {
+	sig := fn.raw.Type.(*types.Signature)
+	closure := p.gocvt.cvtClosure(sig)
+	return p.rawType(closure)
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtType(typ types.Type) (raw types.Type, cvt bool) {
+	switch t := typ.(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+	case *types.Pointer:
+		if elem, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewPointer(elem), true
+		}
+	case *types.Interface:
+		return p.cvtInterface(t)
+	case *types.Slice:
+		if elem, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewSlice(elem), true
+		}
+	case *types.Map:
+		key, cvt1 := p.cvtType(t.Key())
+		elem, cvt2 := p.cvtType(t.Elem())
+		if cvt1 || cvt2 {
+			return types.NewMap(key, elem), true
+		}
+	case *types.Struct:
+		return p.cvtStruct(t)
+	case *types.Named:
+		return p.cvtNamed(t)
+	case *types.Signature:
+		return p.cvtClosure(t), true
+	case *types.Array:
+		if elem, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewArray(elem, t.Len()), true
+		}
+	case *types.Chan:
+		if elem, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewChan(t.Dir(), elem), true
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+	return typ, false
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtNamed(t *types.Named) (raw *types.Named, cvt bool) {
+	if v, ok := p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(t)]; ok {
+		raw = (*types.Named)(v)
+		cvt = t != raw
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(t)] = unsafe.Pointer(raw)
+	}()
+	if tund, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Underlying()); cvt {
+		old := t.Obj()
+		obj := types.NewTypeName(old.Pos(), old.Pkg(), old.Name(), nil)
+		return types.NewNamed(obj, tund, nil), true
+	}
+	return t, false
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtClosure(sig *types.Signature) *types.Struct {
+	ctx := types.NewParam(token.NoPos, nil, ClosureCtx, types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer])
+	raw := p.cvtFunc(sig, ctx)
+	flds := []*types.Var{
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "f", raw, false),
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "data", types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer], false),
+	}
+	return types.NewStruct(flds, nil)
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtFunc(sig *types.Signature, recv *types.Var) (raw *types.Signature) {
+	if recv != nil {
+		sig = FuncAddCtx(recv, sig)
+	}
+	params, cvt1 := p.cvtTuple(sig.Params())
+	results, cvt2 := p.cvtTuple(sig.Results())
+	if cvt1 || cvt2 {
+		return types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, results, sig.Variadic())
+	}
+	return sig
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtTuple(t *types.Tuple) (*types.Tuple, bool) {
+	n := t.Len()
+	vars := make([]*types.Var, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := t.At(i)
+		if t, cvt := p.cvtType(v.Type()); cvt {
+			v = types.NewParam(v.Pos(), v.Pkg(), v.Name(), t)
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		vars[i] = v
+	}
+	if needcvt {
+		return types.NewTuple(vars...), true
+	}
+	return t, false
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtExplicitMethods(typ *types.Interface) ([]*types.Func, bool) {
+	n := typ.NumExplicitMethods()
+	methods := make([]*types.Func, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		m := typ.ExplicitMethod(i)
+		sig := m.Type().(*types.Signature)
+		if raw := p.cvtFunc(sig, nil); sig != raw {
+			m = types.NewFunc(m.Pos(), m.Pkg(), m.Name(), raw)
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		methods[i] = m
+	}
+	return methods, needcvt
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtEmbeddedTypes(typ *types.Interface) ([]types.Type, bool) {
+	n := typ.NumEmbeddeds()
+	embeddeds := make([]types.Type, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		t := typ.EmbeddedType(i)
+		if raw, cvt := p.cvtType(t); cvt {
+			t = raw
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		embeddeds[i] = t
+	}
+	return embeddeds, needcvt
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtInterface(typ *types.Interface) (raw *types.Interface, cvt bool) {
+	if v, ok := p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(typ)]; ok {
+		raw = (*types.Interface)(v)
+		cvt = typ != raw
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(typ)] = unsafe.Pointer(raw)
+	}()
+	methods, cvt1 := p.cvtExplicitMethods(typ)
+	embeddeds, cvt2 := p.cvtEmbeddedTypes(typ)
+	if cvt1 || cvt2 {
+		return types.NewInterfaceType(methods, embeddeds), true
+	}
+	return typ, false
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtStruct(typ *types.Struct) (raw *types.Struct, cvt bool) {
+	if v, ok := p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(typ)]; ok {
+		raw = (*types.Struct)(v)
+		cvt = typ != raw
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(typ)] = unsafe.Pointer(raw)
+	}()
+	n := typ.NumFields()
+	flds := make([]*types.Var, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		f := typ.Field(i)
+		if t, cvt := p.cvtType(f.Type()); cvt {
+			f = types.NewField(f.Pos(), f.Pkg(), f.Name(), t, f.Anonymous())
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		flds[i] = f
+	}
+	if needcvt {
+		return types.NewStruct(flds, nil), true
+	}
+	return typ, false
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// FuncAddCtx adds a ctx to a function signature.
+func FuncAddCtx(ctx *types.Var, sig *types.Signature) *types.Signature {
+	tParams := sig.Params()
+	nParams := tParams.Len()
+	params := make([]*types.Var, nParams+1)
+	params[0] = ctx
+	for i := 0; i < nParams; i++ {
+		params[i+1] = tParams.At(i)
+	}
+	return types.NewSignatureType(
+		nil, nil, nil, types.NewTuple(params...), sig.Results(), sig.Variadic())
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/ast/ast.go

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ast
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type IncludedFrom struct {
+	File string `json:"file"`
+}
+
+type Loc struct {
+	Offset       int64         `json:"offset,omitempty"` // 432
+	File         string        `json:"file,omitempty"`   // "sqlite3.i"
+	Line         int           `json:"line,omitempty"`
+	PresumedFile string        `json:"presumedFile,omitempty"`
+	PresumedLine int           `json:"presumedLine,omitempty"`
+	Col          int           `json:"col,omitempty"`
+	TokLen       int           `json:"tokLen,omitempty"`
+	IncludedFrom *IncludedFrom `json:"includedFrom,omitempty"` // "sqlite3.c"
+}
+
+type Pos struct {
+	Offset       int64         `json:"offset,omitempty"`
+	Col          int           `json:"col,omitempty"`
+	TokLen       int           `json:"tokLen,omitempty"`
+	IncludedFrom *IncludedFrom `json:"includedFrom,omitempty"` // "sqlite3.c"
+	SpellingLoc  *Loc          `json:"spellingLoc,omitempty"`
+	ExpansionLoc *Loc          `json:"expansionLoc,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type Range struct {
+	Begin Pos `json:"begin"`
+	End   Pos `json:"end"`
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type ID string
+
+type Kind string
+
+const (
+	TranslationUnitDecl      Kind = "TranslationUnitDecl"
+	TypedefType              Kind = "TypedefType"
+	TypedefDecl              Kind = "TypedefDecl"
+	ElaboratedType           Kind = "ElaboratedType"
+	BuiltinType              Kind = "BuiltinType"
+	ConstantArrayType        Kind = "ConstantArrayType"
+	IncompleteArrayType      Kind = "IncompleteArrayType"
+	PointerType              Kind = "PointerType"
+	RecordType               Kind = "RecordType"
+	RecordDecl               Kind = "RecordDecl"
+	FieldDecl                Kind = "FieldDecl"
+	IndirectFieldDecl        Kind = "IndirectFieldDecl"
+	VarDecl                  Kind = "VarDecl"
+	EmptyDecl                Kind = "EmptyDecl"
+	EnumDecl                 Kind = "EnumDecl"
+	EnumConstantDecl         Kind = "EnumConstantDecl"
+	AlwaysInlineAttr         Kind = "AlwaysInlineAttr"
+	AsmLabelAttr             Kind = "AsmLabelAttr"
+	AvailabilityAttr         Kind = "AvailabilityAttr"
+	DeprecatedAttr           Kind = "DeprecatedAttr"
+	BuiltinAttr              Kind = "BuiltinAttr"
+	FormatAttr               Kind = "FormatAttr"
+	FormatArgAttr            Kind = "FormatArgAttr"
+	ColdAttr                 Kind = "ColdAttr"
+	ConstAttr                Kind = "ConstAttr"
+	PureAttr                 Kind = "PureAttr"
+	PackedAttr               Kind = "PackedAttr"
+	GNUInlineAttr            Kind = "GNUInlineAttr"
+	StrictFPAttr             Kind = "StrictFPAttr"
+	ReturnsTwiceAttr         Kind = "ReturnsTwiceAttr"
+	RestrictAttr             Kind = "RestrictAttr"
+	NoThrowAttr              Kind = "NoThrowAttr"
+	NoInlineAttr             Kind = "NoInlineAttr"
+	NoSanitizeAttr           Kind = "NoSanitizeAttr"
+	NonNullAttr              Kind = "NonNullAttr"
+	MayAliasAttr             Kind = "MayAliasAttr"
+	MSAllocatorAttr          Kind = "MSAllocatorAttr"
+	MaxFieldAlignmentAttr    Kind = "MaxFieldAlignmentAttr"
+	WarnUnusedResultAttr     Kind = "WarnUnusedResultAttr"
+	AllocSizeAttr            Kind = "AllocSizeAttr"
+	AlignedAttr              Kind = "AlignedAttr"
+	VisibilityAttr           Kind = "VisibilityAttr"
+	C11NoReturnAttr          Kind = "C11NoReturnAttr"
+	FunctionProtoType        Kind = "FunctionProtoType"
+	FunctionDecl             Kind = "FunctionDecl"
+	ParmVarDecl              Kind = "ParmVarDecl"
+	ParenType                Kind = "ParenType"
+	DeclStmt                 Kind = "DeclStmt"
+	CompoundStmt             Kind = "CompoundStmt"
+	NullStmt                 Kind = "NullStmt"
+	ForStmt                  Kind = "ForStmt"
+	WhileStmt                Kind = "WhileStmt"
+	DoStmt                   Kind = "DoStmt"
+	GotoStmt                 Kind = "GotoStmt"
+	BreakStmt                Kind = "BreakStmt"
+	ContinueStmt             Kind = "ContinueStmt"
+	LabelStmt                Kind = "LabelStmt"
+	IfStmt                   Kind = "IfStmt"
+	SwitchStmt               Kind = "SwitchStmt"
+	CaseStmt                 Kind = "CaseStmt"
+	DefaultStmt              Kind = "DefaultStmt"
+	ReturnStmt               Kind = "ReturnStmt"
+	GCCAsmStmt               Kind = "GCCAsmStmt"
+	ParenExpr                Kind = "ParenExpr"
+	CallExpr                 Kind = "CallExpr"
+	ConstantExpr             Kind = "ConstantExpr"
+	InitListExpr             Kind = "InitListExpr"
+	CStyleCastExpr           Kind = "CStyleCastExpr"
+	DeclRefExpr              Kind = "DeclRefExpr"
+	MemberExpr               Kind = "MemberExpr"
+	ImplicitCastExpr         Kind = "ImplicitCastExpr"
+	ImplicitValueInitExpr    Kind = "ImplicitValueInitExpr"
+	UnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr Kind = "UnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr"
+	OffsetOfExpr             Kind = "OffsetOfExpr"
+	ArraySubscriptExpr       Kind = "ArraySubscriptExpr"
+	AtomicExpr               Kind = "AtomicExpr"
+	VAArgExpr                Kind = "VAArgExpr"
+	CompoundAssignOperator   Kind = "CompoundAssignOperator"
+	BinaryOperator           Kind = "BinaryOperator"
+	UnaryOperator            Kind = "UnaryOperator"
+	ConditionalOperator      Kind = "ConditionalOperator"
+	CompoundLiteralExpr      Kind = "CompoundLiteralExpr"
+	PredefinedExpr           Kind = "PredefinedExpr"
+	CharacterLiteral         Kind = "CharacterLiteral"
+	IntegerLiteral           Kind = "IntegerLiteral"
+	StringLiteral            Kind = "StringLiteral"
+	FloatingLiteral          Kind = "FloatingLiteral"
+	ImaginaryLiteral         Kind = "ImaginaryLiteral"
+	AllocAlignAttr           Kind = "AllocAlignAttr"
+	DisableTailCallsAttr     Kind = "DisableTailCallsAttr"
+	StaticAssertDecl         Kind = "StaticAssertDecl"
+)
+
+type ValueCategory string
+
+const (
+	RValue  ValueCategory = "rvalue"
+	PRValue ValueCategory = "prvalue"
+	LValue  ValueCategory = "lvalue"
+)
+
+type CC string
+
+const (
+	CDecl CC = "cdecl"
+)
+
+type StorageClass string
+
+const (
+	Static StorageClass = "static"
+	Extern StorageClass = "extern"
+)
+
+type CastKind string
+
+const (
+	LValueToRValue           CastKind = "LValueToRValue"
+	BitCast                  CastKind = "BitCast"
+	FloatingToIntegral       CastKind = "FloatingToIntegral"
+	FloatingComplexCast      CastKind = "FloatingComplexCast"
+	FloatingRealToComplex    CastKind = "FloatingRealToComplex"
+	IntegralRealToComplex    CastKind = "IntegralRealToComplex"
+	FloatingCast             CastKind = "FloatingCast"
+	IntegralCast             CastKind = "IntegralCast"
+	IntegralToPointer        CastKind = "IntegralToPointer"
+	IntegralToFloating       CastKind = "IntegralToFloating"
+	IntegralToBoolean        CastKind = "IntegralToBoolean"
+	FloatingToBoolean        CastKind = "FloatingToBoolean"
+	IntegralComplexToBoolean CastKind = "IntegralComplexToBoolean"
+	FloatingComplexToBoolean CastKind = "FloatingComplexToBoolean"
+	PointerToBoolean         CastKind = "PointerToBoolean"
+	PointerToIntegral        CastKind = "PointerToIntegral"
+	FunctionToPointerDecay   CastKind = "FunctionToPointerDecay"
+	ArrayToPointerDecay      CastKind = "ArrayToPointerDecay"
+	BuiltinFnToFnPtr         CastKind = "BuiltinFnToFnPtr"
+	ToVoid                   CastKind = "ToVoid"
+	NullToPointer            CastKind = "NullToPointer"
+	NoOp                     CastKind = "NoOp"
+)
+
+type (
+	// OpCode can be:
+	//   + - * / || >= -- ++ etc
+	OpCode string
+)
+
+type Type struct {
+	// QualType can be:
+	//   unsigned int
+	//   struct ConstantString
+	//   volatile uint32_t
+	//   int (*)(void *, int, char **, char **)
+	//   int (*)(const char *, ...)
+	//   int (*)(void)
+	//   const char *restrict
+	//   const char [7]
+	//   char *
+	//   void
+	//   ...
+	QualType          string `json:"qualType"`
+	DesugaredQualType string `json:"desugaredQualType,omitempty"`
+	TypeAliasDeclID   ID     `json:"typeAliasDeclId,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type Node struct {
+	ID                   ID            `json:"id,omitempty"`
+	Kind                 Kind          `json:"kind,omitempty"`
+	Loc                  *Loc          `json:"loc,omitempty"`
+	Range                *Range        `json:"range,omitempty"`
+	ReferencedMemberDecl ID            `json:"referencedMemberDecl,omitempty"`
+	PreviousDecl         ID            `json:"previousDecl,omitempty"`
+	ParentDeclContextID  ID            `json:"parentDeclContextId,omitempty"`
+	IsImplicit           bool          `json:"isImplicit,omitempty"`   // is this type implicit defined
+	IsReferenced         bool          `json:"isReferenced,omitempty"` // is this type refered or not
+	IsUsed               bool          `json:"isUsed,omitempty"`       // is this variable used or not
+	IsArrow              bool          `json:"isArrow,omitempty"`      // is ptr->member not obj.member
+	IsPostfix            bool          `json:"isPostfix,omitempty"`
+	IsPartOfExplicitCast bool          `json:"isPartOfExplicitCast,omitempty"`
+	IsBitfield           bool          `json:"isBitfield,omitempty"`
+	Inline               bool          `json:"inline,omitempty"`
+	StorageClass         StorageClass  `json:"storageClass,omitempty"`
+	TagUsed              string        `json:"tagUsed,omitempty"` // struct | union
+	HasElse              bool          `json:"hasElse,omitempty"`
+	CompleteDefinition   bool          `json:"completeDefinition,omitempty"`
+	Complicated          bool          `json:"-"` // complicated statement
+	Variadic             bool          `json:"variadic,omitempty"`
+	Name                 string        `json:"name,omitempty"`
+	MangledName          string        `json:"mangledName,omitempty"`
+	Type                 *Type         `json:"type,omitempty"`
+	CC                   CC            `json:"cc,omitempty"`
+	Field                *Node         `json:"field,omitempty"`
+	Decl                 *Node         `json:"decl,omitempty"`
+	OwnedTagDecl         *Node         `json:"ownedTagDecl,omitempty"`
+	ReferencedDecl       *Node         `json:"referencedDecl,omitempty"`
+	OpCode               OpCode        `json:"opcode,omitempty"`
+	Init                 string        `json:"init,omitempty"`
+	ValueCategory        ValueCategory `json:"valueCategory,omitempty"`
+	Value                interface{}   `json:"value,omitempty"`
+	CastKind             CastKind      `json:"castKind,omitempty"`
+	Size                 int           `json:"size,omitempty"` // array size
+	Inner                []*Node       `json:"inner,omitempty"`
+	ArrayFiller          []*Node       `json:"array_filler,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/clang.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-// Cmd represents a nm command.
+// Cmd represents a clang command.
 type Cmd struct {
 	app string
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ type Cmd struct {
 	Stderr io.Writer
 }
 
-// New creates a new nm command.
+// New creates a new clang command.
 func New(app string) *Cmd {
 	if app == "" {
 		app = "clang"

x/clang/parser/pages.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package parser
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const pageSize = 1024 * 1024
+
+type PagedWriter struct {
+	pages []*[pageSize]byte
+	last  *[pageSize]byte
+	off   int
+}
+
+func NewPagedWriter() *PagedWriter {
+	return &PagedWriter{last: new([pageSize]byte)}
+}
+
+func (p *PagedWriter) Write(buf []byte) (written int, err error) {
+	for {
+		n := copy(p.last[p.off:], buf[written:])
+		written += n
+		if written >= len(buf) {
+			p.off += n
+			return
+		}
+		p.pages = append(p.pages, p.last)
+		p.last, p.off = new([pageSize]byte), 0
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *PagedWriter) Len() int {
+	return len(p.pages)*pageSize + p.off
+}
+
+func (p *PagedWriter) Bytes() []byte {
+	out, n := make([]byte, p.Len()), 0
+	for _, page := range p.pages {
+		n += copy(out[n:], page[:])
+	}
+	copy(out[n:], p.last[:p.off])
+	return out
+}
+
+/*
+func (p *PagedWriter) ToReader() *PagedReader {
+	return &PagedReader{src: p, curr: p.getPage(0)}
+}
+
+func (p *PagedWriter) getPage(ipage int) []byte {
+	if ipage == len(p.pages) { // last page
+		return p.last[:p.off]
+	}
+	return p.pages[ipage][:]
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type PagedReader struct {
+	src   *PagedWriter
+	curr  []byte
+	off   int
+	ipage int
+}
+
+func (p *PagedReader) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (written int64, err error) {
+	n, err := w.Write(p.curr[p.off:])
+	written = int64(n)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	src, ipage := p.src, p.ipage
+	for {
+		if ipage == len(src.pages) { // last page
+			p.ipage, p.off = ipage, len(p.curr)
+			return
+		}
+		ipage++
+		page := src.getPage(ipage)
+		n, err = w.Write(page)
+		written += int64(n)
+		if err != nil {
+			p.ipage, p.curr, p.off = ipage, page, n
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *PagedReader) Read(buf []byte) (nread int, err error) {
+	for {
+		n := copy(buf[nread:], p.curr[p.off:])
+		nread += n
+		p.off += n
+		if nread >= len(buf) {
+			return
+		}
+		src := p.src
+		if p.ipage == len(src.pages) { // last page
+			err = io.EOF
+			return
+		}
+		p.ipage++
+		p.curr, p.off = src.getPage(p.ipage), 0
+	}
+}
+*/
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/parser/parse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package parser
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/ast"
+	jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
+)
+
+type Mode uint
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type ParseError struct {
+	Err    error
+	Stderr []byte
+}
+
+func (p *ParseError) Error() string {
+	if len(p.Stderr) > 0 {
+		return string(p.Stderr)
+	}
+	return p.Err.Error()
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type Config struct {
+	Json   *[]byte
+	Flags  []string
+	Stderr bool
+}
+
+func DumpAST(filename string, conf *Config) (result []byte, warning []byte, err error) {
+	if conf == nil {
+		conf = new(Config)
+	}
+	skiperr := strings.HasSuffix(filename, "vfprintf.c.i")
+	stdout := NewPagedWriter()
+	stderr := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	args := []string{"-Xclang", "-ast-dump=json", "-fsyntax-only", filename}
+	if len(conf.Flags) != 0 {
+		args = append(conf.Flags, args...)
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command("clang", args...)
+	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	cmd.Stdout = stdout
+	if conf.Stderr && !skiperr {
+		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	} else {
+		cmd.Stderr = stderr
+	}
+	err = cmd.Run()
+	errmsg := stderr.Bytes()
+	if err != nil && !skiperr {
+		return nil, nil, &ParseError{Err: err, Stderr: errmsg}
+	}
+	return stdout.Bytes(), errmsg, nil
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var json = jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary
+
+func ParseFileEx(filename string, mode Mode, conf *Config) (file *ast.Node, warning []byte, err error) {
+	out, warning, err := DumpAST(filename, conf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if conf != nil && conf.Json != nil {
+		*conf.Json = out
+	}
+	file = new(ast.Node)
+	err = json.Unmarshal(out, file)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = &ParseError{Err: err}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func ParseFile(filename string, mode Mode) (file *ast.Node, warning []byte, err error) {
+	return ParseFileEx(filename, mode, nil)
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/pathutil/pathutil.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package pathutil
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+func Canonical(baseDir string, uri string) string {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(uri) {
+		return filepath.Clean(uri)
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(baseDir, uri)
+}

x/clang/preprocessor/preprocessor.go

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package preprocessor
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/pathutil"
+)
+
+const (
+	DbgFlagExecCmd = 1 << iota
+	DbgFlagAll     = DbgFlagExecCmd
+)
+
+var (
+	debugExecCmd bool
+)
+
+func SetDebug(flags int) {
+	debugExecCmd = (flags & DbgFlagExecCmd) != 0
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type Config struct {
+	Compiler    string // default: clang
+	PPFlag      string // default: -E
+	BaseDir     string // base of include searching directory, should be absolute path
+	IncludeDirs []string
+	Defines     []string
+	Flags       []string
+}
+
+func Do(infile, outfile string, conf *Config) (err error) {
+	if infile, err = filepath.Abs(infile); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if outfile, err = filepath.Abs(outfile); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if conf == nil {
+		conf = new(Config)
+	}
+	base := conf.BaseDir
+	if base == "" {
+		if base, err = os.Getwd(); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	compiler := conf.Compiler
+	if compiler == "" {
+		compiler = "clang"
+	}
+	ppflag := conf.PPFlag
+	if ppflag == "" {
+		ppflag = "-E"
+	}
+	n := 4 + len(conf.Flags) + len(conf.IncludeDirs) + len(conf.Defines)
+	args := make([]string, 3, n)
+	args[0] = ppflag
+	args[1], args[2] = "-o", outfile
+	args = append(args, conf.Flags...)
+	for _, def := range conf.Defines {
+		args = append(args, "-D"+def)
+	}
+	for _, inc := range conf.IncludeDirs {
+		args = append(args, "-I"+pathutil.Canonical(base, inc))
+	}
+	args = append(args, infile)
+	if debugExecCmd {
+		log.Println("==> runCmd:", compiler, args)
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command(compiler, args...)
+	cmd.Dir = filepath.Dir(infile)
+	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	return cmd.Run()
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/types/parser/_parser_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package parser
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"testing"
+
+	ctypes "github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/types"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var (
+	pkg   = types.NewPackage("", "foo")
+	scope = pkg.Scope()
+)
+
+var (
+	nameInt128  = types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "__int128", nil)
+	nameUint128 = types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "__uint128", nil)
+	tyInt128    = types.NewNamed(nameInt128, types.Typ[types.String], nil)
+	tyUint128   = types.NewNamed(nameUint128, types.Typ[types.Rune], nil)
+)
+
+func init() {
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "char", types.Typ[types.Int8])
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "void", ctypes.Void)
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "float", types.Typ[types.Float32])
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "double", types.Typ[types.Float64])
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "uint", types.Typ[types.Uint32])
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, ctypes.MangledName("struct", "ConstantString"), tyConstantString)
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, ctypes.MangledName("union", "arg"), tyArg)
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "va_list", ctypes.Valist)
+
+	scope.Insert(nameInt128)
+}
+
+func aliasType(scope *types.Scope, pkg *types.Package, name string, typ types.Type) {
+	o := types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, name, typ)
+	scope.Insert(o)
+}
+
+var (
+	tnameConstantString = types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "ConstantString", nil)
+	tnameArg            = types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "UnionArg", nil)
+)
+
+var (
+	tyChar           = types.Typ[types.Int8]
+	tyUchar          = types.Typ[types.Uint8]
+	tyInt16          = types.Typ[types.Int16]
+	tyUint16         = types.Typ[types.Uint16]
+	tyInt32          = types.Typ[types.Int32]
+	tyUint32         = types.Typ[types.Uint32]
+	tyInt64          = types.Typ[types.Int64]
+	tyUint64         = types.Typ[types.Uint64]
+	tyInt            = ctypes.Int
+	tyInt100         = types.NewArray(tyInt, 100)
+	tyInt3           = types.NewArray(tyInt, 3)
+	tyInt3_100       = types.NewArray(tyInt3, 100)
+	tyPInt3_100      = types.NewPointer(tyInt3_100)
+	tyPInt100        = types.NewPointer(tyInt100)
+	tyUint           = ctypes.Uint
+	tyString         = types.Typ[types.String]
+	tyCharPtr        = types.NewPointer(tyChar)
+	tyCharPtrPtr     = types.NewPointer(tyCharPtr)
+	tyConstantString = types.NewNamed(tnameConstantString, tyString, nil)
+	tyArg            = types.NewNamed(tnameArg, tyString, nil)
+	tyEmptyInterface = types.NewInterfaceType(nil, nil)
+)
+
+var (
+	paramInt        = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", tyInt)
+	paramVoidPtr    = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", ctypes.UnsafePointer)
+	paramCharPtrPtr = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", tyCharPtrPtr)
+	paramAnySlice   = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", types.NewSlice(tyEmptyInterface))
+	paramPAnySlice  = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", types.NewPointer(types.NewSlice(tyEmptyInterface)))
+)
+
+var (
+	typesInt     = types.NewTuple(paramInt)
+	typesIntVA   = types.NewTuple(paramInt, paramAnySlice)
+	typesIntPVA  = types.NewTuple(paramInt, paramPAnySlice)
+	typesVoidPtr = types.NewTuple(paramVoidPtr)
+	typesPICC    = types.NewTuple(paramVoidPtr, paramInt, paramCharPtrPtr, paramCharPtrPtr)
+)
+
+func newFn(in, out *types.Tuple) types.Type {
+	return types.NewSignature(nil, in, out, false)
+}
+
+func newFnv(in, out *types.Tuple) types.Type {
+	return types.NewSignature(nil, in, out, true)
+}
+
+func newFnProto(in, out *types.Tuple, variadic bool) types.Type {
+	return ctypes.NewFunc(in, out, variadic)
+}
+
+var (
+	tyFnHandle    = newFn(typesInt, nil)
+	paramFnHandle = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", tyFnHandle)
+	typesIF       = types.NewTuple(paramInt, paramFnHandle)
+	typesF        = types.NewTuple(paramFnHandle)
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type testCase struct {
+	qualType string
+	flags    int
+	anonym   types.Type
+	typ      types.Type
+	err      string
+}
+
+var cases = []testCase{
+	{qualType: "int", typ: tyInt},
+	{qualType: "unsigned int", typ: tyUint},
+	{qualType: "struct ConstantString", typ: tyConstantString},
+	{qualType: "union arg", typ: tyArg},
+	{qualType: "volatile signed int", typ: tyInt},
+	{qualType: "__int128", typ: tyInt128},
+	{qualType: "signed", typ: tyInt},
+	{qualType: "signed short", typ: tyInt16},
+	{qualType: "signed long", typ: ctypes.Long},
+	{qualType: "unsigned", typ: tyUint},
+	{qualType: "uint", typ: tyUint32},
+	{qualType: "unsigned char", typ: tyUchar},
+	{qualType: "unsigned __int128", typ: tyUint128},
+	{qualType: "unsigned long", typ: ctypes.Ulong},
+	{qualType: "unsigned long long", typ: tyUint64},
+	{qualType: "long double", typ: ctypes.LongDouble},
+	{qualType: "_Complex float", typ: types.Typ[types.Complex64]},
+	{qualType: "_Complex double", typ: types.Typ[types.Complex128]},
+	{qualType: "_Complex long double", typ: types.Typ[types.Complex128]},
+	{qualType: "int (*)(void)", typ: newFn(nil, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (void)", typ: newFnProto(nil, typesInt, false)},
+	{qualType: "void (void) __attribute__((noreturn))", typ: newFnProto(nil, nil, false)},
+	{qualType: "void (*)(void *)", typ: newFn(typesVoidPtr, nil)},
+	{qualType: "void (^ _Nonnull)(void)", typ: newFn(nil, nil)},
+	{qualType: "void (int, ...)", typ: newFnProto(typesIntVA, nil, true)},
+	{qualType: "void (int, va_list*)", typ: newFn(typesIntPVA, nil)},
+	{qualType: "va_list *", typ: types.NewPointer(types.NewSlice(tyEmptyInterface))},
+	{qualType: "int (*)()", typ: newFn(nil, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (*)(int, ...)", typ: newFnv(typesIntVA, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (*)(int, struct __va_list_tag*)", typ: newFn(typesIntVA, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (*volatile)(int, struct __va_list_tag* restrict)", typ: newFn(typesIntVA, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (const char *, const char *, unsigned int)", flags: FlagGetRetType, typ: tyInt},
+	{qualType: "const char *restrict", typ: tyCharPtr},
+	{qualType: "const char [7]", typ: types.NewArray(tyChar, 7)},
+	{qualType: "const char [7]", flags: FlagIsParam, typ: tyCharPtr},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: FlagIsStructField, typ: types.NewArray(tyChar, 0)},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: FlagIsExtern, typ: types.NewArray(tyChar, -1)},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: 0, err: emsgDefArrWithoutLen},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: FlagIsTypedef, typ: types.NewArray(tyChar, -1)},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: FlagIsParam, typ: tyCharPtr},
+	{qualType: "int [100][3]", typ: tyInt3_100},
+	{qualType: "int (*)[100][3]", typ: tyPInt3_100},
+	{qualType: "int (*)[100]", typ: tyPInt100},
+	{qualType: "int (*const [2])(void *)", typ: types.NewArray(newFn(typesVoidPtr, typesInt), 2)},
+	{qualType: "char *", typ: tyCharPtr},
+	{qualType: "void", typ: ctypes.Void},
+	{qualType: "void *", typ: ctypes.UnsafePointer},
+	{qualType: "int (*_Nullable)(void *, int, char **, char **)", typ: newFn(typesPICC, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "void (*(*)(int, void (*)(int)))(int)", typ: newFn(typesIF, typesF)},
+	{qualType: "void (*(int, void (*)(int)))(int)", typ: newFnProto(typesIF, typesF, false)},
+	{qualType: "void (*(int, void (*)(int)))(int)", flags: FlagGetRetType, typ: tyFnHandle},
+	{qualType: "int (*)(void *, int, const char *, void (**)(void *, int, void **), void **)"},
+	{qualType: "struct (anonymous) [2]", anonym: tyInt, typ: types.NewArray(tyInt, 2)},
+	{qualType: "enum a", typ: ctypes.Int},
+}
+
+type baseEnv struct {
+	pkg       *types.Package
+	tyInt128  types.Type
+	tyUint128 types.Type
+}
+
+func (p *baseEnv) Pkg() *types.Package {
+	return p.pkg
+}
+
+func (p *baseEnv) Int128() types.Type {
+	return p.tyInt128
+}
+
+func (p *baseEnv) Uint128() types.Type {
+	return p.tyUint128
+}
+
+func TestCases(t *testing.T) {
+	sel := ""
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if sel != "" && c.qualType != sel {
+			continue
+		}
+		t.Run(c.qualType, func(t *testing.T) {
+			conf := &Config{
+				Scope: scope, Flags: c.flags, Anonym: c.anonym,
+				ParseEnv: &baseEnv{pkg: pkg, tyInt128: tyInt128, tyUint128: tyUint128},
+			}
+			typ, _, err := ParseType(c.qualType, conf)
+			if err != nil {
+				if errMsgOf(err) != c.err {
+					t.Fatal("ParseType:", err, ", expected:", c.err)
+				}
+			} else if c.typ != nil && !ctypes.Identical(typ, c.typ) {
+				t.Fatal("ParseType:", typ, ", expected:", c.typ)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func errMsgOf(err error) string {
+	if e, ok := err.(*ParseTypeError); ok {
+		return e.ErrMsg
+	}
+	return err.Error()
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func TestIsArrayWithoutLen(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := ParseType("byte[]", &Config{Scope: types.Universe})
+	if !IsArrayWithoutLen(err) {
+		t.Fatal("ParseType:", err)
+	}
+	_, _, err = ParseType("byte[]", &Config{Scope: types.Universe, Flags: FlagIsExtern})
+	if IsArrayWithoutLen(err) {
+		t.Fatal("ParseType:", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/types/parser/parser.go

@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package parser
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/gogen"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/types/scanner"
+
+	ctypes "github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/types"
+)
+
+const (
+	emsgDefArrWithoutLen = "define array without length"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidType = errors.New("invalid type")
+)
+
+type TypeNotFound struct {
+	Literal       string
+	StructOrUnion bool
+}
+
+func (p *TypeNotFound) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("type %s not found", p.Literal)
+}
+
+type ParseTypeError struct {
+	QualType string
+	ErrMsg   string
+}
+
+func (p *ParseTypeError) Error() string {
+	return p.ErrMsg // TODO
+}
+
+func IsArrayWithoutLen(err error) bool {
+	if e, ok := err.(*ParseTypeError); ok {
+		return e.ErrMsg == emsgDefArrWithoutLen
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const (
+	FlagIsParam = 1 << iota
+	FlagIsStructField
+	FlagIsExtern
+	FlagIsTypedef
+	FlagGetRetType
+)
+
+func getRetType(flags int) bool {
+	return (flags & FlagGetRetType) != 0
+}
+
+type ParseEnv interface {
+	Pkg() *types.Package
+	Int128() types.Type
+	Uint128() types.Type
+}
+
+type Config struct {
+	ParseEnv
+	Scope  *types.Scope
+	Anonym types.Type
+	Flags  int
+}
+
+const (
+	KindFConst = 1 << iota
+	KindFVolatile
+	KindFAnonymous
+	KindFVariadic
+)
+
+// qualType can be:
+//   - unsigned int
+//   - struct ConstantString
+//   - volatile uint32_t
+//   - int (*)(void *, int, char **, char **)
+//   - int (*)(const char *, ...)
+//   - int (*)(void)
+//   - void (*(int, void (*)(int)))(int)
+//   - const char *restrict
+//   - const char [7]
+//   - char *
+//   - void
+//   - ...
+func ParseType(qualType string, conf *Config) (t types.Type, kind int, err error) {
+	p := newParser(qualType, conf)
+	if t, kind, err = p.parse(conf.Flags); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if p.tok != token.EOF {
+		err = p.newError("unexpect token " + p.tok.String())
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type parser struct {
+	s     scanner.Scanner
+	scope *types.Scope
+	conf  *Config
+
+	tok token.Token
+	lit string
+	old struct {
+		tok token.Token
+		lit string
+	}
+}
+
+const (
+	invalidTok token.Token = -1
+)
+
+func newParser(qualType string, conf *Config) *parser {
+	p := &parser{scope: conf.Scope, conf: conf}
+	p.old.tok = invalidTok
+	p.s.Init(qualType)
+	return p
+}
+
+func (p *parser) peek() token.Token {
+	if p.old.tok == invalidTok {
+		p.old.tok, p.old.lit = p.s.Scan()
+	}
+	return p.old.tok
+}
+
+func (p *parser) next() {
+	if p.old.tok != invalidTok { // support unget
+		p.tok, p.lit = p.old.tok, p.old.lit
+		p.old.tok = invalidTok
+		return
+	}
+	p.tok, p.lit = p.s.Scan()
+}
+
+func (p *parser) unget(tok token.Token, lit string) {
+	p.old.tok, p.old.lit = p.tok, p.lit
+	p.tok, p.lit = tok, lit
+}
+
+func (p *parser) skipUntil(tok token.Token) bool {
+	for {
+		p.next()
+		switch p.tok {
+		case tok:
+			return true
+		case token.EOF:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *parser) newErrorf(format string, args ...interface{}) *ParseTypeError {
+	return p.newError(fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+func (p *parser) newError(errMsg string) *ParseTypeError {
+	return &ParseTypeError{QualType: p.s.Source(), ErrMsg: errMsg}
+}
+
+// TODO(xsw): check expect results
+func (p *parser) expect(tokExp token.Token) error {
+	p.next()
+	if p.tok != tokExp {
+		return p.newErrorf("expect %v, got %v", tokExp, p.tok)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+const (
+	flagShort = 1 << iota
+	flagLong
+	flagLongLong
+	flagUnsigned
+	flagSigned
+	flagComplex
+	flagStructOrUnion
+)
+
+func (p *parser) lookupType(tylit string, flags int) (t types.Type, err error) {
+	structOrUnion := (flags & flagStructOrUnion) != 0
+	_, o := gogen.LookupParent(p.scope, tylit, token.NoPos)
+	if o == nil {
+		return nil, &TypeNotFound{Literal: tylit, StructOrUnion: structOrUnion}
+	}
+	t = o.Type()
+	if !structOrUnion && flags != 0 {
+		tt, ok := t.(*types.Basic)
+		if !ok {
+			tyInt128 := p.conf.Int128()
+			if t == tyInt128 {
+				switch flags {
+				case flagSigned:
+					return tyInt128, nil
+				case flagUnsigned:
+					return p.conf.Uint128(), nil
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (flags & flagComplex) != 0 {
+			switch tt.Kind() {
+			case types.Float32:
+				return types.Typ[types.Complex64], nil
+			case types.Float64:
+				return types.Typ[types.Complex128], nil
+			case types.Int:
+				return types.Typ[types.Complex128], nil
+			}
+		} else {
+			switch tt.Kind() {
+			case types.Int:
+				if t = intTypes[flags&^flagSigned]; t != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			case types.Int8:
+				switch flags {
+				case flagUnsigned:
+					return types.Typ[types.Uint8], nil
+				case flagSigned:
+					return types.Typ[types.Int8], nil
+				}
+			case types.Float64:
+				switch flags {
+				case flagLong:
+					return ctypes.LongDouble, nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		log.Panicln("lookupType: TODO - invalid type")
+		return nil, ErrInvalidType
+	}
+	if t == types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		return ctypes.Int, nil
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+var intTypes = [...]types.Type{
+	0:                                      ctypes.Int,
+	flagShort:                              types.Typ[types.Int16],
+	flagLong:                               ctypes.Long,
+	flagLong | flagLongLong:                types.Typ[types.Int64],
+	flagUnsigned:                           ctypes.Uint,
+	flagShort | flagUnsigned:               types.Typ[types.Uint16],
+	flagLong | flagUnsigned:                ctypes.Ulong,
+	flagLong | flagLongLong | flagUnsigned: types.Typ[types.Uint64],
+	flagShort | flagLong | flagLongLong | flagUnsigned: nil,
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseArray(t types.Type, inFlags int) (types.Type, error) {
+	var n int64
+	var err error
+	p.next()
+	switch p.tok {
+	case token.RBRACK: // ]
+		if (inFlags & FlagIsStructField) != 0 {
+			n = 0
+		} else {
+			n = -1
+		}
+	case token.INT:
+		if n, err = strconv.ParseInt(p.lit, 10, 64); err != nil {
+			return nil, p.newError(err.Error())
+		}
+		if err = p.expect(token.RBRACK); err != nil { // ]
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, p.newError("array length not an integer")
+	}
+	if n >= 0 || (inFlags&(FlagIsExtern|FlagIsTypedef|FlagIsParam)) != 0 {
+		t = types.NewArray(t, n)
+	} else {
+		return nil, p.newError(emsgDefArrWithoutLen)
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseArrays(t types.Type, inFlags int) (ret types.Type, err error) {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil, p.newError("array to nil")
+	}
+	var tyArr types.Type
+	for {
+		if tyArr, err = p.parseArray(tyArr, inFlags); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if p.peek() != token.LBRACK {
+			return newArraysEx(t, tyArr, inFlags), nil
+		}
+		p.next()
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseFunc(pkg *types.Package, t types.Type, inFlags int) (ret types.Type, err error) {
+	var results *types.Tuple
+	if ctypes.NotVoid(t) {
+		results = types.NewTuple(types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", t))
+	}
+	args, variadic, err := p.parseArgs(pkg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	_ = inFlags
+	return ctypes.NewFunc(types.NewTuple(args...), results, variadic), nil
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseArgs(pkg *types.Package) (args []*types.Var, variadic bool, err error) {
+	for {
+		arg, kind, e := p.parse(FlagIsParam)
+		if e != nil {
+			return nil, false, e
+		}
+		if ctypes.NotVoid(arg) {
+			args = append(args, types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", arg))
+		}
+		if p.tok != token.COMMA {
+			variadic = (kind & KindFVariadic) != 0
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if p.tok != token.RPAREN { // )
+		return nil, false, p.newError("expect )")
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseStars() (nstar int) {
+	for isPtr(p.peek()) {
+		p.next()
+		nstar++
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parse(inFlags int) (t types.Type, kind int, err error) {
+	flags := 0
+	for {
+		p.next()
+	retry:
+		switch p.tok {
+		case token.IDENT:
+		ident:
+			switch lit := p.lit; lit {
+			case "unsigned":
+				flags |= flagUnsigned
+			case "short":
+				flags |= flagShort
+			case "long":
+				if (flags & flagLong) != 0 {
+					flags |= flagLongLong
+				} else {
+					flags |= flagLong
+				}
+			case "signed":
+				flags |= flagSigned
+			case "const":
+				kind |= KindFConst
+			case "volatile":
+				kind |= KindFVolatile
+			case "_Complex":
+				flags |= flagComplex
+			case "restrict", "_Nullable", "_Nonnull":
+			case "enum":
+				if err = p.expect(token.IDENT); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				if t != nil {
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("illegal syntax: multiple types?")
+				}
+				t = ctypes.Int
+				continue
+			case "struct", "union":
+				p.next()
+				switch p.tok {
+				case token.IDENT:
+				case token.LPAREN:
+					if t == nil && p.conf.Anonym != nil {
+						p.skipUntil(token.RPAREN)
+						t = p.conf.Anonym
+						kind |= KindFAnonymous
+						continue
+					}
+					fallthrough
+				default:
+					log.Panicln("c.types.ParseType: struct/union - TODO:", p.lit)
+				}
+				lit = ctypes.MangledName(lit, p.lit)
+				flags |= flagStructOrUnion
+				fallthrough
+			default:
+				if t != nil {
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("illegal syntax: multiple types?")
+				}
+				if t, err = p.lookupType(lit, flags); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				flags = 0
+			}
+			if flags != 0 {
+				p.next()
+				if p.tok == token.IDENT {
+					goto ident
+				}
+				if t != nil {
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("illegal syntax: multiple types?")
+				}
+				if t, err = p.lookupType("int", flags); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				flags = 0
+				goto retry
+			}
+		case token.MUL: // *
+			if t == nil {
+				return nil, 0, p.newError("pointer to nil")
+			}
+			t = ctypes.NewPointer(t)
+		case token.LBRACK: // [
+			if t, err = p.parseArrays(t, inFlags); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		case token.LPAREN: // (
+			if t == nil {
+				log.Panicln("TODO")
+				return nil, 0, p.newError("no function return type")
+			}
+			var nstar = p.parseStars()
+			var nstarRet int
+			var tyArr types.Type
+			var pkg, isFn = p.conf.Pkg(), false
+			var args []*types.Var
+			var variadic bool
+			if nstar == 0 {
+				if getRetType(inFlags) {
+					err = nil
+					p.tok = token.EOF
+					return
+				}
+				if args, variadic, err = p.parseArgs(pkg); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				isFn = true
+			} else {
+			nextTok:
+				p.next()
+				switch p.tok {
+				case token.RPAREN: // )
+				case token.LPAREN: // (
+					if !isFn {
+						nstar, nstarRet = p.parseStars(), nstar
+						if nstar != 0 {
+							p.expect(token.RPAREN) // )
+							p.expect(token.LPAREN) // (
+						}
+						if args, variadic, err = p.parseArgs(pkg); err != nil {
+							return
+						}
+						isFn = true
+						goto nextTok
+					}
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("expect )")
+				case token.LBRACK:
+					if tyArr, err = p.parseArrays(ctypes.Void, 0); err != nil {
+						return
+					}
+					p.expect(token.RPAREN) // )
+				case token.IDENT:
+					switch p.lit {
+					case "_Nullable", "_Nonnull", "const", "volatile":
+						goto nextTok
+					}
+					fallthrough
+				default:
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("expect )")
+				}
+			}
+			p.next()
+			switch p.tok {
+			case token.LPAREN: // (
+				if t, err = p.parseFunc(pkg, t, inFlags); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			case token.LBRACK: // [
+				if t, err = p.parseArrays(t, 0); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			case token.EOF:
+			case token.IDENT:
+				if p.lit == "__attribute__" {
+					p.tok, p.lit = token.EOF, ""
+					p.unget(token.EOF, "")
+					break
+				}
+				fallthrough
+			default:
+				return nil, 0, p.newError("unexpected " + p.tok.String())
+			}
+			t = newPointers(t, nstarRet)
+			if isFn {
+				if getRetType(inFlags) {
+					p.tok = token.EOF
+					return
+				}
+				var results *types.Tuple
+				if ctypes.NotVoid(t) {
+					results = types.NewTuple(types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", t))
+				}
+				t = ctypes.NewFunc(types.NewTuple(args...), results, variadic)
+			}
+			t = newPointers(t, nstar)
+			t = newArrays(t, tyArr)
+		case token.RPAREN:
+			if t == nil {
+				t = ctypes.Void
+			}
+			return
+		case token.COMMA, token.EOF:
+			if t == nil {
+				err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			return
+		case token.ELLIPSIS:
+			if t != nil {
+				return nil, 0, p.newError("illegal syntax: multiple types?")
+			}
+			t = ctypes.Valist
+			kind |= KindFVariadic
+		default:
+			log.Panicln("c.types.ParseType: unknown -", p.tok, p.lit)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func newPointers(t types.Type, nstar int) types.Type {
+	for nstar > 0 {
+		t = ctypes.NewPointer(t)
+		nstar--
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+func isPtr(tok token.Token) bool {
+	return tok == token.MUL || tok == token.XOR // * or ^
+}
+
+func newArrays(t types.Type, tyArr types.Type) types.Type {
+retry:
+	if arr, ok := tyArr.(*types.Array); ok {
+		t = types.NewArray(t, arr.Len())
+		tyArr = arr.Elem()
+		goto retry
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+func newArraysEx(t types.Type, tyArr types.Type, inFlags int) types.Type {
+	t = newArrays(t, tyArr)
+	if arr, ok := t.(*types.Array); ok {
+		if (inFlags & FlagIsParam) != 0 {
+			t = ctypes.NewPointer(arr.Elem())
+		}
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/types/scanner/scanner.go

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package scanner
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"go/token"
+	"unicode"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+// An ErrorHandler may be provided to Scanner.Init. If a syntax error is
+// encountered and a handler was installed, the handler is called with a
+// position and an error message. The position points to the beginning of
+// the offending token.
+type ErrorHandler func(pos token.Position, msg string)
+
+// A Scanner holds the scanner's internal state while processing
+// a given text. It can be allocated as part of another data
+// structure but must be initialized via Init before use.
+type Scanner struct {
+	// immutable state
+	src string
+
+	// scanning state
+	ch       rune // current character
+	offset   int  // character offset
+	rdOffset int  // reading offset (position after current character)
+
+	// public state - ok to modify
+	ErrorCount int // number of errors encountered
+	OnErr      func(msg string)
+}
+
+const (
+	bom = 0xFEFF // byte order mark, only permitted as very first character
+	eof = -1     // end of file
+)
+
+// Read the next Unicode char into s.ch.
+// s.ch < 0 means end-of-file.
+//
+// For optimization, there is some overlap between this method and
+// s.scanIdentifier.
+func (s *Scanner) next() {
+	if s.rdOffset < len(s.src) {
+		s.offset = s.rdOffset
+		r, w := rune(s.src[s.rdOffset]), 1
+		switch {
+		case r == 0:
+			s.error("illegal character NUL")
+		case r >= utf8.RuneSelf:
+			// not ASCII
+			r, w = utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s.src[s.rdOffset:])
+			if r == utf8.RuneError && w == 1 {
+				s.error("illegal UTF-8 encoding")
+			} else if r == bom && s.offset > 0 {
+				s.error("illegal byte order mark")
+			}
+		}
+		s.rdOffset += w
+		s.ch = r
+	} else {
+		s.offset = len(s.src)
+		s.ch = eof
+	}
+}
+
+// peek returns the byte following the most recently read character without
+// advancing the scanner. If the scanner is at EOF, peek returns 0.
+func (s *Scanner) peek() byte {
+	if s.rdOffset < len(s.src) {
+		return s.src[s.rdOffset]
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) Init(src string) {
+	s.src = src
+	s.ch = ' '
+	s.offset = 0
+	s.rdOffset = 0
+	s.ErrorCount = 0
+
+	s.next()
+	if s.ch == bom {
+		s.next() // ignore BOM at file beginning
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) Source() string {
+	return s.src
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) error(msg string) {
+	if s.OnErr != nil {
+		s.OnErr(msg)
+	}
+	s.ErrorCount++
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	s.error(fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+func isLetter(ch rune) bool {
+	return 'a' <= lower(ch) && lower(ch) <= 'z' || ch == '_' || ch >= utf8.RuneSelf && unicode.IsLetter(ch)
+}
+
+func isDigit(ch rune) bool {
+	return isDecimal(ch) || ch >= utf8.RuneSelf && unicode.IsDigit(ch)
+}
+
+// scanIdentifier reads the string of valid identifier characters at s.offset.
+// It must only be called when s.ch is known to be a valid letter.
+//
+// Be careful when making changes to this function: it is optimized and affects
+// scanning performance significantly.
+func (s *Scanner) scanIdentifier() string {
+	offs := s.offset
+
+	// Optimize for the common case of an ASCII identifier.
+	//
+	// Ranging over s.src[s.rdOffset:] lets us avoid some bounds checks, and
+	// avoids conversions to runes.
+	//
+	// In case we encounter a non-ASCII character, fall back on the slower path
+	// of calling into s.next().
+	for rdOffset, b := range s.src[s.rdOffset:] {
+		if 'a' <= b && b <= 'z' || 'A' <= b && b <= 'Z' || b == '_' || '0' <= b && b <= '9' {
+			// Avoid assigning a rune for the common case of an ascii character.
+			continue
+		}
+		s.rdOffset += rdOffset
+		if 0 < b && b < utf8.RuneSelf {
+			// Optimization: we've encountered an ASCII character that's not a letter
+			// or number. Avoid the call into s.next() and corresponding set up.
+			//
+			// Note that s.next() does some line accounting if s.ch is '\n', so this
+			// shortcut is only possible because we know that the preceding character
+			// is not '\n'.
+			s.ch = rune(b)
+			s.offset = s.rdOffset
+			s.rdOffset++
+			goto exit
+		}
+		// We know that the preceding character is valid for an identifier because
+		// scanIdentifier is only called when s.ch is a letter, so calling s.next()
+		// at s.rdOffset resets the scanner state.
+		s.next()
+		for isLetter(s.ch) || isDigit(s.ch) {
+			s.next()
+		}
+		goto exit
+	}
+	s.offset = len(s.src)
+	s.rdOffset = len(s.src)
+	s.ch = eof
+
+exit:
+	return string(s.src[offs:s.offset])
+}
+
+func lower(ch rune) rune     { return ('a' - 'A') | ch } // returns lower-case ch iff ch is ASCII letter
+func isDecimal(ch rune) bool { return '0' <= ch && ch <= '9' }
+func isHex(ch rune) bool     { return '0' <= ch && ch <= '9' || 'a' <= lower(ch) && lower(ch) <= 'f' }
+
+func (s *Scanner) digits(base int, invalid *int) (digsep int) {
+	if base <= 10 {
+		max := rune('0' + base)
+		for isDecimal(s.ch) {
+			if s.ch >= max && *invalid < 0 {
+				*invalid = s.offset // record invalid rune offset
+			}
+			digsep = 1
+			s.next()
+		}
+	} else {
+		for isHex(s.ch) {
+			digsep = 1
+			s.next()
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) scanNumber() (token.Token, string) {
+	offs := s.offset
+
+	base := 10        // number base
+	prefix := rune(0) // one of 0 (decimal), '0' (0-octal), 'x', 'o', or 'b'
+	digsep := 0       // bit 0: digit present, bit 1: '_' present
+	invalid := -1     // index of invalid digit in literal, or < 0
+
+	if s.ch == '0' {
+		s.next()
+		switch lower(s.ch) {
+		case 'x':
+			s.next()
+			base, prefix = 16, 'x'
+		case 'o':
+			s.next()
+			base, prefix = 8, 'o'
+		case 'b':
+			s.next()
+			base, prefix = 2, 'b'
+		default:
+			base, prefix = 8, '0'
+			digsep = 1 // leading 0
+		}
+	}
+	digsep |= s.digits(base, &invalid)
+	if digsep&1 == 0 {
+		s.error(litname(prefix) + " has no digits")
+	}
+
+	lit := string(s.src[offs:s.offset])
+	if invalid >= 0 {
+		s.errorf("invalid digit %q in %s", lit[invalid-offs], litname(prefix))
+	}
+	return token.INT, lit
+}
+
+func litname(prefix rune) string {
+	switch prefix {
+	case 'x':
+		return "hexadecimal literal"
+	case 'o', '0':
+		return "octal literal"
+	case 'b':
+		return "binary literal"
+	}
+	return "decimal literal"
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) skipWhitespace() {
+	for s.ch == ' ' || s.ch == '\t' || s.ch == '\n' || s.ch == '\r' {
+		s.next()
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) Scan() (tok token.Token, lit string) {
+	s.skipWhitespace()
+
+	// determine token value
+	switch ch := s.ch; {
+	case isLetter(ch):
+		lit = s.scanIdentifier()
+		tok = token.IDENT
+	case isDecimal(ch):
+		tok, lit = s.scanNumber()
+	default:
+		s.next() // always make progress
+		switch ch {
+		case -1:
+			tok = token.EOF
+		case '.':
+			// fractions starting with a '.' are handled by outer switch
+			tok = token.PERIOD
+			if s.ch == '.' && s.peek() == '.' {
+				s.next()
+				s.next() // consume last '.'
+				tok = token.ELLIPSIS
+			}
+		case ',':
+			tok = token.COMMA
+		case '(':
+			tok = token.LPAREN
+		case ')':
+			tok = token.RPAREN
+		case '[':
+			tok = token.LBRACK
+		case ']':
+			tok = token.RBRACK
+		case '*':
+			tok = token.MUL
+		case '^':
+			tok = token.XOR
+		default:
+			// next reports unexpected BOMs - don't repeat
+			if ch != bom {
+				s.errorf("illegal character %#U", ch)
+			}
+			tok = token.ILLEGAL
+			lit = string(ch)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}

x/clang/types/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/gogen"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var (
+	Void          = types.Typ[types.UntypedNil]
+	UnsafePointer = types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer]
+
+	Int     = types.Typ[types.Int32]
+	Uint    = types.Typ[types.Uint32]
+	Long    = types.Typ[uintptr(types.Int32)+unsafe.Sizeof(0)>>3]  // int32/int64
+	Ulong   = types.Typ[uintptr(types.Uint32)+unsafe.Sizeof(0)>>3] // uint32/uint64
+	NotImpl = UnsafePointer
+
+	LongDouble = types.Typ[types.Float64]
+)
+
+func NotVoid(t types.Type) bool {
+	return t != Void
+}
+
+func MangledName(tag, name string) string {
+	return tag + "_" + name // TODO: use sth to replace _
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var (
+	ValistTag types.Type
+	Valist    types.Type = types.NewSlice(gogen.TyEmptyInterface)
+)
+
+func init() {
+	vaTag := types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, types.Unsafe, MangledName("struct", "__va_list_tag"), nil)
+	ValistTag = types.NewNamed(vaTag, types.NewStruct(nil, nil), nil)
+	types.Universe.Insert(vaTag)
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func NewFunc(params, results *types.Tuple, variadic bool) *types.Signature {
+	return gogen.NewCSignature(params, results, variadic)
+}
+
+func NewPointer(typ types.Type) types.Type {
+	switch t := typ.(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		if t == Void {
+			return types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer]
+		}
+	case *types.Signature:
+		if gogen.IsCSignature(t) {
+			return types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, t.Params(), t.Results(), t.Variadic())
+		}
+	case *types.Named:
+		if typ == ValistTag {
+			return Valist
+		}
+	}
+	return types.NewPointer(typ)
+}
+
+func IsFunc(typ types.Type) bool {
+	sig, ok := typ.(*types.Signature)
+	if ok {
+		ok = gogen.IsCSignature(sig)
+	}
+	return ok
+}
+
+func Identical(typ1, typ2 types.Type) bool {
+	return types.Identical(typ1, typ2)
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------