Merge pull request #106 from xushiwei/mod

llvm v0.7.5

cl/_testrt/allocstr/out.ll

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 source_filename = "main"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
 
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @0 = private unnamed_addr constant [13 x i8] c"Hello world\0A\00", align 1
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/ll
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 

cl/_testrt/builtin/in.go

@@ -1,11 +1,51 @@
 package main
 
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
 var a int64 = 1<<63 - 1
 var b int64 = -1 << 63
-var c uint64 = 1<<64 - 1
+var n uint64 = 1<<64 - 1
 
 func main() {
-	var a = []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
-	_ = len(a)
-	_ = len([]int{1, 2, 3, 4})
+	var s = []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	var a = [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+	out(len(s))
+	out(len([]int{1, 2, 3, 4}))
+	out(len(a))
+	out(len(&a))
+	out(len([4]int{1, 2, 3, 4}))
+
+	out(cap(s))
+	out(cap(a))
+	out(cap(&a))
+
+	out(len(s[1:]))
+	out(cap(s[1:]))
+	out(len(s[1:2]))
+	out(cap(s[1:2]))
+	out(len(s[1:2:2]))
+	out(cap(s[1:2:2]))
+
+	out(len(a[1:]))
+	out(cap(a[1:]))
+	out(len(a[1:2]))
+	out(cap(a[1:2]))
+	out(len(a[1:2:2]))
+	out(cap(a[1:2:2]))
+
+	string_len("hello")
+	string_len("hello"[1:])
+	string_len("hello"[1:2])
+	string_len("hello"[5:])
+}
+
+func string_len(s string) {
+	out(len(s))
+}
+
+func out(n int) {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), n)
 }

cl/_testrt/builtin/out.ll

@@ -2,11 +2,17 @@
 source_filename = "main"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
 
 @main.a = global ptr null
 @main.b = global ptr null
-@main.c = global ptr null
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@main.n = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
 
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
@@ -17,7 +23,7 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
   store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
   store i64 9223372036854775807, ptr @main.a, align 4
   store i64 -9223372036854775808, ptr @main.b, align 4
-  store i64 -1, ptr @main.c, align 4
+  store i64 -1, ptr @main.n, align 4
   br label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
@@ -28,7 +34,7 @@ define void @main() {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
-  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 0
   store i64 1, ptr %1, align 4
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 1
@@ -37,26 +43,132 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i64 3, ptr %3, align 4
   %4 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 3
   store i64 4, ptr %4, align 4
-  %5 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %0, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %6 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
-  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
-  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 0
-  store i64 1, ptr %8, align 4
-  %9 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 1
-  store i64 2, ptr %9, align 4
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 2
-  store i64 3, ptr %10, align 4
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 3
-  store i64 4, ptr %11, align 4
-  %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %7, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %13 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %12)
+  %5 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %0, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %6 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 0
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 1
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 2
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 3
+  store i64 1, ptr %7, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %8, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %9, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %10, align 4
+  %11 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %11)
+  %12 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %13 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %12, i64 0
+  store i64 1, ptr %13, align 4
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %12, i64 1
+  store i64 2, ptr %14, align 4
+  %15 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %12, i64 2
+  store i64 3, ptr %15, align 4
+  %16 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %12, i64 3
+  store i64 4, ptr %16, align 4
+  %17 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %12, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %18 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %17)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %18)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  %19 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %19)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  %20 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %21 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %22 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %23 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %22, i64 8, i64 %20, i64 1, i64 %21, i64 %20)
+  %24 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %23)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %24)
+  %25 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %26 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %27 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %28 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %27, i64 8, i64 %25, i64 1, i64 %26, i64 %25)
+  %29 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %28)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %29)
+  %30 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %31 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %32 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %31, i64 8, i64 %30, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %30)
+  %33 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %32)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %33)
+  %34 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %35 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %36 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %35, i64 8, i64 %34, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %34)
+  %37 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %36)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %37)
+  %38 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %39 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %40 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %39, i64 8, i64 %38, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %41 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %40)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %41)
+  %42 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %43 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
+  %44 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %43, i64 8, i64 %42, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %45 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %44)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %45)
+  %46 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %47 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %46)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %47)
+  %48 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %49 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %48)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %49)
+  %50 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
+  %51 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %50)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %51)
+  %52 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
+  %53 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %52)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %53)
+  %54 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %55 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %54)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %55)
+  %56 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %6, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %57 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %56)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %57)
+  %58 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 5)
+  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %58)
+  %59 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 5)
+  %60 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %59)
+  %61 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %59, i64 1, i64 %60)
+  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61)
+  %62 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 5)
+  %63 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %62, i64 1, i64 2)
+  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %63)
+  %64 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 5)
+  %65 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %64)
+  %66 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %64, i64 5, i64 %65)
+  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.out(i64 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @4, i64 %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  call void @main.out(i64 %1)
   ret void
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
-declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr, i64, i64)
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
 declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i64, i64)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/concat/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func concat(args ...string) (ret string) {
+	for _, v := range args {
+		ret += v
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func main() {
+	result := concat("Hello", " ", "World")
+	c.Fprintf(c.Stderr, c.Str("Hi, %s\n"), c.AllocaCStr(result))
+}

cl/_testrt/concat/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [1 x i8] zeroinitializer, align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"Hello\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"World\00", align 1
+@__stderrp = external global ptr
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"Hi, %s\0A\00", align 1
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @main.concat(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 0)
+  %3 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, 0
+  %4 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, 1
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
+  %5 = phi ptr [ %3, %_llgo_0 ], [ %18, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %6 = phi i64 [ %4, %_llgo_0 ], [ %19, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %7 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %12, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %8 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %8, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %5, ptr %9, align 8
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %8, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 %6, ptr %10, align 4
+  %11 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %8, align 8
+  %12 = add i64 %7, 1
+  %13 = icmp slt i64 %12, %1
+  br i1 %13, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %14 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %15 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %14, i64 %12
+  %16 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %15, align 8
+  %17 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %16)
+  %18 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17, 0
+  %19 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17, 1
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 48)
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i64 0
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 5)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, ptr %1, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i64 1
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 1)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %4, ptr %3, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i64 2
+  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 5)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6, ptr %5, align 8
+  %7 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %0, i64 16, i64 3, i64 0, i64 3, i64 3)
+  %8 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @main.concat(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %9 = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp, align 8
+  %10 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %8)
+  %11 = add i64 %10, 1
+  %12 = alloca i8, i64 %11, align 1
+  %13 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %12, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %8)
+  %14 = call i32 (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %9, ptr @4, ptr %13)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare i32 @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/cvar/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package main
+
+import _ "unsafe"
+
+//go:linkname barX _bar_x
+var barX struct {
+	Arr       [16]int8
+	Callbacks [2]func()
+}
+
+//go:linkname barY _bar_y
+var barY struct {
+	Arr [16]int8
+}
+
+func main() {
+	_ = barX
+	_ = barY
+}

cl/_testrt/cvar/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@_bar_x = external global ptr
+@_bar_y = external global ptr
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = load { [16 x i8], [2 x ptr] }, ptr @_bar_x, align 8
+  %1 = load { [16 x i8] }, ptr @_bar_y, align 1
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/fprintf/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package main
+
+import "unsafe"
+
+//go:linkname cstr llgo.cstr
+func cstr(string) *int8
+
+//go:linkname stderr __stderrp
+var stderr unsafe.Pointer
+
+//go:linkname fprintf C.fprintf
+func fprintf(fp unsafe.Pointer, format *int8, __llgo_va_list ...any)
+
+func main() {
+	fprintf(stderr, cstr("Hello %d\n"), 100)
+}

cl/_testrt/fprintf/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__stderrp = external global ptr
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"Hello %d\0A\00", align 1
+
+declare void @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp, align 8
+  call void (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %0, ptr @0, i64 100)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/gblarray/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, i32, i32 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, { ptr, ptr }, ptr, i32, i32 }
 
 @main.basicTypes = global ptr null
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 define ptr @main.basicType(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 48)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 56)
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr @main.sizeBasicTypes, i64 %0
   %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.init"()
 

cl/_testrt/index/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+
+type point struct {
+	x int
+	y int
+}
+
+func main() {
+	a := [...]point{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}}[2]
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), a.x, a.y)
+
+	b := [...][2]int{[2]int{1, 2}, [2]int{3, 4}}[1]
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), b[0], b[1])
+
+	var i int = 2
+	n := [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}[i]
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), n)
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}[i])
+
+	s := "123456"
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%c\n"), s[i])
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%c\n"), "123456"[1])
+}

cl/_testrt/index/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%main.point = type { i64, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%c\0A\00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"123456\00", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%c\0A\00", align 1
+@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"123456\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = alloca %main.point, align 8
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 16)
+  %2 = alloca [3 x %main.point], align 8
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 48)
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %3, i64 0
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %3, i64 1
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 1
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %3, i64 2
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 1, ptr %5, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %6, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %8, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %9, align 4
+  store i64 5, ptr %11, align 4
+  store i64 6, ptr %12, align 4
+  %13 = load [3 x %main.point], ptr %3, align 4
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %3, i64 2
+  %15 = load %main.point, ptr %14, align 4
+  store %main.point %15, ptr %1, align 4
+  %16 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  %17 = load i64, ptr %16, align 4
+  %18 = getelementptr inbounds %main.point, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  %19 = load i64, ptr %18, align 4
+  %20 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %17, i64 %19)
+  %21 = alloca [2 x i64], align 8
+  %22 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %21, i64 16)
+  %23 = alloca [2 x [2 x i64]], align 8
+  %24 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %23, i64 32)
+  %25 = getelementptr inbounds [2 x i64], ptr %24, i64 0
+  %26 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %25, i64 0
+  %27 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %25, i64 1
+  %28 = getelementptr inbounds [2 x i64], ptr %24, i64 1
+  %29 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %28, i64 0
+  %30 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %28, i64 1
+  store i64 1, ptr %26, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %27, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %29, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %30, align 4
+  %31 = load [2 x [2 x i64]], ptr %24, align 4
+  %32 = getelementptr inbounds [2 x i64], ptr %24, i64 1
+  %33 = load [2 x i64], ptr %32, align 4
+  store [2 x i64] %33, ptr %22, align 4
+  %34 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %22, i64 0
+  %35 = load i64, ptr %34, align 4
+  %36 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %22, i64 1
+  %37 = load i64, ptr %36, align 4
+  %38 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i64 %35, i64 %37)
+  %39 = alloca [5 x i64], align 8
+  %40 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %39, i64 40)
+  %41 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 0
+  %42 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 1
+  %43 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 2
+  %44 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 3
+  %45 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 4
+  store i64 1, ptr %41, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %42, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %43, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %44, align 4
+  store i64 5, ptr %45, align 4
+  %46 = load [5 x i64], ptr %40, align 4
+  %47 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %40, i64 2
+  %48 = load i64, ptr %47, align 4
+  %49 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i64 %48)
+  %50 = alloca [5 x i64], align 8
+  %51 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %50, i64 40)
+  %52 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 0
+  %53 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 1
+  %54 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 2
+  %55 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 3
+  %56 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 4
+  store i64 1, ptr %52, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %53, align 4
+  store i64 3, ptr %54, align 4
+  store i64 4, ptr %55, align 4
+  store i64 5, ptr %56, align 4
+  %57 = load [5 x i64], ptr %51, align 4
+  %58 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %51, i64 2
+  %59 = load i64, ptr %58, align 4
+  %60 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @3, i64 %59)
+  %61 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @5, i64 6)
+  %62 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61)
+  %63 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %62, i64 2
+  %64 = load i8, ptr %63, align 1
+  %65 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @4, i8 %64)
+  %66 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @7, i64 6)
+  %67 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66)
+  %68 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %67, i64 1
+  %69 = load i8, ptr %68, align 1
+  %70 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @6, i8 %69)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")

cl/_testrt/intgen/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func genInts(n int, gen func() c.Int) []c.Int {
+	a := make([]c.Int, n)
+	for i := range a {
+		a[i] = gen()
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
+func main() {
+	a := genInts(5, c.Rand)
+	for _, v := range a {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+}

cl/_testrt/intgen/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 %0, { ptr, ptr } %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = mul i64 %0, 4
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 %2)
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %3, i64 %0, i64 %0)
+  %5 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
+  %6 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %7, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %7 = add i64 %6, 1
+  %8 = icmp slt i64 %7, %5
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %9 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 0
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %10, i64 %7
+  store i32 0, ptr %11, align 4
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @rand, ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %3)
+  %5 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
+  %6 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %7, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %7 = add i64 %6, 1
+  %8 = icmp slt i64 %7, %5
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %9 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %9, i64 %7
+  %11 = load i32, ptr %10, align 4
+  %12 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %11)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr, i64, i64)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare i32 @rand()
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/linkname/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+//go:linkname print github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F
+func print(a, b, c, d *c.Char)
+
+func main() {
+	print(c.Str("a"), c.Str("b"), c.Str("c"), c.Str("d"))
+	print(c.Str("1"), c.Str("2"), c.Str("3"), c.Str("4"))
+}

cl/_testrt/linkname/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"a\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"b\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"c\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"d\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"1\00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"2\00", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"3\00", align 1
+@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"4\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr @0, ptr @1, ptr @2, ptr @3)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr @4, ptr @5, ptr @6, ptr @7)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/qsort/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+//go:linkname qsort C.qsort
+func qsort(base c.Pointer, count, elem uintptr, compar func(a, b c.Pointer) c.Int)
+
+func main() {
+	a := [...]int{100, 8, 23, 2, 7}
+	qsort(c.Pointer(&a[0]), 5, unsafe.Sizeof(0), func(a, b c.Pointer) c.Int {
+		return c.Int(*(*int)(a) - *(*int)(b))
+	})
+	for _, v := range a {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+}

cl/_testrt/qsort/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 40)
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 0
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 1
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 2
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 3
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 4
+  store i64 100, ptr %1, align 4
+  store i64 8, ptr %2, align 4
+  store i64 23, ptr %3, align 4
+  store i64 2, ptr %4, align 4
+  store i64 7, ptr %5, align 4
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 0
+  call void @qsort(ptr %6, i64 5, i64 8, ptr @"main.main$1")
+  %7 = load [5 x i64], ptr %0, align 4
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
+  %8 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %9, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %9 = add i64 %8, 1
+  %10 = icmp slt i64 %9, 5
+  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 %9
+  %12 = load i64, ptr %11, align 4
+  %13 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %12)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @qsort(ptr, i64, i64, ptr)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+define i32 @"main.main$1"(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = load i64, ptr %0, align 4
+  %3 = load i64, ptr %1, align 4
+  %4 = sub i64 %2, %3
+  %5 = trunc i64 %4 to i32
+  ret i32 %5
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/struct/out.ll

@@ -9,15 +9,16 @@ source_filename = "main"
 define void @"(main.Foo).Print"(%main.Foo %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %main.Foo, align 8
-  store %main.Foo %0, ptr %1, align 4
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = load i1, ptr %2, align 1
-  br i1 %3, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 8)
+  store %main.Foo %0, ptr %2, align 4
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load i1, ptr %3, align 1
+  br i1 %4, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
-  %5 = load i32, ptr %4, align 4
-  call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.format, i32 %5)
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %6 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4
+  call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.format, i32 %6)
   br label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
@@ -59,15 +60,18 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   %0 = alloca %main.Foo, align 8
-  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
-  store i32 100, ptr %1, align 4
-  store i1 true, ptr %2, align 1
-  %3 = load %main.Foo, ptr %0, align 4
-  call void @"(main.Foo).Print"(%main.Foo %3)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 8)
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %main.Foo, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i32 100, ptr %2, align 4
+  store i1 true, ptr %3, align 1
+  %4 = load %main.Foo, ptr %1, align 4
+  call void @"(main.Foo).Print"(%main.Foo %4)
   ret void
 }
 
 declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
 
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr, i64)
+
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/sum/out.ll

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ define void @main() {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
-  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 0
   store i64 1, ptr %1, align 4
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 1
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i64 3, ptr %3, align 4
   %4 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %0, i64 3
   store i64 4, ptr %4, align 4
-  %5 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %5 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %0, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
   %6 = call i64 @main.sum(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5)
   %7 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %6)
   ret void
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
-declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr, i64, i64)
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
 

cl/_testrt/typalias/out.ll

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ define void @main() {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
-  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 5)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 8)
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds { i32, i1 }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds { i32, i1 }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
   store i32 100, ptr %1, align 4
@@ -60,4 +60,4 @@ declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)

cl/builtin_test.go

@@ -25,14 +25,55 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
 )
 
+func TestErrCompileValue(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != "can't use llgo instruction as a value" {
+			t.Fatal("TestErrCompileValue:", r)
+		}
+	}()
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("foo", "foo")
+	ctx := &context{
+		goTyps: pkg,
+		link: map[string]string{
+			"foo.": "llgo.unreachable",
+		},
+	}
+	ctx.compileValue(nil, &ssa.Function{
+		Pkg:       &ssa.Package{Pkg: pkg},
+		Signature: types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false),
+	})
+}
+
+func TestErrCompileInstrOrValue(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Fatal("compileInstrOrValue: no error?")
+		}
+	}()
+	ctx := &context{
+		bvals: make(map[ssa.Value]llssa.Expr),
+	}
+	ctx.compileInstrOrValue(nil, &ssa.Call{}, true)
+}
+
+func TestErrAdvance(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Fatal("advance: no error?")
+		}
+	}()
+	var ctx context
+	ctx.advance(nil, nil)
+}
+
 func TestErrAlloca(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() {
 		if r := recover(); r == nil {
 			t.Fatal("alloca: no error?")
 		}
 	}()
-	var ctz context
-	ctz.alloca(nil, nil)
+	var ctx context
+	ctx.alloca(nil, nil)
 }
 
 func TestCStrNoArgs(t *testing.T) {
@@ -122,7 +163,7 @@ func TestErrInitLinkname(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}()
 	var ctx context
-	ctx.initLinkname("foo", "//go:linkname Printf printf")
+	ctx.initLinkname("foo", "//go:linkname Printf printf", false)
 }
 
 func TestErrVarOf(t *testing.T) {

cl/compile.go

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func (p *context) compileMethods(pkg llssa.Package, typ types.Type) {
 	for i, n := 0, mthds.Len(); i < n; i++ {
 		mthd := mthds.At(i)
 		if ssaMthd := prog.MethodValue(mthd); ssaMthd != nil {
-			p.compileFunc(pkg, mthd.Obj().Pkg(), ssaMthd)
+			p.compileFunc(pkg, mthd.Obj().Pkg(), ssaMthd, false)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -177,26 +177,43 @@ func (p *context) compileMethods(pkg llssa.Package, typ types.Type) {
 // Global variable.
 func (p *context) compileGlobal(pkg llssa.Package, gbl *ssa.Global) {
 	typ := gbl.Type()
-	name := llssa.FullName(gbl.Pkg.Pkg, gbl.Name())
+	name, vtype := p.varName(gbl.Pkg.Pkg, gbl)
 	if ignoreName(name) || checkCgo(gbl.Name()) {
 		return
 	}
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Println("==> NewVar", name, typ)
 	}
+	if vtype == cVar {
+		typ = llssa.CType(typ)
+	}
 	g := pkg.NewVar(name, typ)
-	g.Init(p.prog.Null(g.Type))
+	if vtype == goVar {
+		g.Init(p.prog.Null(g.Type))
+	}
 }
 
-func (p *context) compileFunc(pkg llssa.Package, pkgTypes *types.Package, f *ssa.Function) {
-	sig := f.Signature
-	name, ftype := p.funcName(pkgTypes, f, true)
-	switch ftype {
-	case ignoredFunc, llgoInstr: // llgo extended instructions
-		return
-	}
-	if debugInstr {
-		log.Println("==> NewFunc", name, "type:", sig.Recv(), sig)
+func (p *context) compileFunc(pkg llssa.Package, pkgTypes *types.Package, f *ssa.Function, closure bool) llssa.Function {
+	var sig = f.Signature
+	var name string
+	if closure {
+		name = funcName(pkgTypes, f)
+		if debugInstr {
+			log.Println("==> NewClosure", name, "type:", sig)
+		}
+	} else {
+		var ftype int
+		name, ftype = p.funcName(pkgTypes, f, true)
+		switch ftype {
+		case ignoredFunc, llgoInstr: // llgo extended instructions
+			return nil
+		}
+		if debugInstr {
+			log.Println("==> NewFunc", name, "type:", sig.Recv(), sig)
+		}
+		if ftype == cFunc {
+			sig = llssa.CFuncDecl(sig)
+		}
 	}
 	fn := pkg.NewFunc(name, sig)
 	p.inits = append(p.inits, func() {
@@ -225,6 +242,7 @@ func (p *context) compileFunc(pkg llssa.Package, pkgTypes *types.Package, f *ssa
 			phi()
 		}
 	})
+	return fn
 }
 
 func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, doInit bool) llssa.BasicBlock {
@@ -235,7 +253,8 @@ func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, doInit bo
 		callRuntimeInit(b, pkg)
 		b.Call(pkg.FuncOf("main.init").Expr)
 	}
-	for _, instr := range block.Instrs {
+	instrs := p.compilePhis(b, block.Instrs)
+	for _, instr := range instrs {
 		p.compileInstr(b, instr)
 	}
 	return ret
@@ -298,6 +317,15 @@ func cstr(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr) {
 	panic("cstr(<string-literal>): invalid arguments")
 }
 
+func (p *context) advance(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr) {
+	if len(args) == 2 {
+		ptr := p.compileValue(b, args[0])
+		offset := p.compileValue(b, args[1])
+		return b.Advance(ptr, offset)
+	}
+	panic("advance(p ptr, offset int): invalid arguments")
+}
+
 // func alloca(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer
 func (p *context) alloca(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr) {
 	if len(args) == 1 {
@@ -316,6 +344,50 @@ func (p *context) allocaCStr(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr)
 	panic("allocaCStr(s string): invalid arguments")
 }
 
+func isPhi(i ssa.Instruction) bool {
+	_, ok := i.(*ssa.Phi)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func (p *context) compilePhis(b llssa.Builder, instrs []ssa.Instruction) []ssa.Instruction {
+	if ninstr := len(instrs); ninstr > 0 {
+		if isPhi(instrs[0]) {
+			n := 1
+			for n < ninstr && isPhi(instrs[n]) {
+				n++
+			}
+			rets := make([]llssa.Expr, n)
+			for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+				iv := instrs[i].(*ssa.Phi)
+				rets[i] = p.compilePhi(b, iv)
+			}
+			for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+				iv := instrs[i].(*ssa.Phi)
+				p.bvals[iv] = rets[i].Do(b)
+			}
+			return instrs[n:]
+		}
+	}
+	return instrs
+}
+
+func (p *context) compilePhi(b llssa.Builder, v *ssa.Phi) (ret llssa.Expr) {
+	phi := b.Phi(p.prog.Type(v.Type()))
+	ret = phi.Expr
+	p.phis = append(p.phis, func() {
+		preds := v.Block().Preds
+		bblks := make([]llssa.BasicBlock, len(preds))
+		for i, pred := range preds {
+			bblks[i] = p.fn.Block(pred.Index)
+		}
+		edges := v.Edges
+		phi.AddIncoming(b, bblks, func(i int) llssa.Expr {
+			return p.compileValue(b, edges[i])
+		})
+	})
+	return
+}
+
 func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue bool) (ret llssa.Expr) {
 	if asValue {
 		if v, ok := p.bvals[iv]; ok {
@@ -353,6 +425,8 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 				ret = b.Call(fn.Expr, args...)
 			case llgoCstr:
 				ret = cstr(b, call.Args)
+			case llgoAdvance:
+				ret = p.advance(b, call.Args)
 			case llgoAlloca:
 				ret = p.alloca(b, call.Args)
 			case llgoAllocaCStr:
@@ -363,12 +437,9 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 				panic("todo")
 			}
 		default:
-			panic("todo")
-			/*
-				fn := p.compileValue(b, cv)
-				args := p.compileValues(b, call.Args, kind)
-				ret = b.Call(fn, args...)
-			*/
+			fn := p.compileValue(b, cv)
+			args := p.compileValues(b, call.Args, kind)
+			ret = b.Call(fn, args...)
 		}
 	case *ssa.BinOp:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
@@ -377,18 +448,6 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 	case *ssa.UnOp:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		ret = b.UnOp(v.Op, x)
-	case *ssa.Phi:
-		phi := b.Phi(p.prog.Type(v.Type()))
-		ret = phi.Expr
-		p.phis = append(p.phis, func() {
-			vals := p.compileValues(b, v.Edges, 0)
-			preds := v.Block().Preds
-			bblks := make([]llssa.BasicBlock, len(preds))
-			for i, pred := range preds {
-				bblks[i] = p.fn.Block(pred.Index)
-			}
-			phi.AddIncoming(vals, bblks)
-		})
 	case *ssa.ChangeType:
 		t := v.Type()
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
@@ -414,6 +473,17 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 		x := p.compileValue(b, vx)
 		idx := p.compileValue(b, v.Index)
 		ret = b.IndexAddr(x, idx)
+	case *ssa.Index:
+		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
+		idx := p.compileValue(b, v.Index)
+		ret = b.Index(x, idx, func(e llssa.Expr) (ret llssa.Expr) {
+			if e == x {
+				if n, ok := v.X.(*ssa.UnOp); ok {
+					return p.compileValue(b, n.X)
+				}
+			}
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("todo addr of %v", e))
+		})
 	case *ssa.Slice:
 		vx := v.X
 		if _, ok := p.isVArgs(vx); ok { // varargs: this is a varargs slice
@@ -431,13 +501,6 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 			max = p.compileValue(b, v.Max)
 		}
 		ret = b.Slice(x, low, high, max)
-	case *ssa.MakeMap:
-		var nReserve llssa.Expr
-		t := v.Type()
-		if v.Reserve != nil {
-			nReserve = p.compileValue(b, v.Reserve)
-		}
-		ret = b.MakeMap(p.prog.Type(t), nReserve)
 	case *ssa.MakeInterface:
 		const (
 			delayExpr = true // varargs: don't need to convert an expr to any
@@ -445,6 +508,21 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 		t := v.Type()
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		ret = b.MakeInterface(t, x, delayExpr)
+	case *ssa.MakeSlice:
+		var nCap llssa.Expr
+		t := v.Type()
+		nLen := p.compileValue(b, v.Len)
+		if v.Cap != nil {
+			nCap = p.compileValue(b, v.Cap)
+		}
+		ret = b.MakeSlice(p.prog.Type(t), nLen, nCap)
+	case *ssa.MakeMap:
+		var nReserve llssa.Expr
+		t := v.Type()
+		if v.Reserve != nil {
+			nReserve = p.compileValue(b, v.Reserve)
+		}
+		ret = b.MakeMap(p.prog.Type(t), nReserve)
 	case *ssa.TypeAssert:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		ret = b.TypeAssert(x, p.prog.Type(v.AssertedType), v.CommaOk)
@@ -504,7 +582,7 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 		val := p.compileValue(b, v.Value)
 		b.MapUpdate(m, key, val)
 	case *ssa.Panic:
-		arg := p.compileValue(b, v.X).Do()
+		arg := p.compileValue(b, v.X).Do(b)
 		b.Panic(arg)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("compileInstr: unknown instr - %T\n", instr))
@@ -524,14 +602,15 @@ func (p *context) compileValue(b llssa.Builder, v ssa.Value) llssa.Expr {
 			}
 		}
 	case *ssa.Function:
-		panic("unreachable")
-		/*
-			fn, ftype := p.funcOf(v)
-			if ftype >= llgoInstrBase {
-				panic("can't use llgo instruction as a value")
-			}
+		if v.Blocks != nil {
+			fn := p.compileFunc(p.pkg, p.goTyps, v, true)
 			return fn.Expr
-		*/
+		}
+		fn, ftype := p.funcOf(v)
+		if ftype >= llgoInstrBase {
+			panic("can't use llgo instruction as a value")
+		}
+		return fn.Expr
 	case *ssa.Global:
 		g := p.varOf(v)
 		return g.Expr
@@ -561,7 +640,7 @@ func (p *context) compileValues(b llssa.Builder, vals []ssa.Value, hasVArg int)
 	n := len(vals) - hasVArg
 	ret := make([]llssa.Expr, n)
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		ret[i] = p.compileValue(b, vals[i]).Do()
+		ret[i] = p.compileValue(b, vals[i]).Do(b)
 	}
 	if hasVArg > 0 {
 		ret = p.compileVArg(ret, b, vals[n])
@@ -616,15 +695,19 @@ func NewPackage(prog llssa.Program, pkg *ssa.Package, files []*ast.File) (ret ll
 				// Do not try to build generic (non-instantiated) functions.
 				continue
 			}
-			ctx.compileFunc(ret, member.Pkg.Pkg, member)
+			ctx.compileFunc(ret, member.Pkg.Pkg, member, false)
 		case *ssa.Type:
 			ctx.compileType(ret, member)
 		case *ssa.Global:
 			ctx.compileGlobal(ret, member)
 		}
 	}
-	for _, ini := range ctx.inits {
-		ini()
+	for len(ctx.inits) > 0 {
+		inits := ctx.inits
+		ctx.inits = nil
+		for _, ini := range inits {
+			ini()
+		}
 	}
 	return
 }

cl/import.go

@@ -90,19 +90,14 @@ func (p *context) importPkg(pkg *types.Package, i *pkgInfo) {
 	for _, name := range names {
 		if token.IsExported(name) {
 			obj := scope.Lookup(name)
-			if obj, ok := obj.(*types.Func); ok {
+			switch obj := obj.(type) {
+			case *types.Func:
 				if pos := obj.Pos(); pos != token.NoPos {
-					f := fset.File(pos)
-					if fp := f.Position(pos); fp.Line > 2 {
-						lines, err := contentOf(contents, fp.Filename)
-						if err != nil {
-							panic(err)
-						}
-						if i := fp.Line - 2; i < len(lines) {
-							line := string(lines[i])
-							p.initLinkname(pkgPath, line)
-						}
-					}
+					p.initLinknameByPos(fset, pos, pkgPath, contents, false)
+				}
+			case *types.Var:
+				if pos := obj.Pos(); pos != token.NoPos {
+					p.initLinknameByPos(fset, pos, pkgPath, contents, true)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -112,21 +107,44 @@ func (p *context) importPkg(pkg *types.Package, i *pkgInfo) {
 func (p *context) initFiles(pkgPath string, files []*ast.File) {
 	for _, file := range files {
 		for _, decl := range file.Decls {
-			if decl, ok := decl.(*ast.FuncDecl); ok {
+			switch decl := decl.(type) {
+			case *ast.FuncDecl:
 				if decl.Recv == nil {
-					if doc := decl.Doc; doc != nil {
-						if n := len(doc.List); n > 0 {
-							line := doc.List[n-1].Text
-							p.initLinkname(pkgPath, line)
-						}
-					}
+					p.initLinknameByDoc(decl.Doc, pkgPath, false)
+				}
+			case *ast.GenDecl:
+				if decl.Tok == token.VAR && len(decl.Specs) == 1 {
+					p.initLinknameByDoc(decl.Doc, pkgPath, true)
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *context) initLinkname(pkgPath, line string) {
+func (p *context) initLinknameByDoc(doc *ast.CommentGroup, pkgPath string, isVar bool) {
+	if doc != nil {
+		if n := len(doc.List); n > 0 {
+			line := doc.List[n-1].Text
+			p.initLinkname(pkgPath, line, isVar)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *context) initLinknameByPos(fset *token.FileSet, pos token.Pos, pkgPath string, contents contentMap, isVar bool) {
+	f := fset.File(pos)
+	if fp := f.Position(pos); fp.Line > 2 {
+		lines, err := contentOf(contents, fp.Filename)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		if i := fp.Line - 2; i < len(lines) {
+			line := string(lines[i])
+			p.initLinkname(pkgPath, line, isVar)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *context) initLinkname(pkgPath, line string, isVar bool) {
 	const (
 		linkname = "//go:linkname "
 	)
@@ -134,7 +152,7 @@ func (p *context) initLinkname(pkgPath, line string) {
 		text := strings.TrimSpace(line[len(linkname):])
 		if idx := strings.IndexByte(text, ' '); idx > 0 {
 			link := strings.TrimLeft(text[idx+1:], " ")
-			if strings.Contains(link, ".") { // eg. C.printf, C.strlen, llgo.cstr
+			if isVar || strings.Contains(link, ".") { // eg. C.printf, C.strlen, llgo.cstr
 				name := pkgPath + "." + text[:idx]
 				p.link[name] = link
 			} else {
@@ -182,6 +200,7 @@ const (
 	llgoCstr        = llgoInstrBase + 1
 	llgoAlloca      = llgoInstrBase + 2
 	llgoAllocaCStr  = llgoInstrBase + 3
+	llgoAdvance     = llgoInstrBase + 4
 )
 
 func (p *context) funcName(pkg *types.Package, fn *ssa.Function, ignore bool) (string, int) {
@@ -201,6 +220,20 @@ func (p *context) funcName(pkg *types.Package, fn *ssa.Function, ignore bool) (s
 	return name, goFunc
 }
 
+const (
+	ignoredVar = iota
+	goVar
+	cVar
+)
+
+func (p *context) varName(pkg *types.Package, v *ssa.Global) (vName string, vtype int) {
+	name := llssa.FullName(pkg, v.Name())
+	if v, ok := p.link[name]; ok {
+		return v, cVar
+	}
+	return name, goVar
+}
+
 // funcOf returns a function by name and set ftype = goFunc, cFunc, etc.
 // or returns nil and set ftype = llgoCstr, llgoAlloca, llgoUnreachable, etc.
 func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
@@ -211,6 +244,8 @@ func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
 		switch name {
 		case "cstr":
 			ftype = llgoCstr
+		case "advance":
+			ftype = llgoAdvance
 		case "alloca":
 			ftype = llgoAlloca
 		case "allocaCStr":
@@ -226,14 +261,14 @@ func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
 	return
 }
 
-func (p *context) varOf(v *ssa.Global) llssa.Global {
+func (p *context) varOf(v *ssa.Global) (ret llssa.Global) {
 	pkgTypes := p.ensureLoaded(v.Pkg.Pkg)
 	pkg := p.pkg
-	name := llssa.FullName(pkgTypes, v.Name())
-	if ret := pkg.VarOf(name); ret != nil {
-		return ret
+	name, _ := p.varName(pkgTypes, v)
+	if ret = pkg.VarOf(name); ret == nil {
+		ret = pkg.NewVar(name, v.Type())
 	}
-	return pkg.NewVar(name, v.Type())
+	return
 }
 
 func (p *context) ensureLoaded(pkgTypes *types.Package) *types.Package {

cl/internal/linktarget/foo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package linktarget
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func F(a, b *c.Char) {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("a: %s, b: %s\n"), a, b)
+}

cl/internal/linktarget/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+; ModuleID = 'github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget'
+source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget"
+
+@"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [14 x i8] c"a: %s, b: %s\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, ptr %0, ptr %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.init"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

go.mod

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ go 1.18
 require (
 	github.com/aykevl/go-wasm v0.0.1
 	github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2
-	github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.3
+	github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5
 	github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10
 	github.com/qiniu/x v1.13.10
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.20.0

go.sum

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ github.com/aykevl/go-wasm v0.0.1 h1:lPxy8l48P39W7I0tLrtCrLfZBOUq9IWZ7odGdyJP2AM=
 github.com/aykevl/go-wasm v0.0.1/go.mod h1:b4nggwg3lEkNKOU4wzhtLKz2q2sLxSHFnc98aGt6z/Y=
 github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2 h1:Q6XaSx/Zi5tWnjfAziYsQI6Jv6MgODRpFtOYqNkiiqM=
 github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2/go.mod h1:92qEzVgv7y8JEFICWG9GvYI5IzfEkxYdsA1DbmnTkqk=
-github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.3 h1:I7UkAO4kzn0Es2iHKRpGU1LjYQ452XwYfsSs1OAAXk8=
-github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.3/go.mod h1:PeVK8GgzxwAYCiMiUAJb5wJR6xbhj989tu9oulKLLT4=
+github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5 h1:ges8WcUdu4FBi0mkZUs27p/4qDQlj28N1UpMg3VQUoE=
+github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5/go.mod h1:PeVK8GgzxwAYCiMiUAJb5wJR6xbhj989tu9oulKLLT4=
 github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10 h1:5Om6KOvo31daN7N30kWU1vC5zhsJPM+uPbcEN/FnlzE=
 github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10/go.mod h1:HDuPZgpWiaTp3PUolFgsiX+Q77cbUWB/mikVHfYND3c=
 github.com/qiniu/x v1.13.10 h1:J4Z3XugYzAq85SlyAfqlKVrbf05glMbAOh+QncsDQpE=

internal/abi/llgo_autogen.ll

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.ArrayType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr, ptr, i64 }
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, i32, i32 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, { ptr, ptr }, ptr, i32, i32 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.ChanType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr, i64 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.FuncType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", i16, i16 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.InterfaceType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Name", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Name" = type { ptr }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.MapType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr, i8, i8, i16, i32 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.MapType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr, ptr, ptr, { ptr, ptr }, i8, i8, i16, i32 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.PtrType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.SliceType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.StructType" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Name", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" }

internal/aliases/aliases.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package aliases
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+// Package aliases defines backward compatible shims
+// for the types.Alias type representation added in 1.22.
+// This defines placeholders for x/tools until 1.26.
+
+// NewAlias creates a new TypeName in Package pkg that
+// is an alias for the type rhs.
+//
+// The enabled parameter determines whether the resulting [TypeName]'s
+// type is an [types.Alias]. Its value must be the result of a call to
+// [Enabled], which computes the effective value of
+// GODEBUG=gotypesalias=... by invoking the type checker. The Enabled
+// function is expensive and should be called once per task (e.g.
+// package import), not once per call to NewAlias.
+func NewAlias(enabled bool, pos token.Pos, pkg *types.Package, name string, rhs types.Type) *types.TypeName {
+	if enabled {
+		tname := types.NewTypeName(pos, pkg, name, nil)
+		newAlias(tname, rhs)
+		return tname
+	}
+	return types.NewTypeName(pos, pkg, name, rhs)
+}

internal/aliases/aliases_go121.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build !go1.22
+// +build !go1.22
+
+package aliases
+
+import (
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+// Alias is a placeholder for a go/types.Alias for <=1.21.
+// It will never be created by go/types.
+type Alias struct{}
+
+func (*Alias) String() string         { panic("unreachable") }
+func (*Alias) Underlying() types.Type { panic("unreachable") }
+func (*Alias) Obj() *types.TypeName   { panic("unreachable") }
+func Rhs(alias *Alias) types.Type     { panic("unreachable") }
+
+// Unalias returns the type t for go <=1.21.
+func Unalias(t types.Type) types.Type { return t }
+
+func newAlias(name *types.TypeName, rhs types.Type) *Alias { panic("unreachable") }
+
+// Enabled reports whether [NewAlias] should create [types.Alias] types.
+//
+// Before go1.22, this function always returns false.
+func Enabled() bool { return false }

internal/aliases/aliases_go122.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+//go:build go1.22
+// +build go1.22
+
+package aliases
+
+import (
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/parser"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+// Alias is an alias of types.Alias.
+type Alias = types.Alias
+
+// Rhs returns the type on the right-hand side of the alias declaration.
+func Rhs(alias *Alias) types.Type {
+	if alias, ok := any(alias).(interface{ Rhs() types.Type }); ok {
+		return alias.Rhs() // go1.23+
+	}
+
+	// go1.22's Alias didn't have the Rhs method,
+	// so Unalias is the best we can do.
+	return Unalias(alias)
+}
+
+// Unalias is a wrapper of types.Unalias.
+func Unalias(t types.Type) types.Type { return types.Unalias(t) }
+
+// newAlias is an internal alias around types.NewAlias.
+// Direct usage is discouraged as the moment.
+// Try to use NewAlias instead.
+func newAlias(tname *types.TypeName, rhs types.Type) *Alias {
+	a := types.NewAlias(tname, rhs)
+	// TODO(go.dev/issue/65455): Remove kludgy workaround to set a.actual as a side-effect.
+	Unalias(a)
+	return a
+}
+
+// Enabled reports whether [NewAlias] should create [types.Alias] types.
+//
+// This function is expensive! Call it sparingly.
+func Enabled() bool {
+	// The only reliable way to compute the answer is to invoke go/types.
+	// We don't parse the GODEBUG environment variable, because
+	// (a) it's tricky to do so in a manner that is consistent
+	//     with the godebug package; in particular, a simple
+	//     substring check is not good enough. The value is a
+	//     rightmost-wins list of options. But more importantly:
+	// (b) it is impossible to detect changes to the effective
+	//     setting caused by os.Setenv("GODEBUG"), as happens in
+	//     many tests. Therefore any attempt to cache the result
+	//     is just incorrect.
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	f, _ := parser.ParseFile(fset, "a.go", "package p; type A = int", 0)
+	pkg, _ := new(types.Config).Check("p", fset, []*ast.File{f}, nil)
+	_, enabled := pkg.Scope().Lookup("A").Type().(*types.Alias)
+	return enabled
+}

internal/runtime/c/c.go

@@ -27,11 +27,24 @@ type (
 	Char    = int8
 	Int     = C.int
 	Pointer = unsafe.Pointer
+	FilePtr = unsafe.Pointer
 )
 
+//go:linkname Stdin __stdinp
+var Stdin FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Stdout __stdoutp
+var Stdout FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Stderr __stderrp
+var Stderr FilePtr
+
 //go:linkname Str llgo.cstr
 func Str(string) *Char
 
+//go:linkname Advance llgo.advance
+func Advance(ptr Pointer, offset int) Pointer
+
 //go:linkname Alloca llgo.alloca
 func Alloca(size uintptr) Pointer
 
@@ -50,5 +63,11 @@ func Malloc(size uintptr) Pointer
 //go:linkname Memcpy C.memcpy
 func Memcpy(dst, src Pointer, n uintptr) Pointer
 
+//go:linkname Memset C.memset
+func Memset(s Pointer, c Int, n uintptr) Pointer
+
 //go:linkname Printf C.printf
 func Printf(format *Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) Int
+
+//go:linkname Fprintf C.fprintf
+func Fprintf(fp FilePtr, format *Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) Int

internal/runtime/llgo_autogen.ll

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime"
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" = type { ptr, ptr }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab" = type { ptr, ptr, i32, [4 x i8], [1 x i64] }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
-%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, ptr, ptr, i32, i32 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, { ptr, ptr }, ptr, i32, i32 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.hmap" = type { i64, i8, i8, i16, i32, ptr, ptr, i64, ptr }
 
 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny" = global ptr null
@@ -13,14 +13,24 @@ source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime"
 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.sizeBasicTypes" = global ptr null
 @0 = private unnamed_addr constant [21 x i8] c"I2Int: type mismatch\00", align 1
-@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [11 x i8] c"panic: %s\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [26 x i8] c"slice index out of bounds\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [33 x i8] c"string slice index out of bounds\00", align 1
+@__stderrp = external global ptr
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [11 x i8] c"panic: %s\0A\00", align 1
 
-define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 %0) {
+define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = call ptr @malloc(i64 %0)
   ret ptr %1
 }
 
+define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @malloc(i64 %0)
+  %2 = call ptr @memset(ptr %1, i32 0, i64 %0)
+  ret ptr %2
+}
+
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.basicTypes", i64 %0
@@ -31,46 +41,49 @@ _llgo_0:
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %0, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1, ptr %2, align 8
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
-  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
-  %6 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8
-  %7 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %0, ptr %6, i64 %4)
-  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %0, i64 %4
-  store i8 0, ptr %8, align 1
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %5 = load i64, ptr %4, align 4
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %7 = load ptr, ptr %6, align 8
+  %8 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %0, ptr %7, i64 %5)
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %0, i64 %5
+  store i8 0, ptr %9, align 1
   ret ptr %0
 }
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrDup"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = load i64, ptr %2, align 4
-  %4 = add i64 %3, 1
-  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 %4)
-  %6 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, align 8
-  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %5, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6)
-  ret ptr %7
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
+  %5 = add i64 %4, 1
+  %6 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 %5)
+  %7 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, align 8
+  %8 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %6, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %7)
+  ret ptr %8
 }
 
 define { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %2, align 8
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
-  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
-  %6 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8
-  %7 = icmp eq ptr %6, %1
-  br i1 %7, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = load ptr, ptr %6, align 8
+  %8 = icmp eq ptr %7, %1
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
-  %9 = load ptr, ptr %8, align 8
-  %10 = ptrtoint ptr %9 to i64
-  %mrv = insertvalue { i64, i1 } poison, i64 %10, 0
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %10 = load ptr, ptr %9, align 8
+  %11 = ptrtoint ptr %10 to i64
+  %mrv = insertvalue { i64, i1 } poison, i64 %11, 0
   %mrv1 = insertvalue { i64, i1 } %mrv, i1 true, 1
   ret { i64, i1 } %mrv1
 
@@ -81,41 +94,43 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.EmptyString"() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr null, ptr %1, align 8
-  store i64 0, ptr %2, align 4
-  %3 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %0, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 16)
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  store i64 0, ptr %3, align 4
+  %4 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %4
 }
 
 define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.I2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %2, align 8
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
-  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
-  %6 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8
-  %7 = icmp eq ptr %6, %1
-  br i1 %7, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = load ptr, ptr %6, align 8
+  %8 = icmp eq ptr %7, %1
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
-  %9 = load ptr, ptr %8, align 8
-  %10 = ptrtoint ptr %9 to i64
-  ret i64 %10
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %10 = load ptr, ptr %9, align 8
+  %11 = ptrtoint ptr %10 to i64
+  ret i64 %11
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %11 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 20)
-  %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11)
-  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %12)
+  %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 20)
+  %13 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %12)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13)
   unreachable
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAny"(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
   %4 = load ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny", align 8
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
@@ -127,17 +142,18 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 0, ptr %6, align 4
   store i64 0, ptr %8, align 4
   %9 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 0
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %2, ptr %10, align 8
-  store ptr %1, ptr %11, align 8
-  %12 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %12
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %9, i64 16)
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %2, ptr %11, align 8
+  store ptr %1, ptr %12, align 8
+  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %0, i64 %1) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
   %4 = load ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny", align 8
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
@@ -149,21 +165,22 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 0, ptr %6, align 4
   store i64 0, ptr %8, align 4
   %9 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 0
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 1
-  %12 = inttoptr i64 %1 to ptr
-  store ptr %2, ptr %10, align 8
-  store ptr %12, ptr %11, align 8
-  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %9, i64 16)
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
+  %13 = inttoptr i64 %1 to ptr
+  store ptr %2, ptr %11, align 8
+  store ptr %13, ptr %12, align 8
+  %14 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %14
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 16)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 16)
   store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %1, align 8
   %2 = load ptr, ptr getelementptr inbounds (ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.basicTypes", i64 24), align 8
-  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
   %5 = load ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny", align 8
   %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
@@ -175,17 +192,18 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 0, ptr %7, align 4
   store i64 0, ptr %9, align 4
   %10 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
-  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %3, ptr %11, align 8
-  store ptr %1, ptr %12, align 8
-  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13
+  %11 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %10, i64 16)
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %11, i32 0, i32 0
+  %13 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %11, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %3, ptr %12, align 8
+  store ptr %1, ptr %13, align 8
+  %14 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %11, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %14
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeInterface"(ptr %0, ptr %1, ptr %2) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 32)
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
   %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 2
@@ -196,12 +214,13 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 0, ptr %6, align 4
   store i64 0, ptr %8, align 4
   %9 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 0
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %3, ptr %10, align 8
-  store ptr %2, ptr %11, align 8
-  %12 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %9, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %12
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %9, i64 16)
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 0
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %3, ptr %11, align 8
+  store ptr %2, ptr %12, align 8
+  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %10, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13
 }
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeSmallMap"() {
@@ -213,109 +232,274 @@ _llgo_0:
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
 _llgo_0:
   %3 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
-  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 2
-  store ptr %0, ptr %4, align 8
-  store i64 %1, ptr %5, align 4
-  store i64 %2, ptr %6, align 4
-  %7 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %3, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7
+  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %3, i64 24)
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 2
+  store ptr %0, ptr %5, align 8
+  store i64 %1, ptr %6, align 4
+  store i64 %2, ptr %7, align 4
+  %8 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %4, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %8
+}
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2, i64 %3, i64 %4, i64 %5) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %6 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
+  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %6, i64 24)
+  %8 = icmp slt i64 %3, 0
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_5
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_4, %_llgo_3, %_llgo_0
+  %9 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 25)
+  %10 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %9)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %10)
+  unreachable
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %11 = sub i64 %4, %3
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 %11, ptr %12, align 4
+  %13 = sub i64 %5, %3
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, i32 0, i32 2
+  store i64 %13, ptr %14, align 4
+  %15 = sub i64 %5, %3
+  %16 = icmp sgt i64 %15, 0
+  br i1 %16, label %_llgo_6, label %_llgo_8
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %17 = icmp sgt i64 %5, %2
+  br i1 %17, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5
+  %18 = icmp slt i64 %5, %4
+  br i1 %18, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %19 = icmp slt i64 %4, %3
+  br i1 %19, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %20 = mul i64 %3, %1
+  %21 = getelementptr i8, ptr %0, i64 %20
+  %22 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %21, ptr %22, align 8
+  br label %_llgo_7
+
+_llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6
+  %23 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %23
+
+_llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %24 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %0, ptr %24, align 8
+  br label %_llgo_7
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr %0, i64 %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
-  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %0, ptr %3, align 8
-  store i64 %1, ptr %4, align 4
-  %5 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %5
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %0, ptr %4, align 8
+  store i64 %1, ptr %5, align 4
+  %6 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6
+}
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %3, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %4, align 8
+  %5 = icmp slt i64 %1, 0
+  br i1 %5, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_3, %_llgo_0
+  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 32)
+  %7 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %7)
+  unreachable
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %9 = load i64, ptr %8, align 4
+  %10 = icmp slt i64 %1, %9
+  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_6
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %12 = load i64, ptr %11, align 4
+  %13 = icmp sgt i64 %2, %12
+  br i1 %13, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %14 = icmp slt i64 %2, %1
+  br i1 %14, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %15 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %16 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %15, i64 16)
+  %17 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %16, i32 0, i32 0
+  %18 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
+  %19 = load ptr, ptr %18, align 8
+  %20 = getelementptr i8, ptr %19, i64 %1
+  %21 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %16, i32 0, i32 1
+  %22 = sub i64 %2, %1
+  store ptr %20, ptr %17, align 8
+  store i64 %22, ptr %21, align 4
+  %23 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %16, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %23
+
+_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %24 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %25 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %24, i64 16)
+  %26 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %25, i32 0, i32 0
+  %27 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %25, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %26, align 8
+  store i64 0, ptr %27, align 4
+  %28 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %25, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %28
 }
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NilSlice"() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 2
-  store ptr null, ptr %1, align 8
-  store i64 0, ptr %2, align 4
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 24)
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 2
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
   store i64 0, ptr %3, align 4
-  %4 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %0, align 8
-  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4
+  store i64 0, ptr %4, align 4
+  %5 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %5
+}
+
+define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 24)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 2
+  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
+  ret i64 %4
 }
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
-  %3 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
-  ret ptr %3
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 24)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
+  ret ptr %4
 }
 
 define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = load i64, ptr %2, align 4
-  ret i64 %3
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 24)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
+  ret i64 %4
+}
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %2, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %4, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1, ptr %5, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %7 = load i64, ptr %6, align 4
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 1
+  %9 = load i64, ptr %8, align 4
+  %10 = add i64 %7, %9
+  %11 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 %10)
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %13 = load ptr, ptr %12, align 8
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %15 = load i64, ptr %14, align 4
+  %16 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %11, ptr %13, i64 %15)
+  %17 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %18 = load i64, ptr %17, align 4
+  %19 = getelementptr i8, ptr %11, i64 %18
+  %20 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 0
+  %21 = load ptr, ptr %20, align 8
+  %22 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 1
+  %23 = load i64, ptr %22, align 4
+  %24 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %19, ptr %21, i64 %23)
+  %25 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %26 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %25, i64 16)
+  %27 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %26, i32 0, i32 0
+  %28 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %26, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %11, ptr %27, align 8
+  store i64 %10, ptr %28, align 4
+  %29 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %26, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %29
 }
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
-  %3 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
-  ret ptr %3
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
+  ret ptr %4
 }
 
-define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %3 = load i64, ptr %2, align 4
-  ret i64 %3
+  %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
+  ret i64 %4
 }
 
 define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TracePanic"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", align 8
-  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %1, align 8
-  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
-  %3 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
-  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
-  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
-  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %5, i32 0, i32 6
-  %7 = load i8, ptr %6, align 1
-  %8 = sext i8 %7 to i64
-  %9 = icmp eq i64 %8, 24
-  br i1 %9, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %1, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.itab", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %6 = load ptr, ptr %5, align 8
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %6, i32 0, i32 6
+  %8 = load i8, ptr %7, align 1
+  %9 = sext i8 %8 to i64
+  %10 = icmp eq i64 %9, 24
+  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
-  %11 = load ptr, ptr %10, align 8
-  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %11, i32 0, i32 1
-  %13 = load i64, ptr %12, align 4
-  %14 = add i64 %13, 1
-  %15 = alloca i8, i64 %14, align 1
-  %16 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %11, align 8
-  %17 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %15, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %16)
-  %18 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, ptr %17)
+  %11 = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp, align 8
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  %13 = load ptr, ptr %12, align 8
+  %14 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %13, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.stringTracef"(ptr %11, ptr @3, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %14)
   br label %_llgo_1
 }
 
+define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call ptr @memset(ptr %0, i32 0, i64 %1)
+  ret ptr %2
+}
+
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.basicType"(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 48)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 56)
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.sizeBasicTypes", i64 %0
   %4 = load i64, ptr %3, align 4
@@ -339,7 +523,7 @@ _llgo_0:
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
   store i1 true, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init$guard", align 1
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.init"()
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 80)
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 88)
   store ptr %1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.TyAny", align 8
   store i64 1, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i64, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.sizeBasicTypes", i64 1), align 4
   store i64 8, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i64, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.sizeBasicTypes", i64 2), align 4
@@ -406,17 +590,34 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.makemap_small"() {
 _llgo_0:
-  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Alloc"(i64 48)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 48)
   %1 = call i32 @rand()
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.hmap", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 4
   store i32 %1, ptr %2, align 4
   ret ptr %0
 }
 
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.stringTracef"(ptr %0, ptr %1, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
+  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr %3, i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, ptr %4, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  %6 = load i64, ptr %5, align 4
+  %7 = add i64 %6, 1
+  %8 = alloca i8, i64 %7, align 1
+  %9 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %4, align 8
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %8, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %9)
+  %11 = call i32 (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %0, ptr %1, ptr %10)
+  ret void
+}
+
 declare ptr @malloc(i64)
 
+declare ptr @memset(ptr, i32, i64)
+
 declare ptr @memcpy(ptr, ptr, i64)
 
-declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.init"()
+
+declare i32 @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)

internal/runtime/z_c.go

@@ -23,19 +23,33 @@ import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
 )
 
-// Alloc allocates memory.
-func Alloc(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+// AllocU allocates uninitialized memory.
+func AllocU(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
 	return c.Malloc(size)
 }
 
+// AllocZ allocates zero-initialized memory.
+func AllocZ(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	ret := c.Malloc(size)
+	return c.Memset(ret, 0, size)
+}
+
+// Zeroinit initializes memory to zero.
+func Zeroinit(p c.Pointer, size uintptr) c.Pointer {
+	return c.Memset(p, 0, size)
+}
+
 // TracePanic prints panic message.
 func TracePanic(v Interface) {
 	kind := abi.Kind(v.tab._type.Kind_)
 	switch {
 	case kind == abi.String:
-		s := (*String)(v.data)
-		cs := c.Alloca(uintptr(s.len) + 1)
-		c.Printf(c.Str("panic: %s\n"), CStrCopy(cs, *s))
+		stringTracef(c.Stderr, c.Str("panic: %s\n"), *(*String)(v.data))
 	}
 	// TODO(xsw): other message type
 }
+
+func stringTracef(fp c.FilePtr, format *c.Char, s String) {
+	cs := c.Alloca(uintptr(s.len) + 1)
+	c.Fprintf(fp, format, CStrCopy(cs, s))
+}

internal/runtime/z_closure.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package runtime
+
+/*
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// Closure represents a closure.
+type Closure struct {
+	f    unsafe.Pointer
+	data unsafe.Pointer // means no context if data is nil
+}
+
+// NewClosure creates a closure.
+func NewClosure(f, data unsafe.Pointer) Closure {
+	return Closure{f, data}
+}
+
+// ClosureF returns the function of a closure.
+func ClosureF(c Closure) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return c.f
+}
+
+// ClosureData returns the data of a closure.
+func ClosureData(c Closure) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return c.data
+}
+*/

internal/runtime/z_slice.go

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ package runtime
 
 import (
 	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
 )
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -39,11 +41,30 @@ func NewSlice(data unsafe.Pointer, len, cap int) Slice {
 	return Slice{data, len, cap}
 }
 
+func NewSlice3(base unsafe.Pointer, eltSize, cap, i, j, k int) (s Slice) {
+	if i < 0 || j < i || k < j || k > cap {
+		panic("slice index out of bounds")
+	}
+	s.len = j - i
+	s.cap = k - i
+	if k-i > 0 {
+		s.data = c.Advance(base, i*eltSize)
+	} else {
+		s.data = base
+	}
+	return
+}
+
 // SliceLen returns the length of a slice.
 func SliceLen(s Slice) int {
 	return s.len
 }
 
+// SliceCap returns the capacity of a slice.
+func SliceCap(s Slice) int {
+	return s.cap
+}
+
 // SliceData returns the data pointer of a slice.
 func SliceData(s Slice) unsafe.Pointer {
 	return s.data

internal/runtime/z_string.go

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func NewString(data unsafe.Pointer, len int) String {
 }
 
 // StringLen returns the length of a string.
-func StringLen(s Slice) int {
+func StringLen(s String) int {
 	return s.len
 }
 
@@ -55,6 +55,15 @@ func StringData(s String) unsafe.Pointer {
 	return s.data
 }
 
+// StringCat concatenates two strings.
+func StringCat(a, b String) String {
+	n := a.len + b.len
+	dest := AllocU(uintptr(n))
+	c.Memcpy(dest, a.data, uintptr(a.len))
+	c.Memcpy(c.Advance(dest, a.len), b.data, uintptr(b.len))
+	return String{dest, n}
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // CStrCopy copies a Go string to a C string buffer and returns it.
@@ -67,8 +76,18 @@ func CStrCopy(dest unsafe.Pointer, s String) *int8 {
 }
 
 func CStrDup(s String) *int8 {
-	dest := Alloc(uintptr(s.len + 1))
+	dest := AllocU(uintptr(s.len + 1))
 	return CStrCopy(dest, s)
 }
 
+func NewStringSlice(base String, i, j int) String {
+	if i < 0 || j < i || j > base.len {
+		panic("string slice index out of bounds")
+	}
+	if i < base.len {
+		return String{c.Advance(base.data, i), j - i}
+	}
+	return String{nil, 0}
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

internal/typeparams/normalize.go

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package typeparams
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/types"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+//go:generate go run copytermlist.go
+
+const debug = false
+
+var ErrEmptyTypeSet = errors.New("empty type set")
+
+// StructuralTerms returns a slice of terms representing the normalized
+// structural type restrictions of a type parameter, if any.
+//
+// Structural type restrictions of a type parameter are created via
+// non-interface types embedded in its constraint interface (directly, or via a
+// chain of interface embeddings). For example, in the declaration
+//
+//	type T[P interface{~int; m()}] int
+//
+// the structural restriction of the type parameter P is ~int.
+//
+// With interface embedding and unions, the specification of structural type
+// restrictions may be arbitrarily complex. For example, consider the
+// following:
+//
+//	type A interface{ ~string|~[]byte }
+//
+//	type B interface{ int|string }
+//
+//	type C interface { ~string|~int }
+//
+//	type T[P interface{ A|B; C }] int
+//
+// In this example, the structural type restriction of P is ~string|int: A|B
+// expands to ~string|~[]byte|int|string, which reduces to ~string|~[]byte|int,
+// which when intersected with C (~string|~int) yields ~string|int.
+//
+// StructuralTerms computes these expansions and reductions, producing a
+// "normalized" form of the embeddings. A structural restriction is normalized
+// if it is a single union containing no interface terms, and is minimal in the
+// sense that removing any term changes the set of types satisfying the
+// constraint. It is left as a proof for the reader that, modulo sorting, there
+// is exactly one such normalized form.
+//
+// Because the minimal representation always takes this form, StructuralTerms
+// returns a slice of tilde terms corresponding to the terms of the union in
+// the normalized structural restriction. An error is returned if the
+// constraint interface is invalid, exceeds complexity bounds, or has an empty
+// type set. In the latter case, StructuralTerms returns ErrEmptyTypeSet.
+//
+// StructuralTerms makes no guarantees about the order of terms, except that it
+// is deterministic.
+func StructuralTerms(tparam *types.TypeParam) ([]*types.Term, error) {
+	constraint := tparam.Constraint()
+	if constraint == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s has nil constraint", tparam)
+	}
+	iface, _ := constraint.Underlying().(*types.Interface)
+	if iface == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("constraint is %T, not *types.Interface", constraint.Underlying())
+	}
+	return InterfaceTermSet(iface)
+}
+
+// InterfaceTermSet computes the normalized terms for a constraint interface,
+// returning an error if the term set cannot be computed or is empty. In the
+// latter case, the error will be ErrEmptyTypeSet.
+//
+// See the documentation of StructuralTerms for more information on
+// normalization.
+func InterfaceTermSet(iface *types.Interface) ([]*types.Term, error) {
+	return computeTermSet(iface)
+}
+
+// UnionTermSet computes the normalized terms for a union, returning an error
+// if the term set cannot be computed or is empty. In the latter case, the
+// error will be ErrEmptyTypeSet.
+//
+// See the documentation of StructuralTerms for more information on
+// normalization.
+func UnionTermSet(union *types.Union) ([]*types.Term, error) {
+	return computeTermSet(union)
+}
+
+func computeTermSet(typ types.Type) ([]*types.Term, error) {
+	tset, err := computeTermSetInternal(typ, make(map[types.Type]*termSet), 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if tset.terms.isEmpty() {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyTypeSet
+	}
+	if tset.terms.isAll() {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var terms []*types.Term
+	for _, term := range tset.terms {
+		terms = append(terms, types.NewTerm(term.tilde, term.typ))
+	}
+	return terms, nil
+}
+
+// A termSet holds the normalized set of terms for a given type.
+//
+// The name termSet is intentionally distinct from 'type set': a type set is
+// all types that implement a type (and includes method restrictions), whereas
+// a term set just represents the structural restrictions on a type.
+type termSet struct {
+	complete bool
+	terms    termlist
+}
+
+func indentf(depth int, format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, strings.Repeat(".", depth)+format+"\n", args...)
+}
+
+func computeTermSetInternal(t types.Type, seen map[types.Type]*termSet, depth int) (res *termSet, err error) {
+	if t == nil {
+		panic("nil type")
+	}
+
+	if debug {
+		indentf(depth, "%s", t.String())
+		defer func() {
+			if err != nil {
+				indentf(depth, "=> %s", err)
+			} else {
+				indentf(depth, "=> %s", res.terms.String())
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	const maxTermCount = 100
+	if tset, ok := seen[t]; ok {
+		if !tset.complete {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cycle detected in the declaration of %s", t)
+		}
+		return tset, nil
+	}
+
+	// Mark the current type as seen to avoid infinite recursion.
+	tset := new(termSet)
+	defer func() {
+		tset.complete = true
+	}()
+	seen[t] = tset
+
+	switch u := t.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Interface:
+		// The term set of an interface is the intersection of the term sets of its
+		// embedded types.
+		tset.terms = allTermlist
+		for i := 0; i < u.NumEmbeddeds(); i++ {
+			embedded := u.EmbeddedType(i)
+			if _, ok := embedded.Underlying().(*types.TypeParam); ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid embedded type %T", embedded)
+			}
+			tset2, err := computeTermSetInternal(embedded, seen, depth+1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			tset.terms = tset.terms.intersect(tset2.terms)
+		}
+	case *types.Union:
+		// The term set of a union is the union of term sets of its terms.
+		tset.terms = nil
+		for i := 0; i < u.Len(); i++ {
+			t := u.Term(i)
+			var terms termlist
+			switch t.Type().Underlying().(type) {
+			case *types.Interface:
+				tset2, err := computeTermSetInternal(t.Type(), seen, depth+1)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				terms = tset2.terms
+			case *types.TypeParam, *types.Union:
+				// A stand-alone type parameter or union is not permitted as union
+				// term.
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid union term %T", t)
+			default:
+				if t.Type() == types.Typ[types.Invalid] {
+					continue
+				}
+				terms = termlist{{t.Tilde(), t.Type()}}
+			}
+			tset.terms = tset.terms.union(terms)
+			if len(tset.terms) > maxTermCount {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("exceeded max term count %d", maxTermCount)
+			}
+		}
+	case *types.TypeParam:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	default:
+		// For all other types, the term set is just a single non-tilde term
+		// holding the type itself.
+		if u != types.Typ[types.Invalid] {
+			tset.terms = termlist{{false, t}}
+		}
+	}
+	return tset, nil
+}
+
+// under is a facade for the go/types internal function of the same name. It is
+// used by typeterm.go.
+func under(t types.Type) types.Type {
+	return t.Underlying()
+}

internal/typeparams/termlist.go

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Code generated by copytermlist.go DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package typeparams
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+// A termlist represents the type set represented by the union
+// t1 ∪ y2 ∪ ... tn of the type sets of the terms t1 to tn.
+// A termlist is in normal form if all terms are disjoint.
+// termlist operations don't require the operands to be in
+// normal form.
+type termlist []*term
+
+// allTermlist represents the set of all types.
+// It is in normal form.
+var allTermlist = termlist{new(term)}
+
+// String prints the termlist exactly (without normalization).
+func (xl termlist) String() string {
+	if len(xl) == 0 {
+		return "∅"
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	for i, x := range xl {
+		if i > 0 {
+			buf.WriteString(" | ")
+		}
+		buf.WriteString(x.String())
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// isEmpty reports whether the termlist xl represents the empty set of types.
+func (xl termlist) isEmpty() bool {
+	// If there's a non-nil term, the entire list is not empty.
+	// If the termlist is in normal form, this requires at most
+	// one iteration.
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if x != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// isAll reports whether the termlist xl represents the set of all types.
+func (xl termlist) isAll() bool {
+	// If there's a 𝓤 term, the entire list is 𝓤.
+	// If the termlist is in normal form, this requires at most
+	// one iteration.
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if x != nil && x.typ == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// norm returns the normal form of xl.
+func (xl termlist) norm() termlist {
+	// Quadratic algorithm, but good enough for now.
+	// TODO(gri) fix asymptotic performance
+	used := make([]bool, len(xl))
+	var rl termlist
+	for i, xi := range xl {
+		if xi == nil || used[i] {
+			continue
+		}
+		for j := i + 1; j < len(xl); j++ {
+			xj := xl[j]
+			if xj == nil || used[j] {
+				continue
+			}
+			if u1, u2 := xi.union(xj); u2 == nil {
+				// If we encounter a 𝓤 term, the entire list is 𝓤.
+				// Exit early.
+				// (Note that this is not just an optimization;
+				// if we continue, we may end up with a 𝓤 term
+				// and other terms and the result would not be
+				// in normal form.)
+				if u1.typ == nil {
+					return allTermlist
+				}
+				xi = u1
+				used[j] = true // xj is now unioned into xi - ignore it in future iterations
+			}
+		}
+		rl = append(rl, xi)
+	}
+	return rl
+}
+
+// union returns the union xl ∪ yl.
+func (xl termlist) union(yl termlist) termlist {
+	return append(xl, yl...).norm()
+}
+
+// intersect returns the intersection xl ∩ yl.
+func (xl termlist) intersect(yl termlist) termlist {
+	if xl.isEmpty() || yl.isEmpty() {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Quadratic algorithm, but good enough for now.
+	// TODO(gri) fix asymptotic performance
+	var rl termlist
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		for _, y := range yl {
+			if r := x.intersect(y); r != nil {
+				rl = append(rl, r)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return rl.norm()
+}
+
+// equal reports whether xl and yl represent the same type set.
+func (xl termlist) equal(yl termlist) bool {
+	// TODO(gri) this should be more efficient
+	return xl.subsetOf(yl) && yl.subsetOf(xl)
+}
+
+// includes reports whether t ∈ xl.
+func (xl termlist) includes(t types.Type) bool {
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if x.includes(t) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// supersetOf reports whether y ⊆ xl.
+func (xl termlist) supersetOf(y *term) bool {
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if y.subsetOf(x) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// subsetOf reports whether xl ⊆ yl.
+func (xl termlist) subsetOf(yl termlist) bool {
+	if yl.isEmpty() {
+		return xl.isEmpty()
+	}
+
+	// each term x of xl must be a subset of yl
+	for _, x := range xl {
+		if !yl.supersetOf(x) {
+			return false // x is not a subset yl
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}

internal/typeparams/typeterm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Code generated by copytermlist.go DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package typeparams
+
+import "go/types"
+
+// A term describes elementary type sets:
+//
+//	 ∅:  (*term)(nil)     == ∅                      // set of no types (empty set)
+//	 𝓤:  &term{}          == 𝓤                      // set of all types (𝓤niverse)
+//	 T:  &term{false, T}  == {T}                    // set of type T
+//	~t:  &term{true, t}   == {t' | under(t') == t}  // set of types with underlying type t
+type term struct {
+	tilde bool // valid if typ != nil
+	typ   types.Type
+}
+
+func (x *term) String() string {
+	switch {
+	case x == nil:
+		return "∅"
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return "𝓤"
+	case x.tilde:
+		return "~" + x.typ.String()
+	default:
+		return x.typ.String()
+	}
+}
+
+// equal reports whether x and y represent the same type set.
+func (x *term) equal(y *term) bool {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil || y == nil:
+		return x == y
+	case x.typ == nil || y.typ == nil:
+		return x.typ == y.typ
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x, y ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	return x.tilde == y.tilde && types.Identical(x.typ, y.typ)
+}
+
+// union returns the union x ∪ y: zero, one, or two non-nil terms.
+func (x *term) union(y *term) (_, _ *term) {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil && y == nil:
+		return nil, nil // ∅ ∪ ∅ == ∅
+	case x == nil:
+		return y, nil // ∅ ∪ y == y
+	case y == nil:
+		return x, nil // x ∪ ∅ == x
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return x, nil // 𝓤 ∪ y == 𝓤
+	case y.typ == nil:
+		return y, nil // x ∪ 𝓤 == 𝓤
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x, y ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	if x.disjoint(y) {
+		return x, y // x ∪ y == (x, y) if x ∩ y == ∅
+	}
+	// x.typ == y.typ
+
+	// ~t ∪ ~t == ~t
+	// ~t ∪  T == ~t
+	//  T ∪ ~t == ~t
+	//  T ∪  T ==  T
+	if x.tilde || !y.tilde {
+		return x, nil
+	}
+	return y, nil
+}
+
+// intersect returns the intersection x ∩ y.
+func (x *term) intersect(y *term) *term {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil || y == nil:
+		return nil // ∅ ∩ y == ∅ and ∩ ∅ == ∅
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return y // 𝓤 ∩ y == y
+	case y.typ == nil:
+		return x // x ∩ 𝓤 == x
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x, y ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	if x.disjoint(y) {
+		return nil // x ∩ y == ∅ if x ∩ y == ∅
+	}
+	// x.typ == y.typ
+
+	// ~t ∩ ~t == ~t
+	// ~t ∩  T ==  T
+	//  T ∩ ~t ==  T
+	//  T ∩  T ==  T
+	if !x.tilde || y.tilde {
+		return x
+	}
+	return y
+}
+
+// includes reports whether t ∈ x.
+func (x *term) includes(t types.Type) bool {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil:
+		return false // t ∈ ∅ == false
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return true // t ∈ 𝓤 == true
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	u := t
+	if x.tilde {
+		u = under(u)
+	}
+	return types.Identical(x.typ, u)
+}
+
+// subsetOf reports whether x ⊆ y.
+func (x *term) subsetOf(y *term) bool {
+	// easy cases
+	switch {
+	case x == nil:
+		return true // ∅ ⊆ y == true
+	case y == nil:
+		return false // x ⊆ ∅ == false since x != ∅
+	case y.typ == nil:
+		return true // x ⊆ 𝓤 == true
+	case x.typ == nil:
+		return false // 𝓤 ⊆ y == false since y != 𝓤
+	}
+	// ∅ ⊂ x, y ⊂ 𝓤
+
+	if x.disjoint(y) {
+		return false // x ⊆ y == false if x ∩ y == ∅
+	}
+	// x.typ == y.typ
+
+	// ~t ⊆ ~t == true
+	// ~t ⊆ T == false
+	//  T ⊆ ~t == true
+	//  T ⊆  T == true
+	return !x.tilde || y.tilde
+}
+
+// disjoint reports whether x ∩ y == ∅.
+// x.typ and y.typ must not be nil.
+func (x *term) disjoint(y *term) bool {
+	if debug && (x.typ == nil || y.typ == nil) {
+		panic("invalid argument(s)")
+	}
+	ux := x.typ
+	if y.tilde {
+		ux = under(ux)
+	}
+	uy := y.typ
+	if x.tilde {
+		uy = under(uy)
+	}
+	return !types.Identical(ux, uy)
+}

internal/typeutil/map.go

@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package typeutil defines various utilities for types, such as Map,
+// a mapping from types.Type to interface{} values.
+package typeutil
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/types"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/aliases"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/typeparams"
+)
+
+// Map is a hash-table-based mapping from types (types.Type) to
+// arbitrary interface{} values.  The concrete types that implement
+// the Type interface are pointers.  Since they are not canonicalized,
+// == cannot be used to check for equivalence, and thus we cannot
+// simply use a Go map.
+//
+// Just as with map[K]V, a nil *Map is a valid empty map.
+//
+// Not thread-safe.
+type Map struct {
+	hasher Hasher             // shared by many Maps
+	table  map[uint32][]entry // maps hash to bucket; entry.key==nil means unused
+	length int                // number of map entries
+}
+
+// entry is an entry (key/value association) in a hash bucket.
+type entry struct {
+	key   types.Type
+	value interface{}
+}
+
+// SetHasher sets the hasher used by Map.
+//
+// All Hashers are functionally equivalent but contain internal state
+// used to cache the results of hashing previously seen types.
+//
+// A single Hasher created by MakeHasher() may be shared among many
+// Maps.  This is recommended if the instances have many keys in
+// common, as it will amortize the cost of hash computation.
+//
+// A Hasher may grow without bound as new types are seen.  Even when a
+// type is deleted from the map, the Hasher never shrinks, since other
+// types in the map may reference the deleted type indirectly.
+//
+// Hashers are not thread-safe, and read-only operations such as
+// Map.Lookup require updates to the hasher, so a full Mutex lock (not a
+// read-lock) is require around all Map operations if a shared
+// hasher is accessed from multiple threads.
+//
+// If SetHasher is not called, the Map will create a private hasher at
+// the first call to Insert.
+func (m *Map) SetHasher(hasher Hasher) {
+	m.hasher = hasher
+}
+
+// Delete removes the entry with the given key, if any.
+// It returns true if the entry was found.
+func (m *Map) Delete(key types.Type) bool {
+	if m != nil && m.table != nil {
+		hash := m.hasher.Hash(key)
+		bucket := m.table[hash]
+		for i, e := range bucket {
+			if e.key != nil && types.Identical(key, e.key) {
+				// We can't compact the bucket as it
+				// would disturb iterators.
+				bucket[i] = entry{}
+				m.length--
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// At returns the map entry for the given key.
+// The result is nil if the entry is not present.
+func (m *Map) At(key types.Type) interface{} {
+	if m != nil && m.table != nil {
+		for _, e := range m.table[m.hasher.Hash(key)] {
+			if e.key != nil && types.Identical(key, e.key) {
+				return e.value
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Set sets the map entry for key to val,
+// and returns the previous entry, if any.
+func (m *Map) Set(key types.Type, value interface{}) (prev interface{}) {
+	if m.table != nil {
+		hash := m.hasher.Hash(key)
+		bucket := m.table[hash]
+		var hole *entry
+		for i, e := range bucket {
+			if e.key == nil {
+				hole = &bucket[i]
+			} else if types.Identical(key, e.key) {
+				prev = e.value
+				bucket[i].value = value
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		if hole != nil {
+			*hole = entry{key, value} // overwrite deleted entry
+		} else {
+			m.table[hash] = append(bucket, entry{key, value})
+		}
+	} else {
+		if m.hasher.memo == nil {
+			m.hasher = MakeHasher()
+		}
+		hash := m.hasher.Hash(key)
+		m.table = map[uint32][]entry{hash: {entry{key, value}}}
+	}
+
+	m.length++
+	return
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of map entries.
+func (m *Map) Len() int {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.length
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// Iterate calls function f on each entry in the map in unspecified order.
+//
+// If f should mutate the map, Iterate provides the same guarantees as
+// Go maps: if f deletes a map entry that Iterate has not yet reached,
+// f will not be invoked for it, but if f inserts a map entry that
+// Iterate has not yet reached, whether or not f will be invoked for
+// it is unspecified.
+func (m *Map) Iterate(f func(key types.Type, value interface{})) {
+	if m != nil {
+		for _, bucket := range m.table {
+			for _, e := range bucket {
+				if e.key != nil {
+					f(e.key, e.value)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Keys returns a new slice containing the set of map keys.
+// The order is unspecified.
+func (m *Map) Keys() []types.Type {
+	keys := make([]types.Type, 0, m.Len())
+	m.Iterate(func(key types.Type, _ interface{}) {
+		keys = append(keys, key)
+	})
+	return keys
+}
+
+func (m *Map) toString(values bool) string {
+	if m == nil {
+		return "{}"
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	fmt.Fprint(&buf, "{")
+	sep := ""
+	m.Iterate(func(key types.Type, value interface{}) {
+		fmt.Fprint(&buf, sep)
+		sep = ", "
+		fmt.Fprint(&buf, key)
+		if values {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, ": %q", value)
+		}
+	})
+	fmt.Fprint(&buf, "}")
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+// String returns a string representation of the map's entries.
+// Values are printed using fmt.Sprintf("%v", v).
+// Order is unspecified.
+func (m *Map) String() string {
+	return m.toString(true)
+}
+
+// KeysString returns a string representation of the map's key set.
+// Order is unspecified.
+func (m *Map) KeysString() string {
+	return m.toString(false)
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Hasher
+
+// A Hasher maps each type to its hash value.
+// For efficiency, a hasher uses memoization; thus its memory
+// footprint grows monotonically over time.
+// Hashers are not thread-safe.
+// Hashers have reference semantics.
+// Call MakeHasher to create a Hasher.
+type Hasher struct {
+	memo map[types.Type]uint32
+
+	// ptrMap records pointer identity.
+	ptrMap map[interface{}]uint32
+
+	// sigTParams holds type parameters from the signature being hashed.
+	// Signatures are considered identical modulo renaming of type parameters, so
+	// within the scope of a signature type the identity of the signature's type
+	// parameters is just their index.
+	//
+	// Since the language does not currently support referring to uninstantiated
+	// generic types or functions, and instantiated signatures do not have type
+	// parameter lists, we should never encounter a second non-empty type
+	// parameter list when hashing a generic signature.
+	sigTParams *types.TypeParamList
+}
+
+// MakeHasher returns a new Hasher instance.
+func MakeHasher() Hasher {
+	return Hasher{
+		memo:       make(map[types.Type]uint32),
+		ptrMap:     make(map[interface{}]uint32),
+		sigTParams: nil,
+	}
+}
+
+// Hash computes a hash value for the given type t such that
+// Identical(t, t') => Hash(t) == Hash(t').
+func (h Hasher) Hash(t types.Type) uint32 {
+	hash, ok := h.memo[t]
+	if !ok {
+		hash = h.hashFor(t)
+		h.memo[t] = hash
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+// hashString computes the Fowler–Noll–Vo hash of s.
+func hashString(s string) uint32 {
+	var h uint32
+	for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
+		h ^= uint32(s[i])
+		h *= 16777619
+	}
+	return h
+}
+
+func HashSig(h Hasher, t *types.Signature) uint32 {
+	var hash uint32 = 9091
+	if t.Variadic() {
+		hash *= 8863
+	}
+
+	// Use a separate hasher for types inside of the signature, where type
+	// parameter identity is modified to be (index, constraint). We must use a
+	// new memo for this hasher as type identity may be affected by this
+	// masking. For example, in func[T any](*T), the identity of *T depends on
+	// whether we are mapping the argument in isolation, or recursively as part
+	// of hashing the signature.
+	//
+	// We should never encounter a generic signature while hashing another
+	// generic signature, but defensively set sigTParams only if h.mask is
+	// unset.
+	tparams := t.TypeParams()
+	if h.sigTParams == nil && tparams.Len() != 0 {
+		h = Hasher{
+			// There may be something more efficient than discarding the existing
+			// memo, but it would require detecting whether types are 'tainted' by
+			// references to type parameters.
+			memo: make(map[types.Type]uint32),
+			// Re-using ptrMap ensures that pointer identity is preserved in this
+			// hasher.
+			ptrMap:     h.ptrMap,
+			sigTParams: tparams,
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < tparams.Len(); i++ {
+		tparam := tparams.At(i)
+		hash += 7 * h.Hash(tparam.Constraint())
+	}
+
+	return hash + 3*h.hashTuple(t.Params()) + 5*h.hashTuple(t.Results())
+}
+
+// hashFor computes the hash of t.
+func (h Hasher) hashFor(t types.Type) uint32 {
+	// See Identical for rationale.
+	switch t := t.(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		return uint32(t.Kind())
+
+	case *aliases.Alias:
+		return h.Hash(t.Underlying())
+
+	case *types.Array:
+		return 9043 + 2*uint32(t.Len()) + 3*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Slice:
+		return 9049 + 2*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Struct:
+		var hash uint32 = 9059
+		for i, n := 0, t.NumFields(); i < n; i++ {
+			f := t.Field(i)
+			if f.Anonymous() {
+				hash += 8861
+			}
+			hash += hashString(t.Tag(i))
+			hash += hashString(f.Name()) // (ignore f.Pkg)
+			hash += h.Hash(f.Type())
+		}
+		return hash
+
+	case *types.Pointer:
+		return 9067 + 2*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Signature:
+		return HashSig(h, t)
+
+	case *types.Union:
+		return h.hashUnion(t)
+
+	case *types.Interface:
+		// Interfaces are identical if they have the same set of methods, with
+		// identical names and types, and they have the same set of type
+		// restrictions. See go/types.identical for more details.
+		var hash uint32 = 9103
+
+		// Hash methods.
+		for i, n := 0, t.NumMethods(); i < n; i++ {
+			// Method order is not significant.
+			// Ignore m.Pkg().
+			m := t.Method(i)
+			// Use shallow hash on method signature to
+			// avoid anonymous interface cycles.
+			hash += 3*hashString(m.Name()) + 5*h.shallowHash(m.Type())
+		}
+
+		// Hash type restrictions.
+		terms, err := typeparams.InterfaceTermSet(t)
+		// if err != nil t has invalid type restrictions.
+		if err == nil {
+			hash += h.hashTermSet(terms)
+		}
+
+		return hash
+
+	case *types.Map:
+		return 9109 + 2*h.Hash(t.Key()) + 3*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Chan:
+		return 9127 + 2*uint32(t.Dir()) + 3*h.Hash(t.Elem())
+
+	case *types.Named:
+		hash := h.hashPtr(t.Obj())
+		targs := t.TypeArgs()
+		for i := 0; i < targs.Len(); i++ {
+			targ := targs.At(i)
+			hash += 2 * h.Hash(targ)
+		}
+		return hash
+
+	case *types.TypeParam:
+		return h.hashTypeParam(t)
+
+	case *types.Tuple:
+		return h.hashTuple(t)
+
+	case interface{ Hash(h Hasher) uint32 }:
+		return t.Hash(h)
+	}
+
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("%T: %v", t, t))
+}
+
+func (h Hasher) hashTuple(tuple *types.Tuple) uint32 {
+	// See go/types.identicalTypes for rationale.
+	n := tuple.Len()
+	hash := 9137 + 2*uint32(n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		hash += 3 * h.Hash(tuple.At(i).Type())
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+func (h Hasher) hashUnion(t *types.Union) uint32 {
+	// Hash type restrictions.
+	terms, err := typeparams.UnionTermSet(t)
+	// if err != nil t has invalid type restrictions. Fall back on a non-zero
+	// hash.
+	if err != nil {
+		return 9151
+	}
+	return h.hashTermSet(terms)
+}
+
+func (h Hasher) hashTermSet(terms []*types.Term) uint32 {
+	hash := 9157 + 2*uint32(len(terms))
+	for _, term := range terms {
+		// term order is not significant.
+		termHash := h.Hash(term.Type())
+		if term.Tilde() {
+			termHash *= 9161
+		}
+		hash += 3 * termHash
+	}
+	return hash
+}
+
+// hashTypeParam returns a hash of the type parameter t, with a hash value
+// depending on whether t is contained in h.sigTParams.
+//
+// If h.sigTParams is set and contains t, then we are in the process of hashing
+// a signature, and the hash value of t must depend only on t's index and
+// constraint: signatures are considered identical modulo type parameter
+// renaming. To avoid infinite recursion, we only hash the type parameter
+// index, and rely on types.Identical to handle signatures where constraints
+// are not identical.
+//
+// Otherwise the hash of t depends only on t's pointer identity.
+func (h Hasher) hashTypeParam(t *types.TypeParam) uint32 {
+	if h.sigTParams != nil {
+		i := t.Index()
+		if i >= 0 && i < h.sigTParams.Len() && t == h.sigTParams.At(i) {
+			return 9173 + 3*uint32(i)
+		}
+	}
+	return h.hashPtr(t.Obj())
+}
+
+// hashPtr hashes the pointer identity of ptr. It uses h.ptrMap to ensure that
+// pointers values are not dependent on the GC.
+func (h Hasher) hashPtr(ptr interface{}) uint32 {
+	if hash, ok := h.ptrMap[ptr]; ok {
+		return hash
+	}
+	hash := uint32(reflect.ValueOf(ptr).Pointer())
+	h.ptrMap[ptr] = hash
+	return hash
+}
+
+// shallowHash computes a hash of t without looking at any of its
+// element Types, to avoid potential anonymous cycles in the types of
+// interface methods.
+//
+// When an unnamed non-empty interface type appears anywhere among the
+// arguments or results of an interface method, there is a potential
+// for endless recursion. Consider:
+//
+//	type X interface { m() []*interface { X } }
+//
+// The problem is that the Methods of the interface in m's result type
+// include m itself; there is no mention of the named type X that
+// might help us break the cycle.
+// (See comment in go/types.identical, case *Interface, for more.)
+func (h Hasher) shallowHash(t types.Type) uint32 {
+	// t is the type of an interface method (Signature),
+	// its params or results (Tuples), or their immediate
+	// elements (mostly Slice, Pointer, Basic, Named),
+	// so there's no need to optimize anything else.
+	switch t := t.(type) {
+	case *aliases.Alias:
+		return h.shallowHash(t.Underlying())
+
+	case *types.Signature:
+		var hash uint32 = 604171
+		if t.Variadic() {
+			hash *= 971767
+		}
+		// The Signature/Tuple recursion is always finite
+		// and invariably shallow.
+		return hash + 1062599*h.shallowHash(t.Params()) + 1282529*h.shallowHash(t.Results())
+
+	case *types.Tuple:
+		n := t.Len()
+		hash := 9137 + 2*uint32(n)
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			hash += 53471161 * h.shallowHash(t.At(i).Type())
+		}
+		return hash
+
+	case *types.Basic:
+		return 45212177 * uint32(t.Kind())
+
+	case *types.Array:
+		return 1524181 + 2*uint32(t.Len())
+
+	case *types.Slice:
+		return 2690201
+
+	case *types.Struct:
+		return 3326489
+
+	case *types.Pointer:
+		return 4393139
+
+	case *types.Union:
+		return 562448657
+
+	case *types.Interface:
+		return 2124679 // no recursion here
+
+	case *types.Map:
+		return 9109
+
+	case *types.Chan:
+		return 9127
+
+	case *types.Named:
+		return h.hashPtr(t.Obj())
+
+	case *types.TypeParam:
+		return h.hashPtr(t.Obj())
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("shallowHash: %T: %v", t, t))
+}

ssa/cl_test.go

@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@
 package ssa_test
 
 import (
+	"go/types"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/cltest"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/typeutil"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
 )
 
 func TestFromTestrt(t *testing.T) {
@@ -34,3 +37,17 @@ func TestRuntime(t *testing.T) {
 	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime", "../internal/runtime/llgo_autogen.ll")
 	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi", "../internal/abi/llgo_autogen.ll")
 }
+
+func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var m typeutil.Map
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	m.Set(sig, 1)
+	csig := (*ssa.CFuncPtr)(sig)
+	m.Set(csig, 2)
+	if v := m.At(sig); v.(int) != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("At(sig):", v)
+	}
+	if v := m.At(csig); v.(int) != 2 {
+		t.Fatal("At(csig):", v)
+	}
+}

ssa/expr.go

@@ -49,13 +49,19 @@ func (v Expr) TypeOf() types.Type {
 */
 
 // Do evaluates the delay expression and returns the result.
-func (v Expr) Do() Expr {
-	if vt := v.Type; vt.kind == vkDelayExpr {
+func (v Expr) Do(b Builder) Expr {
+	switch vt := v.Type; vt.kind {
+	case vkDelayExpr:
 		return vt.t.(delayExprTy)()
+	case vkPhisExpr:
+		e := vt.t.(*phisExprTy)
+		return b.aggregateValue(e.Type, e.phis...)
 	}
 	return v
 }
 
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 // DelayExpr returns a delay expression.
 func DelayExpr(f func() Expr) Expr {
 	return Expr{Type: &aType{t: delayExprTy(f), kind: vkDelayExpr}}
@@ -73,6 +79,25 @@ func (p delayExprTy) String() string {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+type phisExprTy struct {
+	phis []llvm.Value
+	Type
+}
+
+func (p phisExprTy) Underlying() types.Type {
+	panic("don't call")
+}
+
+func (p phisExprTy) String() string {
+	return "phisExpr"
+}
+
+func phisExpr(t Type, phis []llvm.Value) Expr {
+	return Expr{Type: &aType{t: &phisExprTy{phis, t}, kind: vkPhisExpr}}
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 // Null returns a null constant expression.
 func (p Program) Null(t Type) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.ConstNull(t.ll), t}
@@ -148,6 +173,13 @@ func (b Builder) Const(v constant.Value, typ Type) Expr {
 	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported Const: %v, %v", v, typ.t))
 }
 
+// SizeOf returns the size of a type.
+func (b Builder) SizeOf(t Type, n ...int64) Expr {
+	prog := b.Prog
+	size := prog.SizeOf(t, n...)
+	return prog.IntVal(size, prog.Uintptr())
+}
+
 // CStr returns a c-style string constant expression.
 func (b Builder) CStr(v string) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.CreateGlobalStringPtr(b.impl, v), b.Prog.CStr()}
@@ -268,12 +300,17 @@ func (b Builder) BinOp(op token.Token, x, y Expr) Expr {
 	case isMathOp(op): // op: + - * / %
 		kind := x.kind
 		switch kind {
-		case vkString, vkComplex:
-			panic("todo")
-		}
-		idx := mathOpIdx(op, kind)
-		if llop := mathOpToLLVM[idx]; llop != 0 {
-			return Expr{llvm.CreateBinOp(b.impl, llop, x.impl, y.impl), x.Type}
+		case vkString:
+			if op == token.ADD {
+				pkg := b.fn.pkg
+				return b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringCat"), x, y)
+			}
+		case vkComplex:
+		default:
+			idx := mathOpIdx(op, kind)
+			if llop := mathOpToLLVM[idx]; llop != 0 {
+				return Expr{llvm.CreateBinOp(b.impl, llop, x.impl, y.impl), x.Type}
+			}
 		}
 	case isLogicOp(op): // op: & | ^ << >> &^
 		if op == token.AND_NOT {
@@ -324,14 +361,37 @@ func (b Builder) UnOp(op token.Token, x Expr) Expr {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-func llvmValues(vals []Expr) []llvm.Value {
+func checkExpr(v Expr, t types.Type, b Builder) Expr {
+	if _, ok := t.(*types.Signature); ok {
+		if v.kind != vkClosure {
+			prog := b.Prog
+			nilVal := prog.Null(prog.VoidPtr()).impl
+			return b.aggregateValue(prog.Type(t), v.impl, nilVal)
+		}
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+func llvmValues(vals []Expr, params *types.Tuple, b Builder) []llvm.Value {
+	n := params.Len()
 	ret := make([]llvm.Value, len(vals))
 	for i, v := range vals {
+		if i < n {
+			v = checkExpr(v, params.At(i).Type(), b)
+		}
 		ret[i] = v.impl
 	}
 	return ret
 }
 
+func llvmDelayValues(f func(i int) Expr, n int) []llvm.Value {
+	ret := make([]llvm.Value, n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		ret[i] = f(i).impl
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
 func llvmBlocks(bblks []BasicBlock) []llvm.BasicBlock {
 	ret := make([]llvm.BasicBlock, len(bblks))
 	for i, v := range bblks {
@@ -346,19 +406,63 @@ type Phi struct {
 }
 
 // AddIncoming adds incoming values to a phi node.
-func (p Phi) AddIncoming(vals []Expr, bblks []BasicBlock) {
-	v := llvmValues(vals)
-	b := llvmBlocks(bblks)
-	p.impl.AddIncoming(v, b)
+func (p Phi) AddIncoming(b Builder, bblks []BasicBlock, f func(i int) Expr) {
+	bs := llvmBlocks(bblks)
+	if p.kind != vkPhisExpr { // normal phi node
+		vs := llvmDelayValues(f, len(bblks))
+		p.impl.AddIncoming(vs, bs)
+		return
+	}
+	e := p.t.(*phisExprTy)
+	phis := e.phis
+	vals := make([][]llvm.Value, len(phis))
+	for iblk, blk := range bblks {
+		last := blk.impl.LastInstruction()
+		b.impl.SetInsertPointBefore(last)
+		impl := b.impl
+		val := f(iblk).impl
+		for i := range phis {
+			if iblk == 0 {
+				vals[i] = make([]llvm.Value, len(bblks))
+			}
+			vals[i][iblk] = llvm.CreateExtractValue(impl, val, i)
+		}
+	}
+	for i, phi := range phis {
+		phi.AddIncoming(vals[i], bs)
+	}
 }
 
 // Phi returns a phi node.
 func (b Builder) Phi(t Type) Phi {
-	return Phi{Expr{llvm.CreatePHI(b.impl, t.ll), t}}
+	impl := b.impl
+	switch tund := t.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		kind := tund.Kind()
+		switch kind {
+		case types.String:
+			prog := b.Prog
+			phis := make([]llvm.Value, 2)
+			phis[0] = llvm.CreatePHI(impl, prog.tyVoidPtr())
+			phis[1] = llvm.CreatePHI(impl, prog.tyInt())
+			return Phi{phisExpr(t, phis)}
+		}
+	}
+	phi := llvm.CreatePHI(impl, t.ll)
+	return Phi{Expr{phi, t}}
 }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+// Advance returns the pointer ptr advanced by offset bytes.
+func (b Builder) Advance(ptr Expr, offset Expr) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("Advance %v, %v\n", ptr.impl, offset.impl)
+	}
+	ret := llvm.CreateGEP(b.impl, b.Prog.tyInt8(), ptr.impl, []llvm.Value{offset.impl})
+	return Expr{ret, ptr.Type}
+}
+
 // Load returns the value at the pointer ptr.
 func (b Builder) Load(ptr Expr) Expr {
 	if debugInstr {
@@ -377,6 +481,20 @@ func (b Builder) Store(ptr, val Expr) Builder {
 	return b
 }
 
+// aggregateValue yields the value of the aggregate X with the fields
+func (b Builder) aggregateValue(t Type, flds ...llvm.Value) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("AggregateValue %v, %v\n", t, flds)
+	}
+	impl := b.impl
+	tll := t.ll
+	ptr := llvm.CreateAlloca(impl, tll)
+	for i, fld := range flds {
+		impl.CreateStore(fld, llvm.CreateStructGEP(impl, tll, ptr, i))
+	}
+	return Expr{llvm.CreateLoad(b.impl, tll, ptr), t}
+}
+
 // The FieldAddr instruction yields the address of Field of *struct X.
 //
 // The field is identified by its index within the field list of the
@@ -387,12 +505,6 @@ func (b Builder) Store(ptr, val Expr) Builder {
 //
 // Type() returns a (possibly named) *types.Pointer.
 //
-// Pos() returns the position of the ast.SelectorExpr.Sel for the
-// field, if explicit in the source. For implicit selections, returns
-// the position of the inducing explicit selection. If produced for a
-// struct literal S{f: e}, it returns the position of the colon; for
-// S{e} it returns the start of expression e.
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = &t0.name [#1]
@@ -407,6 +519,15 @@ func (b Builder) FieldAddr(x Expr, idx int) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.CreateStructGEP(b.impl, tstruc.ll, x.impl, idx), pt}
 }
 
+// The Field instruction yields the value of Field of struct X.
+func (b Builder) Field(x Expr, idx int) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("Field %v, %d\n", x.impl, idx)
+	}
+	telem := b.Prog.Field(x.Type, idx)
+	return Expr{llvm.CreateExtractValue(b.impl, x.impl, idx), telem}
+}
+
 // The IndexAddr instruction yields the address of the element at
 // index `idx` of collection `x`.  `idx` is an integer expression.
 //
@@ -438,6 +559,44 @@ func (b Builder) IndexAddr(x, idx Expr) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.CreateInBoundsGEP(b.impl, telem.ll, x.impl, indices), pt}
 }
 
+// The Index instruction yields element Index of collection X, an array,
+// string or type parameter containing an array, a string, a pointer to an,
+// array or a slice.
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t2 = t0[t1]
+func (b Builder) Index(x, idx Expr, addr func(Expr) Expr) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("Index %v, %v\n", x.impl, idx.impl)
+	}
+	prog := b.Prog
+	var telem Type
+	var ptr Expr
+	switch t := x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		if t.Info()&types.IsString == 0 {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid operation: cannot index %v", t))
+		}
+		telem = prog.Type(types.Typ[types.Byte])
+		pkg := b.fn.pkg
+		ptr = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringData"), x)
+	case *types.Array:
+		telem = prog.Index(x.Type)
+		if addr != nil {
+			ptr = addr(x)
+		} else {
+			size := b.SizeOf(telem, t.Len())
+			ptr = b.Alloca(size)
+			b.Store(ptr, x)
+		}
+	}
+	pt := prog.Pointer(telem)
+	indices := []llvm.Value{idx.impl}
+	buf := Expr{llvm.CreateInBoundsGEP(b.impl, telem.ll, ptr.impl, indices), pt}
+	return b.Load(buf)
+}
+
 // The Slice instruction yields a slice of an existing string, slice
 // or *array X between optional integer bounds Low and High.
 //
@@ -447,10 +606,6 @@ func (b Builder) IndexAddr(x, idx Expr) Expr {
 // Type() returns string if the type of X was string, otherwise a
 // *types.Slice with the same element type as X.
 //
-// Pos() returns the ast.SliceExpr.Lbrack if created by a x[:] slice
-// operation, the ast.CompositeLit.Lbrace if created by a literal, or
-// NoPos if not explicit in the source (e.g. a variadic argument slice).
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = slice t0[1:]
@@ -460,20 +615,50 @@ func (b Builder) Slice(x, low, high, max Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	}
 	prog := b.Prog
 	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	var nCap Expr
+	var nEltSize Expr
+	var base Expr
+	if low.IsNil() {
+		low = prog.IntVal(0, prog.Int())
+	}
 	switch t := x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		if t.Kind() != types.String {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid operation: cannot slice %v", t))
+		}
+		if high.IsNil() {
+			high = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringLen"), x)
+		}
+		ret.Type = x.Type
+		ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("NewStringSlice"), x, low, high).impl
+		return
+	case *types.Slice:
+		nEltSize = b.SizeOf(prog.Index(x.Type))
+		nCap = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("SliceCap"), x)
+		if high.IsNil() {
+			high = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("SliceLen"), x)
+		}
+		ret.Type = x.Type
+		base = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("SliceData"), x)
 	case *types.Pointer:
 		telem := t.Elem()
 		switch te := telem.Underlying().(type) {
 		case *types.Array:
-			ret.Type = prog.Type(types.NewSlice(te.Elem()))
-			if low.IsNil() && high.IsNil() && max.IsNil() {
-				n := prog.Val(int(te.Len()))
-				ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("NewSlice"), x, n, n).impl
-				return ret
+			elem := prog.Type(te.Elem())
+			ret.Type = prog.Slice(elem)
+			nEltSize = b.SizeOf(elem)
+			nCap = prog.IntVal(uint64(te.Len()), prog.Int())
+			if high.IsNil() {
+				high = nCap
 			}
+			base = x
 		}
 	}
-	panic("todo")
+	if max.IsNil() {
+		max = nCap
+	}
+	ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("NewSlice3"), base, nEltSize, nCap, low, high, max).impl
+	return
 }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -483,9 +668,6 @@ func (b Builder) Slice(x, low, high, max Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //
 // t is a (possibly named) *types.Map.
 //
-// Pos() returns the ast.CallExpr.Lparen, if created by make(map), or
-// the ast.CompositeLit.Lbrack if created by a literal.
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = make map[string]int t0
@@ -501,6 +683,36 @@ func (b Builder) MakeMap(t Type, nReserve Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	return
 }
 
+// The MakeSlice instruction yields a slice of length Len backed by a
+// newly allocated array of length Cap.
+//
+// Both Len and Cap must be non-nil Values of integer type.
+//
+// (Alloc(types.Array) followed by Slice will not suffice because
+// Alloc can only create arrays of constant length.)
+//
+// Type() returns a (possibly named) *types.Slice.
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t1 = make []string 1:int t0
+//	t1 = make StringSlice 1:int t0
+func (b Builder) MakeSlice(t Type, len, cap Expr) (ret Expr) {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("MakeSlice %v, %v, %v\n", t, len.impl, cap.impl)
+	}
+	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	if cap.IsNil() {
+		cap = len
+	}
+	elemSize := b.SizeOf(b.Prog.Index(t))
+	size := b.BinOp(token.MUL, cap, elemSize)
+	ptr := b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("AllocZ"), size)
+	ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("NewSlice"), ptr, len, cap).impl
+	ret.Type = t
+	return
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // The Alloc instruction reserves space for a variable of the given type,
@@ -527,15 +739,15 @@ func (b Builder) Alloc(t *types.Pointer, heap bool) (ret Expr) {
 		log.Printf("Alloc %v, %v\n", t, heap)
 	}
 	prog := b.Prog
-	telem := t.Elem()
+	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	elem := prog.Type(t.Elem())
+	size := b.SizeOf(elem)
 	if heap {
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
-		size := prog.sizs.Sizeof(telem)
-		ret = b.Call(pkg.rtFunc("Alloc"), prog.Val(uintptr(size)))
+		ret = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("AllocZ"), size)
 	} else {
-		ret.impl = llvm.CreateAlloca(b.impl, prog.Type(telem).ll)
+		ret = Expr{llvm.CreateAlloca(b.impl, elem.ll), prog.VoidPtr()}
+		ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("Zeroinit"), ret, size).impl
 	}
-	// TODO(xsw): zero-initialize
 	ret.Type = prog.Type(t)
 	return
 }
@@ -637,9 +849,6 @@ func (b Builder) ChangeType(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 // Conversions of untyped string/number/bool constants to a specific
 // representation are eliminated during SSA construction.
 //
-// Pos() returns the ast.CallExpr.Lparen, if the instruction arose
-// from an explicit conversion in the source.
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = convert []byte <- string (t0)
@@ -692,9 +901,6 @@ func castPtr(b llvm.Builder, x llvm.Value, t llvm.Type) llvm.Value {
 //
 //	NewConst(constant.MakeNil(), T, pos)
 //
-// Pos() returns the ast.CallExpr.Lparen, if the instruction arose
-// from an explicit conversion in the source.
-//
 // Example printed form:
 //
 //	t1 = make interface{} <- int (42:int)
@@ -813,21 +1019,41 @@ func (b Builder) InlineCall(fn Expr, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //	t4 = t3()
 //	t7 = invoke t5.Println(...t6)
 func (b Builder) Call(fn Expr, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
+	prog := b.Prog
 	if debugInstr {
 		var b bytes.Buffer
-		fmt.Fprint(&b, "Call ", fn.impl.Name())
+		name := fn.impl.Name()
+		if name == "" {
+			name = "closure"
+		}
+		fmt.Fprint(&b, "Call ", fn.t, " ", name)
+		sep := ": "
 		for _, arg := range args {
-			fmt.Fprint(&b, ", ", arg.impl)
+			fmt.Fprint(&b, sep, arg.impl)
+			sep = ", "
 		}
 		log.Println(b.String())
 	}
-	switch t := fn.t.(type) {
-	case *types.Signature:
-		ret.Type = b.Prog.retType(t)
+	var sig *types.Signature
+	var t = fn.t
+	normal := true
+	switch fn.kind {
+	case vkClosure:
+		fn = b.Field(fn, 0)
+		t = fn.t
+		normal = false
+		fallthrough
+	case vkFuncDecl, vkFuncPtr:
+		sig = t.(*types.Signature)
+		ret.Type = prog.retType(sig)
 	default:
-		panic("todo")
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+	if normal {
+		ret.impl = llvm.CreateCall(b.impl, fn.ll, fn.impl, llvmValues(args, sig.Params(), b))
+	} else {
+		ret = prog.IntVal(0, prog.Type(types.Typ[types.Int32]))
 	}
-	ret.impl = llvm.CreateCall(b.impl, fn.ll, fn.impl, llvmValues(args))
 	return
 }
 
@@ -842,9 +1068,21 @@ func (b Builder) BuiltinCall(fn string, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	case "len":
 		if len(args) == 1 {
 			arg := args[0]
-			switch arg.t.Underlying().(type) {
+			switch t := arg.t.Underlying().(type) {
 			case *types.Slice:
 				return b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("SliceLen"), arg)
+			case *types.Basic:
+				if t.Kind() == types.String {
+					return b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("StringLen"), arg)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	case "cap":
+		if len(args) == 1 {
+			arg := args[0]
+			switch arg.t.Underlying().(type) {
+			case *types.Slice:
+				return b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("SliceCap"), arg)
 			}
 		}
 	}

ssa/package.go

@@ -17,12 +17,10 @@
 package ssa
 
 import (
-	"go/constant"
 	"go/types"
-	"runtime"
 
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/typeutil"
 	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
-	"golang.org/x/tools/go/types/typeutil"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ func Initialize(flags InitFlags) {
 type aProgram struct {
 	ctx  llvm.Context
 	typs typeutil.Map
-	sizs types.Sizes
+	// sizs types.Sizes
 
 	rt    *types.Package
 	rtget func() *types.Package
@@ -123,6 +121,7 @@ type aProgram struct {
 
 	anyTy     Type
 	voidTy    Type
+	voidPtr   Type
 	boolTy    Type
 	cstrTy    Type
 	stringTy  Type
@@ -141,16 +140,19 @@ func NewProgram(target *Target) Program {
 	if target == nil {
 		target = &Target{}
 	}
-	arch := target.GOARCH
-	if arch == "" {
-		arch = runtime.GOARCH
-	}
 	ctx := llvm.NewContext()
-	sizes := types.SizesFor("gc", arch)
-	// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
-	// ctx.Finalize()
 	td := llvm.NewTargetData("") // TODO(xsw): target config
-	return &aProgram{ctx: ctx, sizs: sizes, target: target, td: td}
+	/*
+		arch := target.GOARCH
+		if arch == "" {
+			arch = runtime.GOARCH
+		}
+		sizes := types.SizesFor("gc", arch)
+
+		// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
+		ctx.Finalize()
+	*/
+	return &aProgram{ctx: ctx, target: target, td: td}
 }
 
 // SetRuntime sets the runtime.
@@ -232,6 +234,13 @@ func (p Program) Void() Type {
 	return p.voidTy
 }
 
+func (p Program) VoidPtr() Type {
+	if p.voidPtr == nil {
+		p.voidPtr = p.Type(types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer])
+	}
+	return p.voidPtr
+}
+
 // Bool returns bool type.
 func (p Program) Bool() Type {
 	if p.boolTy == nil {
@@ -305,10 +314,12 @@ type aPackage struct {
 
 type Package = *aPackage
 
+/*
 // NewConst creates a new named constant.
 func (p Package) NewConst(name string, val constant.Value) NamedConst {
 	return &aNamedConst{}
 }
+*/
 
 // NewVar creates a new global variable.
 func (p Package) NewVar(name string, typ types.Type) Global {
@@ -329,7 +340,7 @@ func (p Package) NewFunc(name string, sig *types.Signature) Function {
 	if v, ok := p.fns[name]; ok {
 		return v
 	}
-	t := p.prog.llvmSignature(sig, false)
+	t := p.prog.llvmFuncDecl(sig)
 	fn := llvm.AddFunction(p.mod, name, t.ll)
 	ret := newFunction(fn, t, p, p.prog)
 	p.fns[name] = ret

ssa/ssa_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import (
 	"go/token"
 	"go/types"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
 )
 
 /*
@@ -30,15 +32,67 @@ func TestMakeInterface(t *testing.T) {
 }
 */
 
-func TestDelayExpr(t *testing.T) {
-	a := delayExprTy(nil)
-	_ = a.String()
+func TestTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := llvm.NewContext()
+	llvmIntType(ctx, 4)
+
+	intT := types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	ret := types.NewTuple(intT, intT)
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, ret, false)
+	prog := NewProgram(nil)
+	prog.retType(sig)
+}
+
+func TestIndexType(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() {
 		if r := recover(); r == nil {
-			t.Log("TestDelayExpr: no error?")
+			t.Log("indexType: no error?")
 		}
 	}()
-	a.Underlying()
+	indexType(types.Typ[types.Int])
+}
+
+func TestCvtCType(t *testing.T) {
+	test := func(typ types.Type) {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r == nil {
+				t.Log("cvtCType: no error?")
+			}
+		}()
+		cvtCType(typ)
+	}
+	test(types.NewInterfaceType(nil, nil))
+
+	a := types.NewTypeName(0, nil, "a", nil)
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	named := types.NewNamed(a, sig, nil)
+	test(named)
+}
+
+func TestCFuncPtr(t *testing.T) {
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	csig := (*CFuncPtr)(sig)
+	_ = csig.String()
+	if csig.Underlying() != sig {
+		t.Fatal("TestCFuncPtr failed")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUserdefExpr(t *testing.T) {
+	a := delayExprTy(nil)
+	b := &phisExprTy{}
+	_ = a.String()
+	_ = b.String()
+	test := func(a types.Type) {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r == nil {
+				t.Log("TestUserdefExpr: no error?")
+			}
+		}()
+		a.Underlying()
+	}
+	test(a)
+	test(b)
 }
 
 func TestAny(t *testing.T) {

ssa/stmt_builder.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package ssa
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
+	"go/types"
 	"log"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
@@ -102,7 +103,8 @@ func (b Builder) Return(results ...Expr) {
 	case 1:
 		b.impl.CreateRet(results[0].impl)
 	default:
-		b.impl.CreateAggregateRet(llvmValues(results))
+		tret := b.fn.t.(*types.Signature).Results()
+		b.impl.CreateAggregateRet(llvmValues(results, tret, b))
 	}
 }
 

ssa/type.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package ssa
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"go/token"
 	"go/types"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
@@ -40,29 +41,16 @@ const (
 	vkString
 	vkBool
 	vkPtr
-	vkFunc
+	vkFuncDecl // func decl
+	vkFuncPtr  // func ptr in C
+	vkClosure  // func ptr in Go
 	vkTuple
 	vkDelayExpr = -1
+	vkPhisExpr  = -2
 )
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const (
-	NameValist = "__llgo_va_list"
-)
-
-func VArg() *types.Var {
-	return types.NewParam(0, nil, NameValist, types.Typ[types.Invalid])
-}
-
-func IsVArg(arg *types.Var) bool {
-	return arg.Name() == NameValist
-}
-
-func HasVArg(t *types.Tuple, n int) bool {
-	return n > 0 && IsVArg(t.At(n-1))
-}
-
 func indexType(t types.Type) types.Type {
 	switch t := t.(type) {
 	case *types.Slice:
@@ -99,11 +87,21 @@ func methodToFunc(sig *types.Signature) *types.Signature {
 type aType struct {
 	ll   llvm.Type
 	t    types.Type
-	kind valueKind
+	kind valueKind // value kind of llvm.Type
 }
 
 type Type = *aType
 
+// TODO(xsw):
+// how to generate platform independent code?
+func (p Program) SizeOf(typ Type, n ...int64) uint64 {
+	size := p.td.TypeAllocSize(typ.ll)
+	if len(n) != 0 {
+		size *= uint64(n[0])
+	}
+	return size
+}
+
 func (p Program) Slice(typ Type) Type {
 	return p.Type(types.NewSlice(typ.t))
 }
@@ -123,13 +121,11 @@ func (p Program) Index(typ Type) Type {
 
 func (p Program) Field(typ Type, i int) Type {
 	tunder := typ.t.Underlying()
-	return p.Type(tunder.(*types.Struct).Field(i).Type())
+	tfld := tunder.(*types.Struct).Field(i).Type()
+	return p.Type(tfld)
 }
 
 func (p Program) Type(typ types.Type) Type {
-	if sig, ok := typ.(*types.Signature); ok { // should methodToFunc
-		return p.llvmSignature(sig, true)
-	}
 	if v := p.typs.At(typ); v != nil {
 		return v.(Type)
 	}
@@ -138,14 +134,9 @@ func (p Program) Type(typ types.Type) Type {
 	return ret
 }
 
-func (p Program) llvmSignature(sig *types.Signature, isPtr bool) Type {
+func (p Program) llvmFuncDecl(sig *types.Signature) Type {
 	sig = methodToFunc(sig)
-	if v := p.typs.At(sig); v != nil {
-		return v.(Type)
-	}
-	ret := p.toLLVMFunc(sig, isPtr)
-	p.typs.Set(sig, ret)
-	return ret
+	return p.toLLVMFunc(sig, false, true) // don't save func decl to cache
 }
 
 func (p Program) tyVoidPtr() llvm.Type {
@@ -261,6 +252,10 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMType(typ types.Type) Type {
 		return p.toLLVMStruct(t)
 	case *types.Named:
 		return p.toLLVMNamed(t)
+	case *types.Signature:
+		return p.toLLVMFunc(t, false, false)
+	case *CFuncPtr:
+		return p.toLLVMFunc((*types.Signature)(t), true, false)
 	case *types.Array:
 		elem := p.Type(t.Elem())
 		return &aType{llvm.ArrayType(elem.ll, int(t.Len())), typ, vkInvalid}
@@ -306,29 +301,42 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMTypes(t *types.Tuple, n int) (ret []llvm.Type) {
 	return
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMFunc(sig *types.Signature, isPtr bool) Type {
-	tParams := sig.Params()
-	n := tParams.Len()
-	hasVArg := HasVArg(tParams, n)
-	if hasVArg {
-		n--
+func (p Program) toLLVMFunc(sig *types.Signature, inC, isDecl bool) Type {
+	if isDecl || inC {
+		tParams := sig.Params()
+		n := tParams.Len()
+		hasVArg := HasVArg(tParams, n)
+		if hasVArg {
+			n--
+		}
+		params := p.toLLVMTypes(tParams, n)
+		out := sig.Results()
+		var ret llvm.Type
+		var kind valueKind
+		switch nret := out.Len(); nret {
+		case 0:
+			ret = p.tyVoid()
+		case 1:
+			ret = p.Type(out.At(0).Type()).ll
+		default:
+			ret = p.toLLVMTuple(out)
+		}
+		ft := llvm.FunctionType(ret, params, hasVArg)
+		if isDecl {
+			kind = vkFuncDecl
+		} else {
+			ft = llvm.PointerType(ft, 0)
+			kind = vkFuncPtr
+		}
+		return &aType{ft, sig, kind}
 	}
-	params := p.toLLVMTypes(tParams, n)
-	out := sig.Results()
-	var ret llvm.Type
-	switch nret := out.Len(); nret {
-	case 0:
-		ret = p.tyVoid()
-	case 1:
-		ret = p.Type(out.At(0).Type()).ll
-	default:
-		ret = p.toLLVMTuple(out)
+	flds := []*types.Var{
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "f", (*CFuncPtr)(sig), false),
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "data", types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer], false),
 	}
-	ft := llvm.FunctionType(ret, params, hasVArg)
-	if isPtr {
-		ft = llvm.PointerType(ft, 0)
-	}
-	return &aType{ft, sig, vkFunc}
+	t := types.NewStruct(flds, nil)
+	ll := p.ctx.StructType(p.toLLVMFields(t), false)
+	return &aType{ll, t, vkClosure}
 }
 
 func (p Program) retType(sig *types.Signature) Type {

ssa/type_c.go

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ssa
+
+import (
+	"go/types"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/typeutil"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const (
+	NameValist = "__llgo_va_list"
+)
+
+func VArg() *types.Var {
+	return types.NewParam(0, nil, NameValist, types.Typ[types.Invalid])
+}
+
+func IsVArg(arg *types.Var) bool {
+	return arg.Name() == NameValist
+}
+
+func HasVArg(t *types.Tuple, n int) bool {
+	return n > 0 && IsVArg(t.At(n-1))
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// CFuncPtr represents a C function pointer.
+type CFuncPtr types.Signature
+
+func (t *CFuncPtr) String() string         { return (*types.Signature)(t).String() }
+func (t *CFuncPtr) Underlying() types.Type { return (*types.Signature)(t) }
+
+func (t *CFuncPtr) Hash(h typeutil.Hasher) uint32 {
+	return typeutil.HashSig(h, (*types.Signature)(t))*13 + 97
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// CType convert a C type into Go.
+func CType(typ types.Type) types.Type {
+	t, _ := cvtCType(typ)
+	return t
+}
+
+// CFuncDecl convert a C function decl into Go signature.
+func CFuncDecl(sig *types.Signature) *types.Signature {
+	hasVArg := sig.Variadic()
+	params, cvt1 := cvtTuple(sig.Params(), hasVArg)
+	results, cvt2 := cvtTuple(sig.Results(), false)
+	if cvt1 || cvt2 {
+		return types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, results, hasVArg)
+	}
+	return sig
+}
+
+func cvtCType(typ types.Type) (types.Type, bool) {
+	switch t := typ.(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+	case *types.Pointer:
+		if elem, cvt := cvtCType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewPointer(elem), true
+		}
+	case *types.Struct:
+		return cvtCStruct(t)
+	case *types.Named:
+		if _, cvt := cvtCType(t.Underlying()); cvt {
+			panic("don't define named type")
+		}
+	case *types.Signature:
+		t = CFuncDecl(t)
+		return (*CFuncPtr)(t), true
+	case *types.Array:
+		if elem, cvt := cvtCType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewArray(elem, t.Len()), true
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+	return typ, false
+}
+
+func cvtTuple(t *types.Tuple, hasVArg bool) (*types.Tuple, bool) {
+	n := t.Len()
+	vars := make([]*types.Var, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	if hasVArg {
+		n--
+		vars[n] = t.At(n)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := t.At(i)
+		if t, cvt := cvtCType(v.Type()); cvt {
+			v = types.NewParam(v.Pos(), v.Pkg(), v.Name(), t)
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		vars[i] = v
+	}
+	if needcvt {
+		return types.NewTuple(vars...), true
+	}
+	return t, false
+}
+
+func cvtCStruct(typ *types.Struct) (*types.Struct, bool) {
+	n := typ.NumFields()
+	flds := make([]*types.Var, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		f := typ.Field(i)
+		if t, cvt := cvtCType(f.Type()); cvt {
+			f = types.NewField(f.Pos(), f.Pkg(), f.Name(), t, f.Anonymous())
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		flds[i] = f
+	}
+	if needcvt {
+		return types.NewStruct(flds, nil), true
+	}
+	return typ, false
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------