Update README.md

cl: fix compilePhis

README.md

@@ -9,3 +9,41 @@ llgo - A Go compiler based on LLVM
 [![Language](https://img.shields.io/badge/language-Go+-blue.svg)](https://github.com/goplus/gop)
 
 This is a Go compiler based on LLVM in order to better integrate Go with the C ecosystem. It's a subproject of [the Go+ project](https://github.com/goplus/gop).
+
+## How to install
+
+Follow these steps to generate the `llgo` command (its usage is the same as the `go` command):
+
+### on macOS
+
+```sh
+brew update  # execute if needed
+brew install llvm@17
+go install -v ./...
+```
+
+### on Linux
+
+```sh
+echo 'deb http://apt.llvm.org/focal/ llvm-toolchain-focal-17 main' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/llvm.list
+wget -O - https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
+sudo apt-get update  # execute if needed
+sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends llvm-17-dev
+go install -v ./...
+```
+
+## Demo
+
+The `_demo` directory contains our demos (it start with `_` to prevent the `go` command from compiling it):
+
+* [hello](_demo/hello/hello.go): call C printf to print `Hello world`
+* [concat](_demo/concat/concat.go): call C fprintf with stderr, and Go variadic function
+* [qsort](_demo/qsort/qsort.go): call C function with a callback (eg. qsort)
+* [genints](_demo/genints/genints.go): various forms of closure usage (including C function, recv.method and anonymous function)
+
+### How to run demos
+
+```sh
+cd <demo-directory>  # eg. cd _demo/genints
+llgo run .
+```

_demo/concat/concat.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+func concat(args ...string) (ret string) {
+	for _, v := range args {
+		ret += v
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func main() {
+	result := concat("Hello", " ", "World")
+	c.Fprintf(c.Stderr, c.Str("Hi, %s\n"), c.AllocaCStr(result))
+}
+
+/* Expected output (stderr):
+Hi, Hello World
+*/

_demo/genints/gen_ints.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+type generator struct {
+	val c.Int
+}
+
+func (g *generator) next() c.Int {
+	g.val++
+	return g.val
+}
+
+func genInts(n int, gen func() c.Int) []c.Int {
+	a := make([]c.Int, n)
+	for i := range a {
+		a[i] = gen()
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
+func main() {
+	// generate 5 random integers
+	for _, v := range genInts(5, c.Rand) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+
+	// generate 5 integers, each is double of the previous one
+	initVal := c.Int(1)
+	ints := genInts(5, func() c.Int {
+		initVal *= 2
+		return initVal
+	})
+	for _, v := range ints {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+
+	// generate 5 integers, each is incremented by 1
+	g := &generator{val: 1}
+	for _, v := range genInts(5, g.next) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+}
+
+/* Posible output:
+16807
+282475249
+1622650073
+984943658
+1144108930
+2
+4
+8
+16
+32
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+*/

_demo/hello/hello.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("Hello world\n"))
+}
+
+/* Expected output:
+Hello World
+*/

_demo/qsort/qsort.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	a := [...]int{100, 8, 23, 2, 7}
+	c.Qsort(c.Pointer(&a), 5, unsafe.Sizeof(0), func(a, b c.Pointer) c.Int {
+		return c.Int(*(*int)(a) - *(*int)(b))
+	})
+	for _, v := range a {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+}
+
+/* Expected output:
+2
+7
+8
+23
+100
+*/

c/c.go

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package c
+
+import "C"
+import "unsafe"
+
+const (
+	LLGoPackage = "decl"
+)
+
+type (
+	Char    = int8
+	Int     = C.int
+	Pointer = unsafe.Pointer
+	FilePtr = unsafe.Pointer
+)
+
+//go:linkname Stdin __stdinp
+var Stdin FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Stdout __stdoutp
+var Stdout FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Stderr __stderrp
+var Stderr FilePtr
+
+//go:linkname Str llgo.cstr
+func Str(string) *Char
+
+//go:linkname Advance llgo.advance
+func Advance(ptr Pointer, offset int) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname Alloca llgo.alloca
+func Alloca(size uintptr) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname AllocaCStr llgo.allocaCStr
+func AllocaCStr(s string) *Char
+
+//go:linkname Unreachable llgo.unreachable
+func Unreachable()
+
+//go:linkname Rand C.rand
+func Rand() Int
+
+//go:linkname Malloc C.malloc
+func Malloc(size uintptr) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname Memcpy C.memcpy
+func Memcpy(dst, src Pointer, n uintptr) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname Memset C.memset
+func Memset(s Pointer, c Int, n uintptr) Pointer
+
+//go:linkname Printf C.printf
+func Printf(format *Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) Int
+
+//go:linkname Fprintf C.fprintf
+func Fprintf(fp FilePtr, format *Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) Int
+
+//go:linkname Qsort C.qsort
+func Qsort(base Pointer, count, elem uintptr, compar func(a, b Pointer) Int)

chore/clangast/clangast.go

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/parser"
+)
+
+var (
+	dump = flag.Bool("dump", false, "dump AST")
+)
+
+func usage() {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage: clangast [-dump] source.i\n")
+	flag.PrintDefaults()
+}
+
+func main() {
+	flag.Usage = usage
+	flag.Parse()
+	if flag.NArg() < 1 {
+		usage()
+		return
+	}
+	var file = flag.Arg(0)
+	var err error
+	if *dump {
+		doc, _, e := parser.DumpAST(file, nil)
+		if e == nil {
+			os.Stdout.Write(doc)
+			return
+		}
+		err = e
+	} else {
+		doc, _, e := parser.ParseFile(file, 0)
+		if e == nil {
+			enc := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
+			enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+			check(enc.Encode(doc))
+			return
+		}
+		err = e
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
+	os.Exit(1)
+}
+
+func check(err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}

chore/clangpp/clangpp.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/preprocessor"
+)
+
+func usage() {
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage: clangpp source.c\n")
+}
+
+func main() {
+	if len(os.Args) < 2 {
+		usage()
+		return
+	}
+	infile := os.Args[1]
+	outfile := infile + ".i"
+	if err := preprocessor.Do(infile, outfile, nil); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}

cl/_testdata/method/out.ll

@@ -49,6 +49,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testdata/print/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func gwrite(b []byte) {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, v := range b {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%c"), v)
+	}
+}
+
+// func printfloat(v float64) {
+// 	switch {
+// 	case v != v:
+// 		printstring("NaN")
+// 		return
+// 	case v+v == v && v > 0:
+// 		printstring("+Inf")
+// 		return
+// 	case v+v == v && v < 0:
+// 		printstring("-Inf")
+// 		return
+// 	}
+
+// 	const n = 7 // digits printed
+// 	var buf [n + 7]byte
+// 	buf[0] = '+'
+// 	e := 0 // exp
+// 	if v == 0 {
+// 		if 1/v < 0 {
+// 			buf[0] = '-'
+// 		}
+// 	} else {
+// 		if v < 0 {
+// 			v = -v
+// 			buf[0] = '-'
+// 		}
+
+// 		// normalize
+// 		for v >= 10 {
+// 			e++
+// 			v /= 10
+// 		}
+// 		for v < 1 {
+// 			e--
+// 			v *= 10
+// 		}
+
+// 		// round
+// 		h := 5.0
+// 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+// 			h /= 10
+// 		}
+// 		v += h
+// 		if v >= 10 {
+// 			e++
+// 			v /= 10
+// 		}
+// 	}
+
+// 	// format +d.dddd+edd
+// 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+// 		s := int(v)
+// 		buf[i+2] = byte(s + '0')
+// 		v -= float64(s)
+// 		v *= 10
+// 	}
+// 	buf[1] = buf[2]
+// 	buf[2] = '.'
+
+// 	buf[n+2] = 'e'
+// 	buf[n+3] = '+'
+// 	if e < 0 {
+// 		e = -e
+// 		buf[n+3] = '-'
+// 	}
+
+// 	buf[n+4] = byte(e/100) + '0'
+// 	buf[n+5] = byte(e/10)%10 + '0'
+// 	buf[n+6] = byte(e%10) + '0'
+// 	gwrite(buf[:])
+// }
+
+func printuint(v uint64) {
+	var buf [100]byte
+	i := len(buf)
+	for i--; i > 0; i-- {
+		buf[i] = byte(v%10 + '0')
+		if v < 10 {
+			break
+		}
+		v /= 10
+	}
+	gwrite(buf[i:])
+}
+
+// func printint(v int64) {
+// 	if v < 0 {
+// 		printstring("-")
+// 		v = -v
+// 	}
+// 	printuint(uint64(v))
+// }
+
+var minhexdigits = 0
+
+func printhex(v uint64) {
+	const dig = "0123456789abcdef"
+	var buf [100]byte
+	i := len(buf)
+	for i--; i > 0; i-- {
+		buf[i] = dig[v%16]
+		if v < 16 && len(buf)-i >= minhexdigits {
+			break
+		}
+		v /= 16
+	}
+	i--
+	buf[i] = 'x'
+	i--
+	buf[i] = '0'
+	gwrite(buf[i:])
+}
+
+func printsp() {
+	printstring(" ")
+}
+
+func printnl() {
+	printstring("\n")
+}
+
+func printstring(s string) {
+	gwrite(bytes(s))
+}
+
+type slice struct {
+	array unsafe.Pointer
+	len   int
+	cap   int
+}
+
+type stringStruct struct {
+	str unsafe.Pointer
+	len int
+}
+
+func stringStructOf(sp *string) *stringStruct {
+	return (*stringStruct)(unsafe.Pointer(sp))
+}
+
+func bytes(s string) (ret []byte) {
+	rp := (*slice)(unsafe.Pointer(&ret))
+	sp := stringStructOf(&s)
+	rp.array = sp.str
+	rp.len = sp.len
+	rp.cap = sp.len
+	return
+}
+
+func main() {
+	printstring("llgo")
+	printnl()
+	printuint(1024)
+	printnl()
+	printhex(0x1234abcf)
+	printnl()
+}

cl/_testdata/print/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+%main.stringStruct = type { ptr, i64 }
+%main.slice = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@main.minhexdigits = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [3 x i8] c"%c\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"llgo\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [17 x i8] c"0123456789abcdef\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.bytes(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 16)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 24)
+  %3 = call ptr @main.stringStructOf(ptr %1)
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %main.stringStruct, ptr %3, i32 0, i32 0
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %main.slice, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %5, ptr %6, align 8
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %main.stringStruct, ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %8 = load i64, ptr %7, align 4
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds %main.slice, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 %8, ptr %9, align 4
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %main.stringStruct, ptr %3, i32 0, i32 1
+  %11 = load i64, ptr %10, align 4
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %main.slice, ptr %2, i32 0, i32 2
+  store i64 %11, ptr %12, align 4
+  %13 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr %2, align 8
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %13
+}
+
+define void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %2 = icmp eq i64 %1, 0
+  br i1 %2, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %3 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_2
+  %4 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_2 ], [ %5, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %5 = add i64 %4, 1
+  %6 = icmp slt i64 %5, %3
+  br i1 %6, label %_llgo_4, label %_llgo_5
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %7, i64 %5
+  %9 = load i8, ptr %8, align 1
+  %10 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i8 %9)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  store i64 0, ptr @main.minhexdigits, align 4
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 4)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  call void @main.printnl()
+  call void @main.printuint(i64 1024)
+  call void @main.printnl()
+  call void @main.printhex(i64 305441743)
+  call void @main.printnl()
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.printhex(i64 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 100)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %2 = urem i64 %14, 16
+  %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 16)
+  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3)
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %4, i64 %2
+  %6 = load i8, ptr %5, align 1
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %15
+  store i8 %6, ptr %7, align 1
+  %8 = icmp ult i64 %14, 16
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_3
+  %9 = sub i64 %15, 1
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %9
+  store i8 120, ptr %10, align 1
+  %11 = sub i64 %9, 1
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %11
+  store i8 48, ptr %12, align 1
+  %13 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %1, i64 1, i64 100, i64 %11, i64 100, i64 100)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %13)
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_0
+  %14 = phi i64 [ %0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %17, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %15 = phi i64 [ 99, %_llgo_0 ], [ %18, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %16 = icmp sgt i64 %15, 0
+  br i1 %16, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_1
+  %17 = udiv i64 %14, 16
+  %18 = sub i64 %15, 1
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %19 = sub i64 100, %15
+  %20 = load i64, ptr @main.minhexdigits, align 4
+  %21 = icmp sge i64 %19, %20
+  br i1 %21, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_4
+}
+
+define void @main.printnl() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 1)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.printsp() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 1)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.bytes(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.printuint(i64 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 100)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %2 = urem i64 %8, 10
+  %3 = add i64 %2, 48
+  %4 = trunc i64 %3 to i8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %9
+  store i8 %4, ptr %5, align 1
+  %6 = icmp ult i64 %8, 10
+  br i1 %6, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3, %_llgo_1
+  %7 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %1, i64 1, i64 100, i64 %9, i64 100, i64 100)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_0
+  %8 = phi i64 [ %0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %11, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %9 = phi i64 [ 99, %_llgo_0 ], [ %12, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %10 = icmp sgt i64 %9, 0
+  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %11 = udiv i64 %8, 10
+  %12 = sub i64 %9, 1
+  br label %_llgo_3
+}
+
+define ptr @main.stringStructOf(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  ret ptr %0
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)

cl/_testdata/printf/out.ll

@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testdata/printval/out.ll

@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/callback/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func callback(msg *c.Char, f func(*c.Char)) {
+	f(msg)
+}
+
+func print(msg *c.Char) {
+	c.Printf(msg)
+}
+
+func main() {
+	callback(c.Str("Hello\n"), print)
+	callback(c.Str("callback\n"), print)
+}

cl/_testrt/callback/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"Hello\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"callback\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.callback(ptr %0, { ptr, ptr } %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 1
+  %3 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 0
+  call void %3(ptr %2, ptr %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @__llgo_stub.main.print, ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  call void @main.callback(ptr @0, { ptr, ptr } %3)
+  %4 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @__llgo_stub.main.print, ptr %5, align 8
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %6, align 8
+  %7 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %4, align 8
+  call void @main.callback(ptr @1, { ptr, ptr } %7)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.print(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr %0)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+define linkonce void @__llgo_stub.main.print(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  tail call void @main.print(ptr %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/closure/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	func(n1, n2 int) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), n1, n2)
+	}(100, 200)
+	fn1 := func(n1, n2 int) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), n1, n2)
+	}
+	fn2 := func() {
+		fn1(100, 200)
+	}
+	fn2()
+}

cl/_testrt/closure/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  call void @"main.main$1"(i64 100, i64 200)
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 16)
+  %1 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"__llgo_stub.main.main$2", ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %1, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %3, align 8
+  %4 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %1, align 8
+  store { ptr, ptr } %4, ptr %0, align 8
+  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %5, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %0, ptr %6, align 8
+  %7 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"main.main$3", ptr %8, align 8
+  %9 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %7, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %5, ptr %9, align 8
+  %10 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %7, align 8
+  %11 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %10, 1
+  %12 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %10, 0
+  call void %12(ptr %11)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+define void @"main.main$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %0, i64 %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+define void @"main.main$2"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i64 %0, i64 %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define linkonce void @"__llgo_stub.main.main$2"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  tail call void @"main.main$2"(i64 %1, i64 %2)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @"main.main$3"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = load { ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %2, align 8
+  %4 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %3, 1
+  %5 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %3, 0
+  call void %5(ptr %4, i64 100, i64 200)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/cstr/out.ll

@@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/fprintf/out.ll

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ source_filename = "main"
 @__stderrp = external global ptr
 @0 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"Hello %d\0A\00", align 1
 
-declare void @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)
-
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
@@ -30,3 +28,5 @@ _llgo_0:
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/gotypes/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package main
+
+type base interface {
+	f(m map[string]func())
+}
+
+type bar interface {
+	base
+	g(c chan func())
+}
+
+func foo(bar) {
+}
+
+func main() {
+	foo(nil)
+}

cl/_testrt/gotypes/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" = type { ptr, ptr }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+
+define void @main.foo(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  call void @main.foo(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" zeroinitializer)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/intgen/in.go

@@ -4,6 +4,15 @@ import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
 )
 
+type generator struct {
+	val c.Int
+}
+
+func (g *generator) next() c.Int {
+	g.val++
+	return g.val
+}
+
 func genInts(n int, gen func() c.Int) []c.Int {
 	a := make([]c.Int, n)
 	for i := range a {
@@ -13,8 +22,21 @@ func genInts(n int, gen func() c.Int) []c.Int {
 }
 
 func main() {
-	a := genInts(5, c.Rand)
-	for _, v := range a {
+	for _, v := range genInts(5, c.Rand) {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+
+	initVal := c.Int(1)
+	ints := genInts(5, func() c.Int {
+		initVal *= 2
+		return initVal
+	})
+	for _, v := range ints {
+		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
+	}
+
+	g := &generator{val: 1}
+	for _, v := range genInts(5, g.next) {
 		c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), v)
 	}
 }

cl/_testrt/intgen/out.ll

@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@
 source_filename = "main"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+%main.generator = type { i32 }
 
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @0 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 %0, { ptr, ptr } %1) {
 _llgo_0:
@@ -21,16 +24,30 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %8, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %9 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 0
-  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
-  %11 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %10, i64 %7
-  store i32 0, ptr %11, align 4
+  %9 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 1
+  %10 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 0
+  %11 = call i32 %10(ptr %9)
+  %12 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  %13 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %12, i64 %7
+  store i32 %11, ptr %13, align 4
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
   ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4
 }
 
+define i32 @"(*main.generator).next"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  %2 = load i32, ptr %1, align 4
+  %3 = add i32 %2, 1
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store i32 %3, ptr %4, align 4
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  %6 = load i32, ptr %5, align 4
+  ret i32 %6
+}
+
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
@@ -50,7 +67,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
   %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
-  store ptr @rand, ptr %1, align 8
+  store ptr @__llgo_stub.rand, ptr %1, align 8
   %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
   store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
   %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
@@ -72,6 +89,65 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %13 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 4)
+  store i32 1, ptr %13, align 4
+  %14 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %15 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %14, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %13, ptr %15, align 8
+  %16 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %17 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %16, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"main.main$1", ptr %17, align 8
+  %18 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %16, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %14, ptr %18, align 8
+  %19 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %16, align 8
+  %20 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %19)
+  %21 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %20)
+  br label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_3
+  %22 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_3 ], [ %23, %_llgo_5 ]
+  %23 = add i64 %22, 1
+  %24 = icmp slt i64 %23, %21
+  br i1 %24, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_6
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %25 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %20)
+  %26 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %25, i64 %23
+  %27 = load i32, ptr %26, align 4
+  %28 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i32 %27)
+  br label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %29 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 4)
+  %30 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %29, i32 0, i32 0
+  store i32 1, ptr %30, align 4
+  %31 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %32 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %31, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %29, ptr %32, align 8
+  %33 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %34 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %33, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"main.next$bound", ptr %34, align 8
+  %35 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %33, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %31, ptr %35, align 8
+  %36 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %33, align 8
+  %37 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %36)
+  %38 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %37)
+  br label %_llgo_7
+
+_llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6
+  %39 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_6 ], [ %40, %_llgo_8 ]
+  %40 = add i64 %39, 1
+  %41 = icmp slt i64 %40, %38
+  br i1 %41, label %_llgo_8, label %_llgo_9
+
+_llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
+  %42 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %37)
+  %43 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %42, i64 %40
+  %44 = load i32, ptr %43, align 4
+  %45 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i32 %44)
+  br label %_llgo_7
+
+_llgo_9:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
   ret void
 }
 
@@ -87,4 +163,33 @@ declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare i32 @rand()
 
+define linkonce i32 @__llgo_stub.rand(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = tail call i32 @rand()
+  ret i32 %1
+}
+
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+define i32 @"main.main$1"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = load { ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  %3 = load i32, ptr %2, align 4
+  %4 = mul i32 %3, 2
+  %5 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  store i32 %4, ptr %5, align 4
+  %6 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  %7 = load i32, ptr %6, align 4
+  ret i32 %7
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64)
+
+define i32 @"main.next$bound"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = load { ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr } %1, 0
+  %3 = call i32 @"(*main.generator).next"(ptr %2)
+  ret i32 %3
+}

cl/_testrt/map/in.go

@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 package main
 
-/*
 import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
 )
-*/
 
 func main() {
 	a := map[int]int{23: 100, 7: 29}
-	_ = a
-	// c.Printf(c.Str("Hello %d\n"), a[23])
+	c.Printf(c.Str("Hello %d\n"), a[23])
 }

cl/_testrt/map/out.ll

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 source_filename = "main"
 
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"Hello %d\0A\00", align 1
 
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
@@ -21,9 +22,12 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeSmallMap"()
+  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, <null operand!>)
   ret void
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeSmallMap"()
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/qsort/out.ll

@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @qsort(ptr, i64, i64, ptr)
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
+declare void @qsort(ptr, i64, i64, ptr)
+
 define i32 @"main.main$1"(ptr %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   %2 = load i64, ptr %0, align 4

cl/_testrt/result/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	fn := func() func(int, int) int {
+		return func(x, y int) int {
+			return x + y
+		}
+	}()
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), fn(100, 200))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), add()(100, 200))
+	fn, n := add2()
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d\n"), add()(100, 200), n)
+}
+
+func add() func(int, int) int {
+	return func(x, y int) int {
+		return x + y
+	}
+}
+
+func add2() (func(int, int) int, int) {
+	return func(x, y int) int {
+		return x + y
+	}, 1
+}

cl/_testrt/result/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"%d %d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define { ptr, ptr } @main.add() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"__llgo_stub.main.add$1", ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  ret { ptr, ptr } %3
+}
+
+define { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } @main.add2() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"__llgo_stub.main.add2$1", ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %mrv = insertvalue { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } poison, { ptr, ptr } %3, 0
+  %mrv1 = insertvalue { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } %mrv, i64 1, 1
+  ret { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } %mrv1
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main() {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %0 = call { ptr, ptr } @"main.main$1"()
+  %1 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %0, 1
+  %2 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %0, 0
+  %3 = call i64 %2(ptr %1, i64 100, i64 200)
+  %4 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %3)
+  %5 = call { ptr, ptr } @main.add()
+  %6 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %5, 1
+  %7 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %5, 0
+  %8 = call i64 %7(ptr %6, i64 100, i64 200)
+  %9 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i64 %8)
+  %10 = call { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } @main.add2()
+  %11 = extractvalue { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } %10, 0
+  %12 = extractvalue { { ptr, ptr }, i64 } %10, 1
+  %13 = call { ptr, ptr } @main.add()
+  %14 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %13, 1
+  %15 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %13, 0
+  %16 = call i64 %15(ptr %14, i64 100, i64 200)
+  %17 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i64 %16, i64 %12)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define i64 @"main.add$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = add i64 %0, %1
+  ret i64 %2
+}
+
+define linkonce i64 @"__llgo_stub.main.add$1"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = tail call i64 @"main.add$1"(i64 %1, i64 %2)
+  ret i64 %3
+}
+
+define i64 @"main.add2$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = add i64 %0, %1
+  ret i64 %2
+}
+
+define linkonce i64 @"__llgo_stub.main.add2$1"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = tail call i64 @"main.add2$1"(i64 %1, i64 %2)
+  ret i64 %3
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+define { ptr, ptr } @"main.main$1"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"__llgo_stub.main.main$1$1", ptr %1, align 8
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr null, ptr %2, align 8
+  %3 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  ret { ptr, ptr } %3
+}
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+define i64 @"main.main$1$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = add i64 %0, %1
+  ret i64 %2
+}
+
+define linkonce i64 @"__llgo_stub.main.main$1$1"(ptr %0, i64 %1, i64 %2) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %3 = tail call i64 @"main.main$1$1"(i64 %1, i64 %2)
+  ret i64 %3
+}

cl/_testrt/strlen/out.ll

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare i32 @strlen(ptr)
 
-declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/struct/out.ll

@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
-declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
-
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr, i64)
 
+declare void @printf(ptr, ...)
+
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/builtin_test.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
 )
 
+/*
 func TestErrCompileValue(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() {
 		if r := recover(); r != "can't use llgo instruction as a value" {
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ func TestErrCompileValue(t *testing.T) {
 		Signature: types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false),
 	})
 }
+*/
 
 func TestErrCompileInstrOrValue(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() {

cl/cltest/cltest.go

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import (
 
 func init() {
 	cl.SetDebug(cl.DbgFlagAll)
-	llssa.Initialize(llssa.InitAll)
+	llssa.Initialize(llssa.InitAll | llssa.InitNative)
 	llssa.SetDebug(llssa.DbgFlagAll)
 }
 

cl/compile.go

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func (p *context) compileMethods(pkg llssa.Package, typ types.Type) {
 	for i, n := 0, mthds.Len(); i < n; i++ {
 		mthd := mthds.At(i)
 		if ssaMthd := prog.MethodValue(mthd); ssaMthd != nil {
-			p.compileFunc(pkg, mthd.Obj().Pkg(), ssaMthd, false)
+			p.compileFuncDecl(pkg, mthd.Obj().Pkg(), ssaMthd)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -184,68 +184,108 @@ func (p *context) compileGlobal(pkg llssa.Package, gbl *ssa.Global) {
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Println("==> NewVar", name, typ)
 	}
-	if vtype == cVar {
-		typ = llssa.CType(typ)
-	}
-	g := pkg.NewVar(name, typ)
+	g := pkg.NewVar(name, typ, llssa.Background(vtype))
 	if vtype == goVar {
 		g.Init(p.prog.Null(g.Type))
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *context) compileFunc(pkg llssa.Package, pkgTypes *types.Package, f *ssa.Function, closure bool) llssa.Function {
+func makeClosureCtx(pkg *types.Package, vars []*ssa.FreeVar) *types.Var {
+	n := len(vars)
+	flds := make([]*types.Var, n)
+	for i, v := range vars {
+		flds[i] = types.NewField(token.NoPos, pkg, v.Name(), v.Type(), false)
+	}
+	t := types.NewPointer(types.NewStruct(flds, nil))
+	return types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "__llgo_ctx", t)
+}
+
+func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, pkgTypes *types.Package, f *ssa.Function) llssa.Function {
+	name, ftype := p.funcName(pkgTypes, f, true)
+	if ftype != goFunc {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fn := pkg.FuncOf(name)
+	if fn != nil && fn.HasBody() {
+		return fn
+	}
+
 	var sig = f.Signature
-	var name string
-	if closure {
-		name = funcName(pkgTypes, f)
+	var hasCtx = len(f.FreeVars) > 0
+	if hasCtx {
 		if debugInstr {
 			log.Println("==> NewClosure", name, "type:", sig)
 		}
+		ctx := makeClosureCtx(pkgTypes, f.FreeVars)
+		sig = llssa.FuncAddCtx(ctx, sig)
 	} else {
-		var ftype int
-		name, ftype = p.funcName(pkgTypes, f, true)
-		switch ftype {
-		case ignoredFunc, llgoInstr: // llgo extended instructions
-			return nil
-		}
 		if debugInstr {
 			log.Println("==> NewFunc", name, "type:", sig.Recv(), sig)
 		}
-		if ftype == cFunc {
-			sig = llssa.CFuncDecl(sig)
 	}
+	if fn == nil {
+		fn = pkg.NewFuncEx(name, sig, llssa.Background(ftype), hasCtx)
 	}
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc(name, sig)
+	if nblk := len(f.Blocks); nblk > 0 {
+		fn.MakeBlocks(nblk) // to set fn.HasBody() = true
 		p.inits = append(p.inits, func() {
 			p.fn = fn
 			defer func() {
 				p.fn = nil
 			}()
 			p.phis = nil
-		nblk := len(f.Blocks)
-		if nblk == 0 { // external function
-			return
-		}
 			if debugGoSSA {
 				f.WriteTo(os.Stderr)
 			}
 			if debugInstr {
 				log.Println("==> FuncBody", name)
 			}
-		fn.MakeBlocks(nblk)
 			b := fn.NewBuilder()
 			p.bvals = make(map[ssa.Value]llssa.Expr)
+			off := make([]int, len(f.Blocks))
 			for i, block := range f.Blocks {
-			p.compileBlock(b, block, i == 0 && name == "main")
+				off[i] = p.compilePhis(b, block)
+			}
+			for i, block := range f.Blocks {
+				p.compileBlock(b, block, off[i], i == 0 && name == "main")
 			}
 			for _, phi := range p.phis {
 				phi()
 			}
 		})
+	}
 	return fn
 }
 
-func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, doInit bool) llssa.BasicBlock {
+// funcOf returns a function by name and set ftype = goFunc, cFunc, etc.
+// or returns nil and set ftype = llgoCstr, llgoAlloca, llgoUnreachable, etc.
+func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
+	pkgTypes := p.ensureLoaded(fn.Pkg.Pkg)
+	pkg := p.pkg
+	name, ftype := p.funcName(pkgTypes, fn, false)
+	if ftype == llgoInstr {
+		switch name {
+		case "cstr":
+			ftype = llgoCstr
+		case "advance":
+			ftype = llgoAdvance
+		case "alloca":
+			ftype = llgoAlloca
+		case "allocaCStr":
+			ftype = llgoAllocaCStr
+		case "unreachable":
+			ftype = llgoUnreachable
+		default:
+			panic("unknown llgo instruction: " + name)
+		}
+	} else if ret = pkg.FuncOf(name); ret == nil && len(fn.FreeVars) == 0 {
+		sig := fn.Signature
+		ret = pkg.NewFuncEx(name, sig, llssa.Background(ftype), false)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, n int, doInit bool) llssa.BasicBlock {
 	ret := p.fn.Block(block.Index)
 	b.SetBlock(ret)
 	if doInit {
@@ -253,8 +293,7 @@ func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, doInit bo
 		callRuntimeInit(b, pkg)
 		b.Call(pkg.FuncOf("main.init").Expr)
 	}
-	instrs := p.compilePhis(b, block.Instrs)
-	for _, instr := range instrs {
+	for _, instr := range block.Instrs[n:] {
 		p.compileInstr(b, instr)
 	}
 	return ret
@@ -265,7 +304,8 @@ const (
 )
 
 func callRuntimeInit(b llssa.Builder, pkg llssa.Package) {
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc(RuntimeInit, types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc(RuntimeInit, sig, llssa.InC) // don't need to convert runtime.init
 	b.Call(fn.Expr)
 }
 
@@ -349,30 +389,32 @@ func isPhi(i ssa.Instruction) bool {
 	return ok
 }
 
-func (p *context) compilePhis(b llssa.Builder, instrs []ssa.Instruction) []ssa.Instruction {
-	if ninstr := len(instrs); ninstr > 0 {
-		if isPhi(instrs[0]) {
+func (p *context) compilePhis(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock) int {
+	ret := p.fn.Block(block.Index)
+	b.SetBlock(ret)
+	if ninstr := len(block.Instrs); ninstr > 0 {
+		if isPhi(block.Instrs[0]) {
 			n := 1
-			for n < ninstr && isPhi(instrs[n]) {
+			for n < ninstr && isPhi(block.Instrs[n]) {
 				n++
 			}
 			rets := make([]llssa.Expr, n)
 			for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-				iv := instrs[i].(*ssa.Phi)
+				iv := block.Instrs[i].(*ssa.Phi)
 				rets[i] = p.compilePhi(b, iv)
 			}
 			for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-				iv := instrs[i].(*ssa.Phi)
+				iv := block.Instrs[i].(*ssa.Phi)
 				p.bvals[iv] = rets[i].Do(b)
 			}
-			return instrs[n:]
+			return n
 		}
 	}
-	return instrs
+	return 0
 }
 
 func (p *context) compilePhi(b llssa.Builder, v *ssa.Phi) (ret llssa.Expr) {
-	phi := b.Phi(p.prog.Type(v.Type()))
+	phi := b.Phi(p.prog.Type(v.Type(), llssa.InGo))
 	ret = phi.Expr
 	p.phis = append(p.phis, func() {
 		preds := v.Block().Preds
@@ -418,7 +460,7 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 				ret = b.BuiltinCall(fn, args...)
 			}
 		case *ssa.Function:
-			fn, ftype := p.funcOf(cv)
+			fn, ftype := p.compileFunction(cv)
 			switch ftype {
 			case goFunc, cFunc:
 				args := p.compileValues(b, call.Args, kind)
@@ -451,11 +493,11 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 	case *ssa.ChangeType:
 		t := v.Type()
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
-		ret = b.ChangeType(p.prog.Type(t), x)
+		ret = b.ChangeType(p.prog.Type(t, llssa.InGo), x)
 	case *ssa.Convert:
 		t := v.Type()
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
-		ret = b.Convert(p.prog.Type(t), x)
+		ret = b.Convert(p.prog.Type(t, llssa.InGo), x)
 	case *ssa.FieldAddr:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		ret = b.FieldAddr(x, v.Field)
@@ -464,7 +506,8 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 		if p.checkVArgs(v, t) { // varargs: this is a varargs allocation
 			return
 		}
-		ret = b.Alloc(t, v.Heap)
+		elem := p.prog.Type(t.Elem(), llssa.InGo)
+		ret = b.Alloc(elem, v.Heap)
 	case *ssa.IndexAddr:
 		vx := v.X
 		if _, ok := p.isVArgs(vx); ok { // varargs: this is a varargs index
@@ -482,8 +525,12 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 					return p.compileValue(b, n.X)
 				}
 			}
-			panic(fmt.Errorf("todo addr of %v", e))
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("todo: addr of %v", e))
 		})
+	case *ssa.Lookup:
+		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
+		idx := p.compileValue(b, v.Index)
+		ret = b.Lookup(x, idx, v.CommaOk)
 	case *ssa.Slice:
 		vx := v.X
 		if _, ok := p.isVArgs(vx); ok { // varargs: this is a varargs slice
@@ -505,27 +552,35 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 		const (
 			delayExpr = true // varargs: don't need to convert an expr to any
 		)
-		t := v.Type()
+		t := p.prog.Type(v.Type(), llssa.InGo)
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		ret = b.MakeInterface(t, x, delayExpr)
 	case *ssa.MakeSlice:
 		var nCap llssa.Expr
-		t := v.Type()
+		t := p.prog.Type(v.Type(), llssa.InGo)
 		nLen := p.compileValue(b, v.Len)
 		if v.Cap != nil {
 			nCap = p.compileValue(b, v.Cap)
 		}
-		ret = b.MakeSlice(p.prog.Type(t), nLen, nCap)
+		ret = b.MakeSlice(t, nLen, nCap)
 	case *ssa.MakeMap:
 		var nReserve llssa.Expr
-		t := v.Type()
+		t := p.prog.Type(v.Type(), llssa.InGo)
 		if v.Reserve != nil {
 			nReserve = p.compileValue(b, v.Reserve)
 		}
-		ret = b.MakeMap(p.prog.Type(t), nReserve)
+		ret = b.MakeMap(t, nReserve)
+	case *ssa.MakeClosure:
+		fn := p.compileValue(b, v.Fn)
+		bindings := p.compileValues(b, v.Bindings, 0)
+		ret = b.MakeClosure(fn, bindings)
 	case *ssa.TypeAssert:
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
-		ret = b.TypeAssert(x, p.prog.Type(v.AssertedType), v.CommaOk)
+		t := p.prog.Type(v.AssertedType, llssa.InGo)
+		ret = b.TypeAssert(x, t, v.CommaOk)
+	case *ssa.Extract:
+		x := p.compileValue(b, v.Tuple)
+		ret = b.Extract(x, v.Index)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("compileInstrAndValue: unknown instr - %T\n", iv))
 	}
@@ -589,6 +644,17 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (p *context) compileFunction(v *ssa.Function) (llssa.Function, int) {
+	// v.Pkg == nil: means auto generated function?
+	if v.Pkg == p.goPkg || v.Pkg == nil {
+		// function in this package
+		if fn := p.compileFuncDecl(p.pkg, p.goTyps, v); fn != nil {
+			return fn, goFunc
+		}
+	}
+	return p.funcOf(v)
+}
+
 func (p *context) compileValue(b llssa.Builder, v ssa.Value) llssa.Expr {
 	if iv, ok := v.(instrOrValue); ok {
 		return p.compileInstrOrValue(b, iv, true)
@@ -602,21 +668,21 @@ func (p *context) compileValue(b llssa.Builder, v ssa.Value) llssa.Expr {
 			}
 		}
 	case *ssa.Function:
-		if v.Blocks != nil {
-			fn := p.compileFunc(p.pkg, p.goTyps, v, true)
-			return fn.Expr
-		}
-		fn, ftype := p.funcOf(v)
-		if ftype >= llgoInstrBase {
-			panic("can't use llgo instruction as a value")
-		}
+		fn, _ := p.compileFunction(v)
 		return fn.Expr
 	case *ssa.Global:
 		g := p.varOf(v)
 		return g.Expr
 	case *ssa.Const:
 		t := types.Default(v.Type())
-		return b.Const(v.Value, p.prog.Type(t))
+		return b.Const(v.Value, p.prog.Type(t, llssa.InGo))
+	case *ssa.FreeVar:
+		fn := v.Parent()
+		for idx, freeVar := range fn.FreeVars {
+			if freeVar == v {
+				return p.fn.FreeVar(b, idx)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	panic(fmt.Sprintf("compileValue: unknown value - %T\n", v))
 }
@@ -695,7 +761,7 @@ func NewPackage(prog llssa.Program, pkg *ssa.Package, files []*ast.File) (ret ll
 				// Do not try to build generic (non-instantiated) functions.
 				continue
 			}
-			ctx.compileFunc(ret, member.Pkg.Pkg, member, false)
+			ctx.compileFuncDecl(ret, member.Pkg.Pkg, member)
 		case *ssa.Type:
 			ctx.compileType(ret, member)
 		case *ssa.Global:

cl/import.go

@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ func checkCgo(fnName string) bool {
 
 const (
 	ignoredFunc = iota
-	goFunc
-	cFunc
+	goFunc      = int(llssa.InGo)
+	cFunc       = int(llssa.InC)
 	llgoInstr   = -1
 
 	llgoInstrBase   = 0x80
@@ -222,8 +222,8 @@ func (p *context) funcName(pkg *types.Package, fn *ssa.Function, ignore bool) (s
 
 const (
 	ignoredVar = iota
-	goVar
-	cVar
+	goVar      = int(llssa.InGo)
+	cVar       = int(llssa.InC)
 )
 
 func (p *context) varName(pkg *types.Package, v *ssa.Global) (vName string, vtype int) {
@@ -234,39 +234,12 @@ func (p *context) varName(pkg *types.Package, v *ssa.Global) (vName string, vtyp
 	return name, goVar
 }
 
-// funcOf returns a function by name and set ftype = goFunc, cFunc, etc.
-// or returns nil and set ftype = llgoCstr, llgoAlloca, llgoUnreachable, etc.
-func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
-	pkgTypes := p.ensureLoaded(fn.Pkg.Pkg)
-	pkg := p.pkg
-	name, ftype := p.funcName(pkgTypes, fn, false)
-	if ftype == llgoInstr {
-		switch name {
-		case "cstr":
-			ftype = llgoCstr
-		case "advance":
-			ftype = llgoAdvance
-		case "alloca":
-			ftype = llgoAlloca
-		case "allocaCStr":
-			ftype = llgoAllocaCStr
-		case "unreachable":
-			ftype = llgoUnreachable
-		default:
-			panic("unknown llgo instruction: " + name)
-		}
-	} else if ret = pkg.FuncOf(name); ret == nil {
-		ret = pkg.NewFunc(name, fn.Signature)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
 func (p *context) varOf(v *ssa.Global) (ret llssa.Global) {
 	pkgTypes := p.ensureLoaded(v.Pkg.Pkg)
 	pkg := p.pkg
-	name, _ := p.varName(pkgTypes, v)
+	name, vtype := p.varName(pkgTypes, v)
 	if ret = pkg.VarOf(name); ret == nil {
-		ret = pkg.NewVar(name, v.Type())
+		ret = pkg.NewVar(name, v.Type(), llssa.Background(vtype))
 	}
 	return
 }

go.mod

@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2
 	github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5
 	github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
 	github.com/qiniu/x v1.13.10
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.20.0
 )
 
 require (
+	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 github.com/aykevl/go-wasm v0.0.1 h1:lPxy8l48P39W7I0tLrtCrLfZBOUq9IWZ7odGdyJP2AM=
 github.com/aykevl/go-wasm v0.0.1/go.mod h1:b4nggwg3lEkNKOU4wzhtLKz2q2sLxSHFnc98aGt6z/Y=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2 h1:Q6XaSx/Zi5tWnjfAziYsQI6Jv6MgODRpFtOYqNkiiqM=
 github.com/goplus/gogen v1.15.2/go.mod h1:92qEzVgv7y8JEFICWG9GvYI5IzfEkxYdsA1DbmnTkqk=
 github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5 h1:ges8WcUdu4FBi0mkZUs27p/4qDQlj28N1UpMg3VQUoE=
 github.com/goplus/llvm v0.7.5/go.mod h1:PeVK8GgzxwAYCiMiUAJb5wJR6xbhj989tu9oulKLLT4=
 github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10 h1:5Om6KOvo31daN7N30kWU1vC5zhsJPM+uPbcEN/FnlzE=
 github.com/goplus/mod v0.13.10/go.mod h1:HDuPZgpWiaTp3PUolFgsiX+Q77cbUWB/mikVHfYND3c=
+github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 h1:PV8peI4a0ysnczrg+LtxykD8LfKY9ML6u2jnxaEnrnM=
+github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12/go.mod h1:e30LSqwooZae/UwlEbR2852Gd8hjQvJoHmT4TnhNGBo=
+github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 h1:ZqeYNhU3OHLH3mGKHDcjJRFFRrJa6eAM5H+CtDdOsPc=
+github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
+github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 h1:xBagoLtFs94CBntxluKeaWgTMpvLxC4ur3nMaC9Gz0M=
+github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2/go.mod h1:yWuevngMOJpCy52FWWMvUC8ws7m/LJsjYzDa0/r8luk=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/qiniu/x v1.13.10 h1:J4Z3XugYzAq85SlyAfqlKVrbf05glMbAOh+QncsDQpE=
 github.com/qiniu/x v1.13.10/go.mod h1:INZ2TSWSJVWO/RuELQROERcslBwVgFG7MkTfEdaQz9E=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5taEt/CY=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=

internal/llgen/llgen.go

@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ func Gen(pkgPath, inFile string, src any) string {
 	}
 
 	prog := llssa.NewProgram(nil)
+	prog.SetRuntime(func() *types.Package {
+		rt, err := imp.Import(llssa.PkgRuntime)
+		check(err)
+		return rt
+	})
 	ret, err := cl.NewPackage(prog, ssaPkg, files)
 	check(err)
 

internal/runtime/llgo_autogen.ll

@@ -513,8 +513,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret ptr %1
 }
 
-declare i32 @rand()
-
 define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = load i1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init$guard", align 1
@@ -620,4 +618,6 @@ declare ptr @memcpy(ptr, ptr, i64)
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.init"()
 
+declare i32 @rand()
+
 declare i32 @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)

ssa/cl_test.go

@@ -17,12 +17,9 @@
 package ssa_test
 
 import (
-	"go/types"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/cltest"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/typeutil"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
 )
 
 func TestFromTestrt(t *testing.T) {
@@ -38,6 +35,34 @@ func TestRuntime(t *testing.T) {
 	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi", "../internal/abi/llgo_autogen.ll")
 }
 
+/*
+func TestCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := llvm.NewContext()
+	mod := ctx.NewModule("foo/bar")
+
+	tc := llvm.FunctionType(ctx.VoidType(), nil, false)
+	callback := llvm.PointerType(tc, 0)
+	params := []llvm.Type{callback}
+
+	tfn := llvm.FunctionType(ctx.VoidType(), params, false)
+	f := llvm.AddFunction(mod, "fn", tfn)
+	b := ctx.NewBuilder()
+	blk := llvm.AddBasicBlock(f, "")
+	b.SetInsertPointAtEnd(blk)
+
+	arg := f.Param(0)
+	// arg = b.CreateLoad(tc, arg, "")
+	b.CreateCall(tc, arg, nil, "")
+	b.CreateRetVoid()
+
+	expected := `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
+`
+	if v := mod.String(); v != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("\n==> got:\n%s\n==> expected:\n%s\n", v, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+/*
 func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
 	var m typeutil.Map
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
@@ -51,3 +76,4 @@ func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("At(csig):", v)
 	}
 }
+*/

ssa/decl.go

@@ -25,6 +25,26 @@ import (
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+const (
+	ClosureCtx  = "__llgo_ctx"
+	ClosureStub = "__llgo_stub."
+	NameValist  = "__llgo_va_list"
+)
+
+func VArg() *types.Var {
+	return types.NewParam(0, nil, NameValist, types.Typ[types.Invalid])
+}
+
+func IsVArg(arg *types.Var) bool {
+	return arg.Name() == NameValist
+}
+
+func HasVArg(t *types.Tuple, n int) bool {
+	return n > 0 && IsVArg(t.At(n-1))
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 type aNamedConst struct {
 }
 
@@ -106,24 +126,31 @@ func (g Global) Init(v Expr) {
 // respectively, and is nil in the generic method.
 type aFunction struct {
 	Expr
-	pkg  Package
-	prog Program
+	Pkg  Package
+	Prog Program
+
 	blks []BasicBlock
 
 	params   []Type
+	freeVars Expr
+	base     int // base = 1 if hasFreeVars; base = 0 otherwise
 	hasVArg  bool
 }
 
 // Function represents a function or method.
 type Function = *aFunction
 
-func newFunction(fn llvm.Value, t Type, pkg Package, prog Program) Function {
+func newFunction(fn llvm.Value, t Type, pkg Package, prog Program, hasFreeVars bool) Function {
 	params, hasVArg := newParams(t, prog)
-	return &aFunction{Expr{fn, t}, pkg, prog, nil, params, hasVArg}
+	base := 0
+	if hasFreeVars {
+		base = 1
+	}
+	return &aFunction{Expr{fn, t}, pkg, prog, nil, params, Expr{}, base, hasVArg}
 }
 
 func newParams(fn Type, prog Program) (params []Type, hasVArg bool) {
-	sig := fn.t.(*types.Signature)
+	sig := fn.raw.Type.(*types.Signature)
 	in := sig.Params()
 	if n := in.Len(); n > 0 {
 		if hasVArg = HasVArg(in, n); hasVArg {
@@ -131,7 +158,7 @@ func newParams(fn Type, prog Program) (params []Type, hasVArg bool) {
 		}
 		params = make([]Type, n)
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-			params[i] = prog.Type(in.At(i).Type())
+			params[i] = prog.rawType(in.At(i).Type())
 		}
 	}
 	return
@@ -139,18 +166,41 @@ func newParams(fn Type, prog Program) (params []Type, hasVArg bool) {
 
 // Params returns the function's ith parameter.
 func (p Function) Param(i int) Expr {
+	i += p.base // skip if hasFreeVars
 	return Expr{p.impl.Param(i), p.params[i]}
 }
 
+func (p Function) closureCtx(b Builder) Expr {
+	if p.freeVars.IsNil() {
+		if p.base == 0 {
+			panic("ssa: function has no free variables")
+		}
+		ptr := Expr{p.impl.Param(0), p.params[0]}
+		p.freeVars = b.Load(ptr)
+	}
+	return p.freeVars
+}
+
+// FreeVar returns the function's ith free variable.
+func (p Function) FreeVar(b Builder, i int) Expr {
+	ctx := p.closureCtx(b)
+	return b.getField(ctx, i)
+}
+
 // NewBuilder creates a new Builder for the function.
 func (p Function) NewBuilder() Builder {
-	prog := p.prog
+	prog := p.Prog
 	b := prog.ctx.NewBuilder()
 	// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
 	// b.Finalize()
 	return &aBuilder{b, p, prog}
 }
 
+// HasBody reports whether the function has a body.
+func (p Function) HasBody() bool {
+	return len(p.blks) > 0
+}
+
 // MakeBody creates nblk basic blocks for the function, and creates
 // a new Builder associated to #0 block.
 func (p Function) MakeBody(nblk int) Builder {

ssa/expr.go

@@ -41,20 +41,13 @@ func (v Expr) IsNil() bool {
 	return v.Type == nil
 }
 
-/*
-// TypeOf returns the type of the expression.
-func (v Expr) TypeOf() types.Type {
-	return v.t
-}
-*/
-
 // Do evaluates the delay expression and returns the result.
 func (v Expr) Do(b Builder) Expr {
 	switch vt := v.Type; vt.kind {
 	case vkDelayExpr:
-		return vt.t.(delayExprTy)()
+		return vt.raw.Type.(delayExprTy)()
 	case vkPhisExpr:
-		e := vt.t.(*phisExprTy)
+		e := vt.raw.Type.(*phisExprTy)
 		return b.aggregateValue(e.Type, e.phis...)
 	}
 	return v
@@ -64,7 +57,7 @@ func (v Expr) Do(b Builder) Expr {
 
 // DelayExpr returns a delay expression.
 func DelayExpr(f func() Expr) Expr {
-	return Expr{Type: &aType{t: delayExprTy(f), kind: vkDelayExpr}}
+	return Expr{Type: &aType{raw: rawType{delayExprTy(f)}, kind: vkDelayExpr}}
 }
 
 type delayExprTy func() Expr
@@ -93,7 +86,7 @@ func (p phisExprTy) String() string {
 }
 
 func phisExpr(t Type, phis []llvm.Value) Expr {
-	return Expr{Type: &aType{t: &phisExprTy{phis, t}, kind: vkPhisExpr}}
+	return Expr{Type: &aType{raw: rawType{&phisExprTy{phis, t}}, kind: vkPhisExpr}}
 }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -148,7 +141,8 @@ func (b Builder) Const(v constant.Value, typ Type) Expr {
 	if v == nil {
 		return prog.Null(typ)
 	}
-	switch t := typ.t.(type) {
+	raw := typ.raw.Type
+	switch t := raw.(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		kind := t.Kind()
 		switch {
@@ -170,7 +164,7 @@ func (b Builder) Const(v constant.Value, typ Type) Expr {
 			return b.Str(constant.StringVal(v))
 		}
 	}
-	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported Const: %v, %v", v, typ.t))
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported Const: %v, %v", v, raw))
 }
 
 // SizeOf returns the size of a type.
@@ -189,7 +183,7 @@ func (b Builder) CStr(v string) Expr {
 func (b Builder) Str(v string) (ret Expr) {
 	prog := b.Prog
 	cstr := b.CStr(v)
-	ret = b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("NewString"), cstr, prog.Val(len(v)))
+	ret = b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("NewString"), cstr, prog.Val(len(v)))
 	ret.Type = prog.String()
 	return
 }
@@ -302,7 +296,7 @@ func (b Builder) BinOp(op token.Token, x, y Expr) Expr {
 		switch kind {
 		case vkString:
 			if op == token.ADD {
-				pkg := b.fn.pkg
+				pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 				return b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringCat"), x, y)
 			}
 		case vkComplex:
@@ -362,26 +356,50 @@ func (b Builder) UnOp(op token.Token, x Expr) Expr {
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 func checkExpr(v Expr, t types.Type, b Builder) Expr {
-	if _, ok := t.(*types.Signature); ok {
+	if t, ok := t.(*types.Struct); ok && isClosure(t) {
 		if v.kind != vkClosure {
-			prog := b.Prog
-			nilVal := prog.Null(prog.VoidPtr()).impl
-			return b.aggregateValue(prog.Type(t), v.impl, nilVal)
+			return b.Func.Pkg.closureStub(b, t, v)
 		}
 	}
 	return v
 }
 
-func llvmValues(vals []Expr, params *types.Tuple, b Builder) []llvm.Value {
+func llvmParamsEx(data Expr, vals []Expr, params *types.Tuple, b Builder) (ret []llvm.Value) {
+	if data.IsNil() {
+		return llvmParams(0, vals, params, b)
+	}
+	ret = llvmParams(1, vals, params, b)
+	ret[0] = data.impl
+	return
+}
+
+func llvmParams(base int, vals []Expr, params *types.Tuple, b Builder) (ret []llvm.Value) {
 	n := params.Len()
-	ret := make([]llvm.Value, len(vals))
-	for i, v := range vals {
+	if n > 0 {
+		ret = make([]llvm.Value, len(vals)+base)
+		for idx, v := range vals {
+			i := base + idx
 			if i < n {
 				v = checkExpr(v, params.At(i).Type(), b)
 			}
 			ret[i] = v.impl
 		}
-	return ret
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func llvmFields(vals []Expr, t *types.Struct, b Builder) (ret []llvm.Value) {
+	n := t.NumFields()
+	if n > 0 {
+		ret = make([]llvm.Value, len(vals))
+		for i, v := range vals {
+			if i < n {
+				v = checkExpr(v, t.Field(i).Type(), b)
+			}
+			ret[i] = v.impl
+		}
+	}
+	return
 }
 
 func llvmDelayValues(f func(i int) Expr, n int) []llvm.Value {
@@ -413,7 +431,7 @@ func (p Phi) AddIncoming(b Builder, bblks []BasicBlock, f func(i int) Expr) {
 		p.impl.AddIncoming(vs, bs)
 		return
 	}
-	e := p.t.(*phisExprTy)
+	e := p.raw.Type.(*phisExprTy)
 	phis := e.phis
 	vals := make([][]llvm.Value, len(phis))
 	for iblk, blk := range bblks {
@@ -436,7 +454,7 @@ func (p Phi) AddIncoming(b Builder, bblks []BasicBlock, f func(i int) Expr) {
 // Phi returns a phi node.
 func (b Builder) Phi(t Type) Phi {
 	impl := b.impl
-	switch tund := t.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	switch tund := t.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		kind := tund.Kind()
 		switch kind {
@@ -447,6 +465,8 @@ func (b Builder) Phi(t Type) Phi {
 			phis[1] = llvm.CreatePHI(impl, prog.tyInt())
 			return Phi{phisExpr(t, phis)}
 		}
+	case *types.Struct:
+		panic("todo")
 	}
 	phi := llvm.CreatePHI(impl, t.ll)
 	return Phi{Expr{phi, t}}
@@ -474,20 +494,32 @@ func (b Builder) Load(ptr Expr) Expr {
 
 // Store stores val at the pointer ptr.
 func (b Builder) Store(ptr, val Expr) Builder {
+	raw := ptr.raw.Type
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("Store %v, %v\n", ptr.impl, val.impl)
+		log.Printf("Store %v, %v, %v\n", raw, ptr.impl, val.impl)
 	}
+	val = checkExpr(val, raw.(*types.Pointer).Elem(), b)
 	b.impl.CreateStore(val.impl, ptr.impl)
 	return b
 }
 
+func (b Builder) aggregateAlloc(t Type, flds ...llvm.Value) llvm.Value {
+	prog := b.Prog
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+	size := prog.SizeOf(t)
+	ptr := b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("AllocU"), prog.IntVal(size, prog.Uintptr())).impl
+	tll := t.ll
+	impl := b.impl
+	for i, fld := range flds {
+		impl.CreateStore(fld, llvm.CreateStructGEP(impl, tll, ptr, i))
+	}
+	return ptr
+}
+
 // aggregateValue yields the value of the aggregate X with the fields
 func (b Builder) aggregateValue(t Type, flds ...llvm.Value) Expr {
-	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("AggregateValue %v, %v\n", t, flds)
-	}
-	impl := b.impl
 	tll := t.ll
+	impl := b.impl
 	ptr := llvm.CreateAlloca(impl, tll)
 	for i, fld := range flds {
 		impl.CreateStore(fld, llvm.CreateStructGEP(impl, tll, ptr, i))
@@ -495,6 +527,28 @@ func (b Builder) aggregateValue(t Type, flds ...llvm.Value) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.CreateLoad(b.impl, tll, ptr), t}
 }
 
+// The MakeClosure instruction yields a closure value whose code is
+// Fn and whose free variables' values are supplied by Bindings.
+//
+// Type() returns a (possibly named) *types.Signature.
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t0 = make closure anon@1.2 [x y z]
+//	t1 = make closure bound$(main.I).add [i]
+func (b Builder) MakeClosure(fn Expr, bindings []Expr) Expr {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("MakeClosure %v, %v\n", fn, bindings)
+	}
+	prog := b.Prog
+	tfn := fn.Type
+	sig := tfn.raw.Type.(*types.Signature)
+	tctx := sig.Params().At(0).Type().Underlying().(*types.Pointer).Elem().(*types.Struct)
+	flds := llvmFields(bindings, tctx, b)
+	data := b.aggregateAlloc(prog.rawType(tctx), flds...)
+	return b.aggregateValue(prog.Closure(tfn), fn.impl, data)
+}
+
 // The FieldAddr instruction yields the address of Field of *struct X.
 //
 // The field is identified by its index within the field list of the
@@ -524,8 +578,13 @@ func (b Builder) Field(x Expr, idx int) Expr {
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Printf("Field %v, %d\n", x.impl, idx)
 	}
-	telem := b.Prog.Field(x.Type, idx)
-	return Expr{llvm.CreateExtractValue(b.impl, x.impl, idx), telem}
+	return b.getField(x, idx)
+}
+
+func (b Builder) getField(x Expr, idx int) Expr {
+	tfld := b.Prog.Field(x.Type, idx)
+	fld := llvm.CreateExtractValue(b.impl, x.impl, idx)
+	return Expr{fld, tfld}
 }
 
 // The IndexAddr instruction yields the address of the element at
@@ -547,9 +606,9 @@ func (b Builder) IndexAddr(x, idx Expr) Expr {
 	prog := b.Prog
 	telem := prog.Index(x.Type)
 	pt := prog.Pointer(telem)
-	switch x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	switch x.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Slice:
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
+		pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 		ptr := b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("SliceData"), x)
 		indices := []llvm.Value{idx.impl}
 		return Expr{llvm.CreateInBoundsGEP(b.impl, telem.ll, ptr.impl, indices), pt}
@@ -573,13 +632,13 @@ func (b Builder) Index(x, idx Expr, addr func(Expr) Expr) Expr {
 	prog := b.Prog
 	var telem Type
 	var ptr Expr
-	switch t := x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	switch t := x.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
-		if t.Info()&types.IsString == 0 {
+		if t.Kind() != types.String {
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid operation: cannot index %v", t))
 		}
-		telem = prog.Type(types.Typ[types.Byte])
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
+		telem = prog.rawType(types.Typ[types.Byte])
+		pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 		ptr = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringData"), x)
 	case *types.Array:
 		telem = prog.Index(x.Type)
@@ -597,6 +656,26 @@ func (b Builder) Index(x, idx Expr, addr func(Expr) Expr) Expr {
 	return b.Load(buf)
 }
 
+// The Lookup instruction yields element Index of collection map X.
+// Index is the appropriate key type.
+//
+// If CommaOk, the result is a 2-tuple of the value above and a
+// boolean indicating the result of a map membership test for the key.
+// The components of the tuple are accessed using Extract.
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t2 = t0[t1]
+//	t5 = t3[t4],ok
+func (b Builder) Lookup(x, key Expr, commaOk bool) (ret Expr) {
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Printf("Lookup %v, %v, %v\n", x.impl, key.impl, commaOk)
+	}
+	// TODO(xsw)
+	// panic("todo")
+	return
+}
+
 // The Slice instruction yields a slice of an existing string, slice
 // or *array X between optional integer bounds Low and High.
 //
@@ -614,14 +693,14 @@ func (b Builder) Slice(x, low, high, max Expr) (ret Expr) {
 		log.Printf("Slice %v, %v, %v\n", x.impl, low.impl, high.impl)
 	}
 	prog := b.Prog
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	var nCap Expr
 	var nEltSize Expr
 	var base Expr
 	if low.IsNil() {
 		low = prog.IntVal(0, prog.Int())
 	}
-	switch t := x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+	switch t := x.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		if t.Kind() != types.String {
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid operation: cannot slice %v", t))
@@ -644,7 +723,7 @@ func (b Builder) Slice(x, low, high, max Expr) (ret Expr) {
 		telem := t.Elem()
 		switch te := telem.Underlying().(type) {
 		case *types.Array:
-			elem := prog.Type(te.Elem())
+			elem := prog.rawType(te.Elem())
 			ret.Type = prog.Slice(elem)
 			nEltSize = b.SizeOf(elem)
 			nCap = prog.IntVal(uint64(te.Len()), prog.Int())
@@ -674,9 +753,9 @@ func (b Builder) Slice(x, low, high, max Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //	t1 = make StringIntMap t0
 func (b Builder) MakeMap(t Type, nReserve Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("MakeMap %v, %v\n", t, nReserve.impl)
+		log.Printf("MakeMap %v, %v\n", t.RawType(), nReserve.impl)
 	}
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	ret.Type = t
 	ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("MakeSmallMap")).impl
 	// TODO(xsw): nReserve
@@ -699,9 +778,9 @@ func (b Builder) MakeMap(t Type, nReserve Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //	t1 = make StringSlice 1:int t0
 func (b Builder) MakeSlice(t Type, len, cap Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("MakeSlice %v, %v, %v\n", t, len.impl, cap.impl)
+		log.Printf("MakeSlice %v, %v, %v\n", t.RawType(), len.impl, cap.impl)
 	}
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	if cap.IsNil() {
 		cap = len
 	}
@@ -734,13 +813,12 @@ func (b Builder) MakeSlice(t Type, len, cap Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //
 //	t0 = local int
 //	t1 = new int
-func (b Builder) Alloc(t *types.Pointer, heap bool) (ret Expr) {
+func (b Builder) Alloc(elem Type, heap bool) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("Alloc %v, %v\n", t, heap)
+		log.Printf("Alloc %v, %v\n", elem.RawType(), heap)
 	}
 	prog := b.Prog
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
-	elem := prog.Type(t.Elem())
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	size := b.SizeOf(elem)
 	if heap {
 		ret = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("AllocZ"), size)
@@ -748,7 +826,7 @@ func (b Builder) Alloc(t *types.Pointer, heap bool) (ret Expr) {
 		ret = Expr{llvm.CreateAlloca(b.impl, elem.ll), prog.VoidPtr()}
 		ret.impl = b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("Zeroinit"), ret, size).impl
 	}
-	ret.Type = prog.Type(t)
+	ret.Type = prog.Pointer(elem)
 	return
 }
 
@@ -760,7 +838,7 @@ func (b Builder) Alloca(n Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	prog := b.Prog
 	telem := prog.tyInt8()
 	ret.impl = llvm.CreateArrayAlloca(b.impl, telem, n.impl)
-	ret.Type = &aType{prog.tyVoidPtr(), types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer], vkPtr}
+	ret.Type = prog.VoidPtr()
 	return
 }
 
@@ -781,7 +859,7 @@ func (b Builder) AllocaCStr(gostr Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Printf("AllocaCStr %v\n", gostr.impl)
 	}
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	n := b.InlineCall(pkg.rtFunc("StringLen"), gostr)
 	n1 := b.BinOp(token.ADD, n, b.Prog.Val(1))
 	cstr := b.Alloca(n1)
@@ -815,13 +893,14 @@ func (b Builder) AllocaCStr(gostr Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //	t1 = changetype *int <- IntPtr (t0)
 func (b Builder) ChangeType(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("ChangeType %v, %v\n", t.t, x.impl)
+		log.Printf("ChangeType %v, %v\n", t.RawType(), x.impl)
 	}
-	typ := t.t
+	typ := t.raw.Type
 	switch typ.(type) {
 	default:
+		// TODO(xsw): remove instr name
 		ret.impl = b.impl.CreateBitCast(x.impl, t.ll, "bitCast")
-		ret.Type = b.Prog.Type(typ)
+		ret.Type = b.Prog.rawType(typ)
 		return
 	}
 }
@@ -853,8 +932,8 @@ func (b Builder) ChangeType(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 //
 //	t1 = convert []byte <- string (t0)
 func (b Builder) Convert(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
-	typ := t.t
-	ret.Type = b.Prog.Type(typ)
+	typ := t.raw.Type
+	ret.Type = b.Prog.rawType(typ)
 	switch und := typ.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		kind := und.Kind()
@@ -905,17 +984,17 @@ func castPtr(b llvm.Builder, x llvm.Value, t llvm.Type) llvm.Value {
 //
 //	t1 = make interface{} <- int (42:int)
 //	t2 = make Stringer <- t0
-func (b Builder) MakeInterface(inter types.Type, x Expr, mayDelay bool) (ret Expr) {
+func (b Builder) MakeInterface(tinter Type, x Expr, mayDelay bool) (ret Expr) {
+	raw := tinter.raw.Type
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("MakeInterface %v, %v\n", inter, x.impl)
+		log.Printf("MakeInterface %v, %v\n", raw, x.impl)
 	}
-	tiund := inter.Underlying().(*types.Interface)
+	tiund := raw.Underlying().(*types.Interface)
 	isAny := tiund.Empty()
 	fnDo := func() Expr {
 		prog := b.Prog
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
-		tinter := prog.Type(inter)
-		switch tx := x.t.Underlying().(type) {
+		pkg := b.Func.Pkg
+		switch tx := x.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 		case *types.Basic:
 			kind := tx.Kind()
 			switch {
@@ -977,18 +1056,18 @@ func (b Builder) MakeInterface(inter types.Type, x Expr, mayDelay bool) (ret Exp
 //	t3 = typeassert,ok t2.(T)
 func (b Builder) TypeAssert(x Expr, assertedTyp Type, commaOk bool) (ret Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
-		log.Printf("TypeAssert %v, %v, %v\n", x.impl, assertedTyp.t, commaOk)
+		log.Printf("TypeAssert %v, %v, %v\n", x.impl, assertedTyp.raw.Type, commaOk)
 	}
 	switch assertedTyp.kind {
 	case vkSigned, vkUnsigned, vkFloat:
-		pkg := b.fn.pkg
+		pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 		fnName := "I2Int"
 		if commaOk {
 			fnName = "CheckI2Int"
 		}
 		fn := pkg.rtFunc(fnName)
 		var kind types.BasicKind
-		switch t := assertedTyp.t.(type) {
+		switch t := assertedTyp.raw.Type.(type) {
 		case *types.Basic:
 			kind = t.Kind()
 		default:
@@ -1026,7 +1105,7 @@ func (b Builder) Call(fn Expr, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 		if name == "" {
 			name = "closure"
 		}
-		fmt.Fprint(&b, "Call ", fn.t, " ", name)
+		fmt.Fprint(&b, "Call ", fn.kind, " ", fn.raw.Type, " ", name)
 		sep := ": "
 		for _, arg := range args {
 			fmt.Fprint(&b, sep, arg.impl)
@@ -1034,26 +1113,42 @@ func (b Builder) Call(fn Expr, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 		}
 		log.Println(b.String())
 	}
+	var ll llvm.Type
+	var data Expr
 	var sig *types.Signature
-	var t = fn.t
-	normal := true
+	var raw = fn.raw.Type
 	switch fn.kind {
 	case vkClosure:
+		data = b.Field(fn, 1)
 		fn = b.Field(fn, 0)
-		t = fn.t
-		normal = false
+		raw = fn.raw.Type
 		fallthrough
-	case vkFuncDecl, vkFuncPtr:
-		sig = t.(*types.Signature)
-		ret.Type = prog.retType(sig)
+	case vkFuncPtr:
+		sig = raw.(*types.Signature)
+		ll = prog.FuncDecl(sig, InC).ll
+	case vkFuncDecl:
+		sig = raw.(*types.Signature)
+		ll = fn.ll
 	default:
 		panic("unreachable")
 	}
-	if normal {
-		ret.impl = llvm.CreateCall(b.impl, fn.ll, fn.impl, llvmValues(args, sig.Params(), b))
-	} else {
-		ret = prog.IntVal(0, prog.Type(types.Typ[types.Int32]))
-	}
+	ret.Type = prog.retType(sig)
+	ret.impl = llvm.CreateCall(b.impl, ll, fn.impl, llvmParamsEx(data, args, sig.Params(), b))
+	return
+}
+
+// The Extract instruction yields component Index of Tuple.
+//
+// This is used to access the results of instructions with multiple
+// return values, such as Call, TypeAssert, Next, UnOp(ARROW) and
+// IndexExpr(Map).
+//
+// Example printed form:
+//
+//	t1 = extract t0 #1
+func (b Builder) Extract(x Expr, index int) (ret Expr) {
+	ret.Type = b.Prog.toType(x.Type.raw.Type.(*types.Tuple).At(index).Type())
+	ret.impl = b.impl.CreateExtractValue(x.impl, index, "")
 	return
 }
 
@@ -1068,21 +1163,21 @@ func (b Builder) BuiltinCall(fn string, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	case "len":
 		if len(args) == 1 {
 			arg := args[0]
-			switch t := arg.t.Underlying().(type) {
+			switch t := arg.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 			case *types.Slice:
-				return b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("SliceLen"), arg)
+				return b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("SliceLen"), arg)
 			case *types.Basic:
 				if t.Kind() == types.String {
-					return b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("StringLen"), arg)
+					return b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("StringLen"), arg)
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	case "cap":
 		if len(args) == 1 {
 			arg := args[0]
-			switch arg.t.Underlying().(type) {
+			switch arg.raw.Type.Underlying().(type) {
 			case *types.Slice:
-				return b.InlineCall(b.fn.pkg.rtFunc("SliceCap"), arg)
+				return b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("SliceCap"), arg)
 			}
 		}
 	}

ssa/package.go

@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
 package ssa
 
 import (
+	"go/token"
 	"go/types"
+	"log"
 
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/typeutil"
 	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/go/types/typeutil"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -95,8 +97,8 @@ func Initialize(flags InitFlags) {
 
 type aProgram struct {
 	ctx   llvm.Context
-	typs typeutil.Map
-	// sizs types.Sizes
+	typs  typeutil.Map // rawType -> Type
+	gocvt goTypes
 
 	rt    *types.Package
 	rtget func() *types.Package
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ func NewProgram(target *Target) Program {
 		// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
 		ctx.Finalize()
 	*/
-	return &aProgram{ctx: ctx, target: target, td: td}
+	return &aProgram{ctx: ctx, gocvt: newGoTypes(), target: target, td: td}
 }
 
 // SetRuntime sets the runtime.
@@ -180,11 +182,13 @@ func (p Program) runtime() *types.Package {
 }
 
 func (p Program) rtNamed(name string) *types.Named {
-	return p.runtime().Scope().Lookup(name).Type().(*types.Named)
+	t := p.runtime().Scope().Lookup(name).Type().(*types.Named)
+	t, _ = p.gocvt.cvtNamed(t)
+	return t
 }
 
 func (p Program) rtType(name string) Type {
-	return p.Type(p.rtNamed(name))
+	return p.rawType(p.rtNamed(name))
 }
 
 func (p Program) rtIface() llvm.Type {
@@ -220,23 +224,24 @@ func (p Program) NewPackage(name, pkgPath string) Package {
 	mod := p.ctx.NewModule(pkgPath)
 	// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
 	// mod.Finalize()
-	fns := make(map[string]Function)
 	gbls := make(map[string]Global)
+	fns := make(map[string]Function)
+	stubs := make(map[string]Function)
 	p.needRuntime = false
-	return &aPackage{mod, fns, gbls, p}
+	return &aPackage{mod, gbls, fns, stubs, p}
 }
 
 // Void returns void type.
 func (p Program) Void() Type {
 	if p.voidTy == nil {
-		p.voidTy = &aType{p.tyVoid(), types.Typ[types.Invalid], vkInvalid}
+		p.voidTy = &aType{p.tyVoid(), rawType{types.Typ[types.Invalid]}, vkInvalid}
 	}
 	return p.voidTy
 }
 
 func (p Program) VoidPtr() Type {
 	if p.voidPtr == nil {
-		p.voidPtr = p.Type(types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer])
+		p.voidPtr = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer])
 	}
 	return p.voidPtr
 }
@@ -244,21 +249,21 @@ func (p Program) VoidPtr() Type {
 // Bool returns bool type.
 func (p Program) Bool() Type {
 	if p.boolTy == nil {
-		p.boolTy = p.Type(types.Typ[types.Bool])
+		p.boolTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Bool])
 	}
 	return p.boolTy
 }
 
 func (p Program) CStr() Type {
 	if p.cstrTy == nil { // *int8
-		p.cstrTy = p.Type(types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.Int8]))
+		p.cstrTy = p.rawType(types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.Int8]))
 	}
 	return p.cstrTy
 }
 
 func (p Program) String() Type {
 	if p.stringTy == nil {
-		p.stringTy = p.Type(types.Typ[types.String])
+		p.stringTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.String])
 	}
 	return p.stringTy
 }
@@ -266,7 +271,7 @@ func (p Program) String() Type {
 // Any returns any type.
 func (p Program) Any() Type {
 	if p.anyTy == nil {
-		p.anyTy = p.Type(tyAny)
+		p.anyTy = p.rawType(tyAny)
 	}
 	return p.anyTy
 }
@@ -274,7 +279,7 @@ func (p Program) Any() Type {
 // Int returns int type.
 func (p Program) Int() Type {
 	if p.intTy == nil {
-		p.intTy = p.Type(types.Typ[types.Int])
+		p.intTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Int])
 	}
 	return p.intTy
 }
@@ -282,7 +287,7 @@ func (p Program) Int() Type {
 // Uintptr returns uintptr type.
 func (p Program) Uintptr() Type {
 	if p.uintptrTy == nil {
-		p.uintptrTy = p.Type(types.Typ[types.Uintptr])
+		p.uintptrTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Uintptr])
 	}
 	return p.uintptrTy
 }
@@ -290,7 +295,7 @@ func (p Program) Uintptr() Type {
 // Float64 returns float64 type.
 func (p Program) Float64() Type {
 	if p.f64Ty == nil {
-		p.f64Ty = p.Type(types.Typ[types.Float64])
+		p.f64Ty = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Float64])
 	}
 	return p.f64Ty
 }
@@ -307,9 +312,10 @@ func (p Program) Float64() Type {
 // and unspecified other things too.
 type aPackage struct {
 	mod   llvm.Module
-	fns  map[string]Function
 	vars  map[string]Global
-	prog Program
+	fns   map[string]Function
+	stubs map[string]Function
+	Prog  Program
 }
 
 type Package = *aPackage
@@ -322,8 +328,8 @@ func (p Package) NewConst(name string, val constant.Value) NamedConst {
 */
 
 // NewVar creates a new global variable.
-func (p Package) NewVar(name string, typ types.Type) Global {
-	t := p.prog.Type(typ)
+func (p Package) NewVar(name string, typ types.Type, bg Background) Global {
+	t := p.Prog.Type(typ, bg)
 	gbl := llvm.AddGlobal(p.mod, t.ll, name)
 	ret := &aGlobal{Expr{gbl, t}}
 	p.vars[name] = ret
@@ -336,28 +342,70 @@ func (p Package) VarOf(name string) Global {
 }
 
 // NewFunc creates a new function.
-func (p Package) NewFunc(name string, sig *types.Signature) Function {
+func (p Package) NewFunc(name string, sig *types.Signature, bg Background) Function {
+	return p.NewFuncEx(name, sig, bg, false)
+}
+
+// NewFuncEx creates a new function.
+func (p Package) NewFuncEx(name string, sig *types.Signature, bg Background, hasFreeVars bool) Function {
 	if v, ok := p.fns[name]; ok {
 		return v
 	}
-	t := p.prog.llvmFuncDecl(sig)
+	t := p.Prog.FuncDecl(sig, bg)
+	if debugInstr {
+		log.Println("NewFunc", name, t.raw.Type, "hasFreeVars:", hasFreeVars)
+	}
 	fn := llvm.AddFunction(p.mod, name, t.ll)
-	ret := newFunction(fn, t, p, p.prog)
+	ret := newFunction(fn, t, p, p.Prog, hasFreeVars)
 	p.fns[name] = ret
 	return ret
 }
 
+func (p Package) rtFunc(fnName string) Expr {
+	fn := p.Prog.runtime().Scope().Lookup(fnName).(*types.Func)
+	name := FullName(fn.Pkg(), fnName)
+	sig := fn.Type().(*types.Signature)
+	return p.NewFunc(name, sig, InGo).Expr
+}
+
+func (p Package) closureStub(b Builder, t *types.Struct, v Expr) Expr {
+	name := v.impl.Name()
+	prog := b.Prog
+	nilVal := prog.Null(prog.VoidPtr()).impl
+	if fn, ok := p.stubs[name]; ok {
+		v = fn.Expr
+	} else {
+		sig := v.raw.Type.(*types.Signature)
+		n := sig.Params().Len()
+		nret := sig.Results().Len()
+		ctx := types.NewParam(token.NoPos, nil, ClosureCtx, types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer])
+		sig = FuncAddCtx(ctx, sig)
+		fn := p.NewFunc(ClosureStub+name, sig, InC)
+		fn.impl.SetLinkage(llvm.LinkOnceAnyLinkage)
+		args := make([]Expr, n)
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			args[i] = fn.Param(i + 1)
+		}
+		b := fn.MakeBody(1)
+		call := b.Call(v, args...)
+		call.impl.SetTailCall(true)
+		switch nret {
+		case 0:
+			b.impl.CreateRetVoid()
+		default: // TODO(xsw): support multiple return values
+			b.impl.CreateRet(call.impl)
+		}
+		p.stubs[name] = fn
+		v = fn.Expr
+	}
+	return b.aggregateValue(prog.rawType(t), v.impl, nilVal)
+}
+
 // FuncOf returns a function by name.
 func (p Package) FuncOf(name string) Function {
 	return p.fns[name]
 }
 
-func (p Package) rtFunc(fnName string) Expr {
-	fn := p.prog.runtime().Scope().Lookup(fnName).(*types.Func)
-	name := FullName(fn.Pkg(), fnName)
-	return p.NewFunc(name, fn.Type().(*types.Signature)).Expr
-}
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // String returns a string representation of the package.

ssa/ssa_test.go

@@ -25,12 +25,15 @@ import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
 )
 
-/*
-func TestMakeInterface(t *testing.T) {
-	var b Builder
-	b.MakeInterface(types.NewInterfaceType(nil, nil), Expr{}, true).Do(true)
+func TestClosureCtx(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Log("closureCtx: no error?")
+		}
+	}()
+	var f aFunction
+	f.closureCtx(nil)
 }
-*/
 
 func TestTypes(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := llvm.NewContext()
@@ -52,30 +55,21 @@ func TestIndexType(t *testing.T) {
 	indexType(types.Typ[types.Int])
 }
 
-func TestCvtCType(t *testing.T) {
-	test := func(typ types.Type) {
+func TestCvtType(t *testing.T) {
+	gt := newGoTypes()
+	callback := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	params := types.NewTuple(types.NewParam(0, nil, "", callback))
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, nil, false)
+	ret1 := gt.cvtFunc(sig, nil)
+	if ret1 == sig {
+		t.Fatal("cvtFunc failed")
+	}
 	defer func() {
 		if r := recover(); r == nil {
-				t.Log("cvtCType: no error?")
+			t.Log("cvtType: no error?")
 		}
 	}()
-		cvtCType(typ)
-	}
-	test(types.NewInterfaceType(nil, nil))
-
-	a := types.NewTypeName(0, nil, "a", nil)
-	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
-	named := types.NewNamed(a, sig, nil)
-	test(named)
-}
-
-func TestCFuncPtr(t *testing.T) {
-	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
-	csig := (*CFuncPtr)(sig)
-	_ = csig.String()
-	if csig.Underlying() != sig {
-		t.Fatal("TestCFuncPtr failed")
-	}
+	gt.cvtType(nil)
 }
 
 func TestUserdefExpr(t *testing.T) {
@@ -118,9 +112,9 @@ func assertPkg(t *testing.T, p Package, expected string) {
 func TestVar(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
-	a := pkg.NewVar("a", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	a := pkg.NewVar("a", types.Typ[types.Int], InGo)
 	a.Init(prog.Val(100))
-	b := pkg.NewVar("b", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	b := pkg.NewVar("b", types.Typ[types.Int], InGo)
 	b.Init(a.Expr)
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
@@ -135,7 +129,7 @@ func TestConst(t *testing.T) {
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Bool]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, rets, false)
-	b := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig).MakeBody(1)
+	b := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo).MakeBody(1)
 	b.Return(b.Const(constant.MakeBool(true), prog.Bool()))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
@@ -152,7 +146,7 @@ func TestStruct(t *testing.T) {
 
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
-	pkg.NewVar("a", empty)
+	pkg.NewVar("a", empty, InGo)
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
 
@@ -169,7 +163,7 @@ func TestNamedStruct(t *testing.T) {
 
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
-	pkg.NewVar("a", empty)
+	pkg.NewVar("a", empty, InGo)
 	if pkg.VarOf("a") == nil {
 		t.Fatal("VarOf failed")
 	}
@@ -187,7 +181,7 @@ func TestDeclFunc(t *testing.T) {
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
 	params := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "a", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, nil, false)
-	pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	if pkg.FuncOf("fn") == nil {
 		t.Fatal("FuncOf failed")
 	}
@@ -209,7 +203,7 @@ func TestBasicFunc(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig).MakeBody(1).
+	pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo).MakeBody(1).
 		Return(prog.Val(1))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
@@ -229,7 +223,7 @@ func TestFuncParam(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	fn.MakeBody(1).Return(fn.Param(0))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
@@ -250,12 +244,12 @@ func TestFuncCall(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	fn.MakeBody(1).
 		Return(prog.Val(1))
 
 	sigMain := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
-	b := pkg.NewFunc("main", sigMain).MakeBody(1)
+	b := pkg.NewFunc("main", sigMain, InGo).MakeBody(1)
 	b.Call(fn.Expr, prog.Val(1), prog.Val(1.2))
 	b.Return()
 
@@ -284,8 +278,8 @@ func TestFuncMultiRet(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "c", types.Typ[types.Int]),
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "d", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	a := pkg.NewVar("a", types.Typ[types.Int])
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	a := pkg.NewVar("a", types.Typ[types.Int], InGo)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	b.Return(a.Expr, fn.Param(0))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
@@ -305,7 +299,7 @@ func TestJump(t *testing.T) {
 	prog := NewProgram(nil)
 	pkg := prog.NewPackage("bar", "foo/bar")
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("loop", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("loop", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	b.Jump(fn.Block(0))
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
@@ -324,7 +318,7 @@ func TestIf(t *testing.T) {
 	params := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "a", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(3)
 	iftrue := fn.Block(1)
 	iffalse := fn.Block(2)
@@ -359,7 +353,7 @@ func TestPrintf(t *testing.T) {
 	params := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "format", pchar), VArg())
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int32]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	pkg.NewFunc("printf", sig)
+	pkg.NewFunc("printf", sig, InGo)
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
 source_filename = "foo/bar"
 
@@ -375,7 +369,7 @@ func TestBinOp(t *testing.T) {
 		types.NewVar(0, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.Float64]))
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	ret := b.BinOp(token.ADD, fn.Param(0), prog.Val(1))
 	b.Return(ret)
@@ -398,7 +392,7 @@ func TestUnOp(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	rets := types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Int]))
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, rets, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("fn", sig, InGo)
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	ptr := fn.Param(0)
 	val := b.UnOp(token.MUL, ptr)

ssa/stmt_builder.go

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func (p BasicBlock) Index() int {
 
 type aBuilder struct {
 	impl llvm.Builder
-	fn   Function
+	Func Function
 	Prog Program
 }
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ type Builder = *aBuilder
 
 // SetBlock sets the current block to the specified basic block.
 func (b Builder) SetBlock(blk BasicBlock) Builder {
-	if b.fn != blk.fn {
+	if b.Func != blk.fn {
 		panic("mismatched function")
 	}
 	if debugInstr {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func (b Builder) Panic(v Expr) {
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Printf("Panic %v\n", v.impl)
 	}
-	pkg := b.fn.pkg
+	pkg := b.Func.Pkg
 	b.Call(pkg.rtFunc("TracePanic"), v)
 	b.impl.CreateUnreachable()
 }
@@ -101,16 +101,18 @@ func (b Builder) Return(results ...Expr) {
 	case 0:
 		b.impl.CreateRetVoid()
 	case 1:
-		b.impl.CreateRet(results[0].impl)
+		raw := b.Func.raw.Type.(*types.Signature).Results().At(0).Type()
+		ret := checkExpr(results[0], raw, b)
+		b.impl.CreateRet(ret.impl)
 	default:
-		tret := b.fn.t.(*types.Signature).Results()
-		b.impl.CreateAggregateRet(llvmValues(results, tret, b))
+		tret := b.Func.raw.Type.(*types.Signature).Results()
+		b.impl.CreateAggregateRet(llvmParams(0, results, tret, b))
 	}
 }
 
 // Jump emits a jump instruction.
 func (b Builder) Jump(jmpb BasicBlock) {
-	if b.fn != jmpb.fn {
+	if b.Func != jmpb.fn {
 		panic("mismatched function")
 	}
 	if debugInstr {
@@ -121,7 +123,7 @@ func (b Builder) Jump(jmpb BasicBlock) {
 
 // If emits an if instruction.
 func (b Builder) If(cond Expr, thenb, elseb BasicBlock) {
-	if b.fn != thenb.fn || b.fn != elseb.fn {
+	if b.Func != thenb.fn || b.Func != elseb.fn {
 		panic("mismatched function")
 	}
 	if debugInstr {

ssa/type.go

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package ssa
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"go/token"
 	"go/types"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
@@ -41,9 +40,9 @@ const (
 	vkString
 	vkBool
 	vkPtr
-	vkFuncDecl // func decl
-	vkFuncPtr  // func ptr in C
-	vkClosure  // func ptr in Go
+	vkFuncDecl
+	vkFuncPtr
+	vkClosure
 	vkTuple
 	vkDelayExpr = -1
 	vkPhisExpr  = -2
@@ -66,32 +65,25 @@ func indexType(t types.Type) types.Type {
 	panic("index: type doesn't support index - " + t.String())
 }
 
-// convert method to func
-func methodToFunc(sig *types.Signature) *types.Signature {
-	if recv := sig.Recv(); recv != nil {
-		tParams := sig.Params()
-		nParams := tParams.Len()
-		params := make([]*types.Var, nParams+1)
-		params[0] = recv
-		for i := 0; i < nParams; i++ {
-			params[i+1] = tParams.At(i)
-		}
-		return types.NewSignatureType(
-			nil, nil, nil, types.NewTuple(params...), sig.Results(), sig.Variadic())
-	}
-	return sig
-}
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+type rawType struct {
+	types.Type
+}
+
 type aType struct {
 	ll   llvm.Type
-	t    types.Type
+	raw  rawType
 	kind valueKind // value kind of llvm.Type
 }
 
 type Type = *aType
 
+// RawType returns the raw type.
+func (t Type) RawType() types.Type {
+	return t.raw.Type
+}
+
 // TODO(xsw):
 // how to generate platform independent code?
 func (p Program) SizeOf(typ Type, n ...int64) uint64 {
@@ -103,42 +95,37 @@ func (p Program) SizeOf(typ Type, n ...int64) uint64 {
 }
 
 func (p Program) Slice(typ Type) Type {
-	return p.Type(types.NewSlice(typ.t))
+	return p.rawType(types.NewSlice(typ.raw.Type))
 }
 
 func (p Program) Pointer(typ Type) Type {
-	return p.Type(types.NewPointer(typ.t))
+	return p.rawType(types.NewPointer(typ.raw.Type))
 }
 
 func (p Program) Elem(typ Type) Type {
-	elem := typ.t.(*types.Pointer).Elem()
-	return p.Type(elem)
+	elem := typ.raw.Type.(*types.Pointer).Elem()
+	return p.rawType(elem)
 }
 
 func (p Program) Index(typ Type) Type {
-	return p.Type(indexType(typ.t))
+	return p.rawType(indexType(typ.raw.Type))
 }
 
 func (p Program) Field(typ Type, i int) Type {
-	tunder := typ.t.Underlying()
+	tunder := typ.raw.Type.Underlying()
 	tfld := tunder.(*types.Struct).Field(i).Type()
-	return p.Type(tfld)
+	return p.rawType(tfld)
 }
 
-func (p Program) Type(typ types.Type) Type {
-	if v := p.typs.At(typ); v != nil {
+func (p Program) rawType(raw types.Type) Type {
+	if v := p.typs.At(raw); v != nil {
 		return v.(Type)
 	}
-	ret := p.toLLVMType(typ)
-	p.typs.Set(typ, ret)
+	ret := p.toType(raw)
+	p.typs.Set(raw, ret)
 	return ret
 }
 
-func (p Program) llvmFuncDecl(sig *types.Signature) Type {
-	sig = methodToFunc(sig)
-	return p.toLLVMFunc(sig, false, true) // don't save func decl to cache
-}
-
 func (p Program) tyVoidPtr() llvm.Type {
 	if p.voidPtrTy.IsNil() {
 		p.voidPtrTy = llvm.PointerType(p.tyVoid(), 0)
@@ -202,8 +189,9 @@ func (p Program) tyInt64() llvm.Type {
 	return p.int64Type
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMType(typ types.Type) Type {
-	switch t := typ.(type) {
+func (p Program) toType(raw types.Type) Type {
+	typ := rawType{raw}
+	switch t := raw.(type) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		switch t.Kind() {
 		case types.Int:
@@ -240,7 +228,7 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMType(typ types.Type) Type {
 			return &aType{p.tyVoidPtr(), typ, vkPtr}
 		}
 	case *types.Pointer:
-		elem := p.Type(t.Elem())
+		elem := p.rawType(t.Elem())
 		return &aType{llvm.PointerType(elem.ll, 0), typ, vkPtr}
 	case *types.Interface:
 		return &aType{p.rtIface(), typ, vkInvalid}
@@ -249,39 +237,52 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMType(typ types.Type) Type {
 	case *types.Map:
 		return &aType{p.rtMap(), typ, vkInvalid}
 	case *types.Struct:
-		return p.toLLVMStruct(t)
+		ll, kind := p.toLLVMStruct(t)
+		return &aType{ll, typ, kind}
 	case *types.Named:
-		return p.toLLVMNamed(t)
-	case *types.Signature:
-		return p.toLLVMFunc(t, false, false)
-	case *CFuncPtr:
-		return p.toLLVMFunc((*types.Signature)(t), true, false)
+		return p.toNamed(t)
+	case *types.Signature: // represents a C function pointer in raw type
+		return &aType{p.toLLVMFuncPtr(t), typ, vkFuncPtr}
 	case *types.Array:
-		elem := p.Type(t.Elem())
+		elem := p.rawType(t.Elem())
 		return &aType{llvm.ArrayType(elem.ll, int(t.Len())), typ, vkInvalid}
 	case *types.Chan:
 	}
 	panic(fmt.Sprintf("toLLVMType: todo - %T\n", typ))
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMNamedStruct(name string, typ *types.Struct) llvm.Type {
+func (p Program) toLLVMNamedStruct(name string, raw *types.Struct) llvm.Type {
 	t := p.ctx.StructCreateNamed(name)
-	fields := p.toLLVMFields(typ)
+	fields := p.toLLVMFields(raw)
 	t.StructSetBody(fields, false)
 	return t
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMStruct(typ *types.Struct) Type {
-	fields := p.toLLVMFields(typ)
-	return &aType{p.ctx.StructType(fields, false), typ, vkInvalid}
+func (p Program) toLLVMStruct(raw *types.Struct) (ret llvm.Type, kind valueKind) {
+	fields := p.toLLVMFields(raw)
+	ret = p.ctx.StructType(fields, false)
+	if isClosure(raw) {
+		kind = vkClosure
+	}
+	return
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMFields(typ *types.Struct) (fields []llvm.Type) {
-	n := typ.NumFields()
+func isClosure(raw *types.Struct) bool {
+	n := raw.NumFields()
+	if n == 2 {
+		if _, ok := raw.Field(0).Type().(*types.Signature); ok {
+			return raw.Field(1).Type() == types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer]
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (p Program) toLLVMFields(raw *types.Struct) (fields []llvm.Type) {
+	n := raw.NumFields()
 	if n > 0 {
 		fields = make([]llvm.Type, n)
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-			fields[i] = p.Type(typ.Field(i).Type()).ll
+			fields[i] = p.rawType(raw.Field(i).Type()).ll
 		}
 	}
 	return
@@ -295,14 +296,13 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMTypes(t *types.Tuple, n int) (ret []llvm.Type) {
 	if n > 0 {
 		ret = make([]llvm.Type, n)
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-			ret[i] = p.Type(t.At(i).Type()).ll
+			ret[i] = p.rawType(t.At(i).Type()).ll
 		}
 	}
 	return
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMFunc(sig *types.Signature, inC, isDecl bool) Type {
-	if isDecl || inC {
+func (p Program) toLLVMFunc(sig *types.Signature) llvm.Type {
 	tParams := sig.Params()
 	n := tParams.Len()
 	hasVArg := HasVArg(tParams, n)
@@ -312,52 +312,41 @@ func (p Program) toLLVMFunc(sig *types.Signature, inC, isDecl bool) Type {
 	params := p.toLLVMTypes(tParams, n)
 	out := sig.Results()
 	var ret llvm.Type
-		var kind valueKind
 	switch nret := out.Len(); nret {
 	case 0:
 		ret = p.tyVoid()
 	case 1:
-			ret = p.Type(out.At(0).Type()).ll
+		ret = p.rawType(out.At(0).Type()).ll
 	default:
 		ret = p.toLLVMTuple(out)
 	}
-		ft := llvm.FunctionType(ret, params, hasVArg)
-		if isDecl {
-			kind = vkFuncDecl
-		} else {
-			ft = llvm.PointerType(ft, 0)
-			kind = vkFuncPtr
-		}
-		return &aType{ft, sig, kind}
-	}
-	flds := []*types.Var{
-		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "f", (*CFuncPtr)(sig), false),
-		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "data", types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer], false),
-	}
-	t := types.NewStruct(flds, nil)
-	ll := p.ctx.StructType(p.toLLVMFields(t), false)
-	return &aType{ll, t, vkClosure}
+	return llvm.FunctionType(ret, params, hasVArg)
 }
 
-func (p Program) retType(sig *types.Signature) Type {
-	out := sig.Results()
+func (p Program) toLLVMFuncPtr(sig *types.Signature) llvm.Type {
+	ft := p.toLLVMFunc(sig)
+	return llvm.PointerType(ft, 0)
+}
+
+func (p Program) retType(raw *types.Signature) Type {
+	out := raw.Results()
 	switch n := out.Len(); n {
 	case 0:
 		return p.Void()
 	case 1:
-		return p.Type(out.At(0).Type())
+		return p.rawType(out.At(0).Type())
 	default:
-		return &aType{p.toLLVMTuple(out), out, vkTuple}
+		return &aType{p.toLLVMTuple(out), rawType{out}, vkTuple}
 	}
 }
 
-func (p Program) toLLVMNamed(typ *types.Named) Type {
-	switch t := typ.Underlying().(type) {
+func (p Program) toNamed(raw *types.Named) Type {
+	switch t := raw.Underlying().(type) {
 	case *types.Struct:
-		name := NameOf(typ)
-		return &aType{p.toLLVMNamedStruct(name, t), typ, vkInvalid}
+		name := NameOf(raw)
+		return &aType{p.toLLVMNamedStruct(name, t), rawType{raw}, vkInvalid}
 	default:
-		return p.Type(t)
+		return p.rawType(t)
 	}
 }
 

ssa/type_c.go

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package ssa
-
-import (
-	"go/types"
-
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/typeutil"
-)
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-const (
-	NameValist = "__llgo_va_list"
-)
-
-func VArg() *types.Var {
-	return types.NewParam(0, nil, NameValist, types.Typ[types.Invalid])
-}
-
-func IsVArg(arg *types.Var) bool {
-	return arg.Name() == NameValist
-}
-
-func HasVArg(t *types.Tuple, n int) bool {
-	return n > 0 && IsVArg(t.At(n-1))
-}
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// CFuncPtr represents a C function pointer.
-type CFuncPtr types.Signature
-
-func (t *CFuncPtr) String() string         { return (*types.Signature)(t).String() }
-func (t *CFuncPtr) Underlying() types.Type { return (*types.Signature)(t) }
-
-func (t *CFuncPtr) Hash(h typeutil.Hasher) uint32 {
-	return typeutil.HashSig(h, (*types.Signature)(t))*13 + 97
-}
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// CType convert a C type into Go.
-func CType(typ types.Type) types.Type {
-	t, _ := cvtCType(typ)
-	return t
-}
-
-// CFuncDecl convert a C function decl into Go signature.
-func CFuncDecl(sig *types.Signature) *types.Signature {
-	hasVArg := sig.Variadic()
-	params, cvt1 := cvtTuple(sig.Params(), hasVArg)
-	results, cvt2 := cvtTuple(sig.Results(), false)
-	if cvt1 || cvt2 {
-		return types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, results, hasVArg)
-	}
-	return sig
-}
-
-func cvtCType(typ types.Type) (types.Type, bool) {
-	switch t := typ.(type) {
-	case *types.Basic:
-	case *types.Pointer:
-		if elem, cvt := cvtCType(t.Elem()); cvt {
-			return types.NewPointer(elem), true
-		}
-	case *types.Struct:
-		return cvtCStruct(t)
-	case *types.Named:
-		if _, cvt := cvtCType(t.Underlying()); cvt {
-			panic("don't define named type")
-		}
-	case *types.Signature:
-		t = CFuncDecl(t)
-		return (*CFuncPtr)(t), true
-	case *types.Array:
-		if elem, cvt := cvtCType(t.Elem()); cvt {
-			return types.NewArray(elem, t.Len()), true
-		}
-	default:
-		panic("unreachable")
-	}
-	return typ, false
-}
-
-func cvtTuple(t *types.Tuple, hasVArg bool) (*types.Tuple, bool) {
-	n := t.Len()
-	vars := make([]*types.Var, n)
-	needcvt := false
-	if hasVArg {
-		n--
-		vars[n] = t.At(n)
-	}
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		v := t.At(i)
-		if t, cvt := cvtCType(v.Type()); cvt {
-			v = types.NewParam(v.Pos(), v.Pkg(), v.Name(), t)
-			needcvt = true
-		}
-		vars[i] = v
-	}
-	if needcvt {
-		return types.NewTuple(vars...), true
-	}
-	return t, false
-}
-
-func cvtCStruct(typ *types.Struct) (*types.Struct, bool) {
-	n := typ.NumFields()
-	flds := make([]*types.Var, n)
-	needcvt := false
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		f := typ.Field(i)
-		if t, cvt := cvtCType(f.Type()); cvt {
-			f = types.NewField(f.Pos(), f.Pkg(), f.Name(), t, f.Anonymous())
-			needcvt = true
-		}
-		flds[i] = f
-	}
-	if needcvt {
-		return types.NewStruct(flds, nil), true
-	}
-	return typ, false
-}
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

ssa/type_cvt.go

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ssa
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type goTypes struct {
+	typs map[unsafe.Pointer]unsafe.Pointer
+}
+
+func newGoTypes() goTypes {
+	typs := make(map[unsafe.Pointer]unsafe.Pointer)
+	return goTypes{typs}
+}
+
+type Background int
+
+const (
+	inUnknown Background = iota
+	InGo
+	InC
+)
+
+// Type convert a Go/C type into raw type.
+// C type = raw type
+// Go type: convert to raw type (because of closure)
+func (p Program) Type(typ types.Type, bg Background) Type {
+	if bg == InGo {
+		typ, _ = p.gocvt.cvtType(typ)
+	}
+	return p.rawType(typ)
+}
+
+// FuncDecl converts a Go/C function declaration into raw type.
+func (p Program) FuncDecl(sig *types.Signature, bg Background) Type {
+	if bg == InGo {
+		sig = p.gocvt.cvtFunc(sig, sig.Recv())
+	}
+	return &aType{p.toLLVMFunc(sig), rawType{sig}, vkFuncDecl}
+}
+
+// Closure creates a closture type for a function.
+func (p Program) Closure(fn Type) Type {
+	sig := fn.raw.Type.(*types.Signature)
+	closure := p.gocvt.cvtClosure(sig)
+	return p.rawType(closure)
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtType(typ types.Type) (raw types.Type, cvt bool) {
+	switch t := typ.(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+	case *types.Pointer:
+		if elem, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewPointer(elem), true
+		}
+	case *types.Interface:
+		return p.cvtInterface(t)
+	case *types.Slice:
+		if elem, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewSlice(elem), true
+		}
+	case *types.Map:
+		key, cvt1 := p.cvtType(t.Key())
+		elem, cvt2 := p.cvtType(t.Elem())
+		if cvt1 || cvt2 {
+			return types.NewMap(key, elem), true
+		}
+	case *types.Struct:
+		return p.cvtStruct(t)
+	case *types.Named:
+		return p.cvtNamed(t)
+	case *types.Signature:
+		return p.cvtClosure(t), true
+	case *types.Array:
+		if elem, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewArray(elem, t.Len()), true
+		}
+	case *types.Chan:
+		if elem, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Elem()); cvt {
+			return types.NewChan(t.Dir(), elem), true
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+	return typ, false
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtNamed(t *types.Named) (raw *types.Named, cvt bool) {
+	if v, ok := p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(t)]; ok {
+		raw = (*types.Named)(v)
+		cvt = t != raw
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(t)] = unsafe.Pointer(raw)
+	}()
+	if tund, cvt := p.cvtType(t.Underlying()); cvt {
+		old := t.Obj()
+		obj := types.NewTypeName(old.Pos(), old.Pkg(), old.Name(), nil)
+		return types.NewNamed(obj, tund, nil), true
+	}
+	return t, false
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtClosure(sig *types.Signature) *types.Struct {
+	ctx := types.NewParam(token.NoPos, nil, ClosureCtx, types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer])
+	raw := p.cvtFunc(sig, ctx)
+	flds := []*types.Var{
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "f", raw, false),
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "data", types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer], false),
+	}
+	return types.NewStruct(flds, nil)
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtFunc(sig *types.Signature, recv *types.Var) (raw *types.Signature) {
+	if recv != nil {
+		sig = FuncAddCtx(recv, sig)
+	}
+	params, cvt1 := p.cvtTuple(sig.Params())
+	results, cvt2 := p.cvtTuple(sig.Results())
+	if cvt1 || cvt2 {
+		return types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, results, sig.Variadic())
+	}
+	return sig
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtTuple(t *types.Tuple) (*types.Tuple, bool) {
+	n := t.Len()
+	vars := make([]*types.Var, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := t.At(i)
+		if t, cvt := p.cvtType(v.Type()); cvt {
+			v = types.NewParam(v.Pos(), v.Pkg(), v.Name(), t)
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		vars[i] = v
+	}
+	if needcvt {
+		return types.NewTuple(vars...), true
+	}
+	return t, false
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtExplicitMethods(typ *types.Interface) ([]*types.Func, bool) {
+	n := typ.NumExplicitMethods()
+	methods := make([]*types.Func, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		m := typ.ExplicitMethod(i)
+		sig := m.Type().(*types.Signature)
+		if raw := p.cvtFunc(sig, nil); sig != raw {
+			m = types.NewFunc(m.Pos(), m.Pkg(), m.Name(), raw)
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		methods[i] = m
+	}
+	return methods, needcvt
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtEmbeddedTypes(typ *types.Interface) ([]types.Type, bool) {
+	n := typ.NumEmbeddeds()
+	embeddeds := make([]types.Type, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		t := typ.EmbeddedType(i)
+		if raw, cvt := p.cvtType(t); cvt {
+			t = raw
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		embeddeds[i] = t
+	}
+	return embeddeds, needcvt
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtInterface(typ *types.Interface) (raw *types.Interface, cvt bool) {
+	if v, ok := p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(typ)]; ok {
+		raw = (*types.Interface)(v)
+		cvt = typ != raw
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(typ)] = unsafe.Pointer(raw)
+	}()
+	methods, cvt1 := p.cvtExplicitMethods(typ)
+	embeddeds, cvt2 := p.cvtEmbeddedTypes(typ)
+	if cvt1 || cvt2 {
+		return types.NewInterfaceType(methods, embeddeds), true
+	}
+	return typ, false
+}
+
+func (p goTypes) cvtStruct(typ *types.Struct) (raw *types.Struct, cvt bool) {
+	if v, ok := p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(typ)]; ok {
+		raw = (*types.Struct)(v)
+		cvt = typ != raw
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		p.typs[unsafe.Pointer(typ)] = unsafe.Pointer(raw)
+	}()
+	n := typ.NumFields()
+	flds := make([]*types.Var, n)
+	needcvt := false
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		f := typ.Field(i)
+		if t, cvt := p.cvtType(f.Type()); cvt {
+			f = types.NewField(f.Pos(), f.Pkg(), f.Name(), t, f.Anonymous())
+			needcvt = true
+		}
+		flds[i] = f
+	}
+	if needcvt {
+		return types.NewStruct(flds, nil), true
+	}
+	return typ, false
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// FuncAddCtx adds a ctx to a function signature.
+func FuncAddCtx(ctx *types.Var, sig *types.Signature) *types.Signature {
+	tParams := sig.Params()
+	nParams := tParams.Len()
+	params := make([]*types.Var, nParams+1)
+	params[0] = ctx
+	for i := 0; i < nParams; i++ {
+		params[i+1] = tParams.At(i)
+	}
+	return types.NewSignatureType(
+		nil, nil, nil, types.NewTuple(params...), sig.Results(), sig.Variadic())
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/ast/ast.go

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ast
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type IncludedFrom struct {
+	File string `json:"file"`
+}
+
+type Loc struct {
+	Offset       int64         `json:"offset,omitempty"` // 432
+	File         string        `json:"file,omitempty"`   // "sqlite3.i"
+	Line         int           `json:"line,omitempty"`
+	PresumedFile string        `json:"presumedFile,omitempty"`
+	PresumedLine int           `json:"presumedLine,omitempty"`
+	Col          int           `json:"col,omitempty"`
+	TokLen       int           `json:"tokLen,omitempty"`
+	IncludedFrom *IncludedFrom `json:"includedFrom,omitempty"` // "sqlite3.c"
+}
+
+type Pos struct {
+	Offset       int64         `json:"offset,omitempty"`
+	Col          int           `json:"col,omitempty"`
+	TokLen       int           `json:"tokLen,omitempty"`
+	IncludedFrom *IncludedFrom `json:"includedFrom,omitempty"` // "sqlite3.c"
+	SpellingLoc  *Loc          `json:"spellingLoc,omitempty"`
+	ExpansionLoc *Loc          `json:"expansionLoc,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type Range struct {
+	Begin Pos `json:"begin"`
+	End   Pos `json:"end"`
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type ID string
+
+type Kind string
+
+const (
+	TranslationUnitDecl      Kind = "TranslationUnitDecl"
+	TypedefType              Kind = "TypedefType"
+	TypedefDecl              Kind = "TypedefDecl"
+	ElaboratedType           Kind = "ElaboratedType"
+	BuiltinType              Kind = "BuiltinType"
+	ConstantArrayType        Kind = "ConstantArrayType"
+	IncompleteArrayType      Kind = "IncompleteArrayType"
+	PointerType              Kind = "PointerType"
+	RecordType               Kind = "RecordType"
+	RecordDecl               Kind = "RecordDecl"
+	FieldDecl                Kind = "FieldDecl"
+	IndirectFieldDecl        Kind = "IndirectFieldDecl"
+	VarDecl                  Kind = "VarDecl"
+	EmptyDecl                Kind = "EmptyDecl"
+	EnumDecl                 Kind = "EnumDecl"
+	EnumConstantDecl         Kind = "EnumConstantDecl"
+	AlwaysInlineAttr         Kind = "AlwaysInlineAttr"
+	AsmLabelAttr             Kind = "AsmLabelAttr"
+	AvailabilityAttr         Kind = "AvailabilityAttr"
+	DeprecatedAttr           Kind = "DeprecatedAttr"
+	BuiltinAttr              Kind = "BuiltinAttr"
+	FormatAttr               Kind = "FormatAttr"
+	FormatArgAttr            Kind = "FormatArgAttr"
+	ColdAttr                 Kind = "ColdAttr"
+	ConstAttr                Kind = "ConstAttr"
+	PureAttr                 Kind = "PureAttr"
+	PackedAttr               Kind = "PackedAttr"
+	GNUInlineAttr            Kind = "GNUInlineAttr"
+	StrictFPAttr             Kind = "StrictFPAttr"
+	ReturnsTwiceAttr         Kind = "ReturnsTwiceAttr"
+	RestrictAttr             Kind = "RestrictAttr"
+	NoThrowAttr              Kind = "NoThrowAttr"
+	NoInlineAttr             Kind = "NoInlineAttr"
+	NoSanitizeAttr           Kind = "NoSanitizeAttr"
+	NonNullAttr              Kind = "NonNullAttr"
+	MayAliasAttr             Kind = "MayAliasAttr"
+	MSAllocatorAttr          Kind = "MSAllocatorAttr"
+	MaxFieldAlignmentAttr    Kind = "MaxFieldAlignmentAttr"
+	WarnUnusedResultAttr     Kind = "WarnUnusedResultAttr"
+	AllocSizeAttr            Kind = "AllocSizeAttr"
+	AlignedAttr              Kind = "AlignedAttr"
+	VisibilityAttr           Kind = "VisibilityAttr"
+	C11NoReturnAttr          Kind = "C11NoReturnAttr"
+	FunctionProtoType        Kind = "FunctionProtoType"
+	FunctionDecl             Kind = "FunctionDecl"
+	ParmVarDecl              Kind = "ParmVarDecl"
+	ParenType                Kind = "ParenType"
+	DeclStmt                 Kind = "DeclStmt"
+	CompoundStmt             Kind = "CompoundStmt"
+	NullStmt                 Kind = "NullStmt"
+	ForStmt                  Kind = "ForStmt"
+	WhileStmt                Kind = "WhileStmt"
+	DoStmt                   Kind = "DoStmt"
+	GotoStmt                 Kind = "GotoStmt"
+	BreakStmt                Kind = "BreakStmt"
+	ContinueStmt             Kind = "ContinueStmt"
+	LabelStmt                Kind = "LabelStmt"
+	IfStmt                   Kind = "IfStmt"
+	SwitchStmt               Kind = "SwitchStmt"
+	CaseStmt                 Kind = "CaseStmt"
+	DefaultStmt              Kind = "DefaultStmt"
+	ReturnStmt               Kind = "ReturnStmt"
+	GCCAsmStmt               Kind = "GCCAsmStmt"
+	ParenExpr                Kind = "ParenExpr"
+	CallExpr                 Kind = "CallExpr"
+	ConstantExpr             Kind = "ConstantExpr"
+	InitListExpr             Kind = "InitListExpr"
+	CStyleCastExpr           Kind = "CStyleCastExpr"
+	DeclRefExpr              Kind = "DeclRefExpr"
+	MemberExpr               Kind = "MemberExpr"
+	ImplicitCastExpr         Kind = "ImplicitCastExpr"
+	ImplicitValueInitExpr    Kind = "ImplicitValueInitExpr"
+	UnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr Kind = "UnaryExprOrTypeTraitExpr"
+	OffsetOfExpr             Kind = "OffsetOfExpr"
+	ArraySubscriptExpr       Kind = "ArraySubscriptExpr"
+	AtomicExpr               Kind = "AtomicExpr"
+	VAArgExpr                Kind = "VAArgExpr"
+	CompoundAssignOperator   Kind = "CompoundAssignOperator"
+	BinaryOperator           Kind = "BinaryOperator"
+	UnaryOperator            Kind = "UnaryOperator"
+	ConditionalOperator      Kind = "ConditionalOperator"
+	CompoundLiteralExpr      Kind = "CompoundLiteralExpr"
+	PredefinedExpr           Kind = "PredefinedExpr"
+	CharacterLiteral         Kind = "CharacterLiteral"
+	IntegerLiteral           Kind = "IntegerLiteral"
+	StringLiteral            Kind = "StringLiteral"
+	FloatingLiteral          Kind = "FloatingLiteral"
+	ImaginaryLiteral         Kind = "ImaginaryLiteral"
+	AllocAlignAttr           Kind = "AllocAlignAttr"
+	DisableTailCallsAttr     Kind = "DisableTailCallsAttr"
+	StaticAssertDecl         Kind = "StaticAssertDecl"
+)
+
+type ValueCategory string
+
+const (
+	RValue  ValueCategory = "rvalue"
+	PRValue ValueCategory = "prvalue"
+	LValue  ValueCategory = "lvalue"
+)
+
+type CC string
+
+const (
+	CDecl CC = "cdecl"
+)
+
+type StorageClass string
+
+const (
+	Static StorageClass = "static"
+	Extern StorageClass = "extern"
+)
+
+type CastKind string
+
+const (
+	LValueToRValue           CastKind = "LValueToRValue"
+	BitCast                  CastKind = "BitCast"
+	FloatingToIntegral       CastKind = "FloatingToIntegral"
+	FloatingComplexCast      CastKind = "FloatingComplexCast"
+	FloatingRealToComplex    CastKind = "FloatingRealToComplex"
+	IntegralRealToComplex    CastKind = "IntegralRealToComplex"
+	FloatingCast             CastKind = "FloatingCast"
+	IntegralCast             CastKind = "IntegralCast"
+	IntegralToPointer        CastKind = "IntegralToPointer"
+	IntegralToFloating       CastKind = "IntegralToFloating"
+	IntegralToBoolean        CastKind = "IntegralToBoolean"
+	FloatingToBoolean        CastKind = "FloatingToBoolean"
+	IntegralComplexToBoolean CastKind = "IntegralComplexToBoolean"
+	FloatingComplexToBoolean CastKind = "FloatingComplexToBoolean"
+	PointerToBoolean         CastKind = "PointerToBoolean"
+	PointerToIntegral        CastKind = "PointerToIntegral"
+	FunctionToPointerDecay   CastKind = "FunctionToPointerDecay"
+	ArrayToPointerDecay      CastKind = "ArrayToPointerDecay"
+	BuiltinFnToFnPtr         CastKind = "BuiltinFnToFnPtr"
+	ToVoid                   CastKind = "ToVoid"
+	NullToPointer            CastKind = "NullToPointer"
+	NoOp                     CastKind = "NoOp"
+)
+
+type (
+	// OpCode can be:
+	//   + - * / || >= -- ++ etc
+	OpCode string
+)
+
+type Type struct {
+	// QualType can be:
+	//   unsigned int
+	//   struct ConstantString
+	//   volatile uint32_t
+	//   int (*)(void *, int, char **, char **)
+	//   int (*)(const char *, ...)
+	//   int (*)(void)
+	//   const char *restrict
+	//   const char [7]
+	//   char *
+	//   void
+	//   ...
+	QualType          string `json:"qualType"`
+	DesugaredQualType string `json:"desugaredQualType,omitempty"`
+	TypeAliasDeclID   ID     `json:"typeAliasDeclId,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type Node struct {
+	ID                   ID            `json:"id,omitempty"`
+	Kind                 Kind          `json:"kind,omitempty"`
+	Loc                  *Loc          `json:"loc,omitempty"`
+	Range                *Range        `json:"range,omitempty"`
+	ReferencedMemberDecl ID            `json:"referencedMemberDecl,omitempty"`
+	PreviousDecl         ID            `json:"previousDecl,omitempty"`
+	ParentDeclContextID  ID            `json:"parentDeclContextId,omitempty"`
+	IsImplicit           bool          `json:"isImplicit,omitempty"`   // is this type implicit defined
+	IsReferenced         bool          `json:"isReferenced,omitempty"` // is this type refered or not
+	IsUsed               bool          `json:"isUsed,omitempty"`       // is this variable used or not
+	IsArrow              bool          `json:"isArrow,omitempty"`      // is ptr->member not obj.member
+	IsPostfix            bool          `json:"isPostfix,omitempty"`
+	IsPartOfExplicitCast bool          `json:"isPartOfExplicitCast,omitempty"`
+	IsBitfield           bool          `json:"isBitfield,omitempty"`
+	Inline               bool          `json:"inline,omitempty"`
+	StorageClass         StorageClass  `json:"storageClass,omitempty"`
+	TagUsed              string        `json:"tagUsed,omitempty"` // struct | union
+	HasElse              bool          `json:"hasElse,omitempty"`
+	CompleteDefinition   bool          `json:"completeDefinition,omitempty"`
+	Complicated          bool          `json:"-"` // complicated statement
+	Variadic             bool          `json:"variadic,omitempty"`
+	Name                 string        `json:"name,omitempty"`
+	MangledName          string        `json:"mangledName,omitempty"`
+	Type                 *Type         `json:"type,omitempty"`
+	CC                   CC            `json:"cc,omitempty"`
+	Field                *Node         `json:"field,omitempty"`
+	Decl                 *Node         `json:"decl,omitempty"`
+	OwnedTagDecl         *Node         `json:"ownedTagDecl,omitempty"`
+	ReferencedDecl       *Node         `json:"referencedDecl,omitempty"`
+	OpCode               OpCode        `json:"opcode,omitempty"`
+	Init                 string        `json:"init,omitempty"`
+	ValueCategory        ValueCategory `json:"valueCategory,omitempty"`
+	Value                interface{}   `json:"value,omitempty"`
+	CastKind             CastKind      `json:"castKind,omitempty"`
+	Size                 int           `json:"size,omitempty"` // array size
+	Inner                []*Node       `json:"inner,omitempty"`
+	ArrayFiller          []*Node       `json:"array_filler,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/clang.go

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-// Cmd represents a nm command.
+// Cmd represents a clang command.
 type Cmd struct {
 	app string
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ type Cmd struct {
 	Stderr io.Writer
 }
 
-// New creates a new nm command.
+// New creates a new clang command.
 func New(app string) *Cmd {
 	if app == "" {
 		app = "clang"

x/clang/parser/pages.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package parser
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const pageSize = 1024 * 1024
+
+type PagedWriter struct {
+	pages []*[pageSize]byte
+	last  *[pageSize]byte
+	off   int
+}
+
+func NewPagedWriter() *PagedWriter {
+	return &PagedWriter{last: new([pageSize]byte)}
+}
+
+func (p *PagedWriter) Write(buf []byte) (written int, err error) {
+	for {
+		n := copy(p.last[p.off:], buf[written:])
+		written += n
+		if written >= len(buf) {
+			p.off += n
+			return
+		}
+		p.pages = append(p.pages, p.last)
+		p.last, p.off = new([pageSize]byte), 0
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *PagedWriter) Len() int {
+	return len(p.pages)*pageSize + p.off
+}
+
+func (p *PagedWriter) Bytes() []byte {
+	out, n := make([]byte, p.Len()), 0
+	for _, page := range p.pages {
+		n += copy(out[n:], page[:])
+	}
+	copy(out[n:], p.last[:p.off])
+	return out
+}
+
+/*
+func (p *PagedWriter) ToReader() *PagedReader {
+	return &PagedReader{src: p, curr: p.getPage(0)}
+}
+
+func (p *PagedWriter) getPage(ipage int) []byte {
+	if ipage == len(p.pages) { // last page
+		return p.last[:p.off]
+	}
+	return p.pages[ipage][:]
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type PagedReader struct {
+	src   *PagedWriter
+	curr  []byte
+	off   int
+	ipage int
+}
+
+func (p *PagedReader) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (written int64, err error) {
+	n, err := w.Write(p.curr[p.off:])
+	written = int64(n)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	src, ipage := p.src, p.ipage
+	for {
+		if ipage == len(src.pages) { // last page
+			p.ipage, p.off = ipage, len(p.curr)
+			return
+		}
+		ipage++
+		page := src.getPage(ipage)
+		n, err = w.Write(page)
+		written += int64(n)
+		if err != nil {
+			p.ipage, p.curr, p.off = ipage, page, n
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *PagedReader) Read(buf []byte) (nread int, err error) {
+	for {
+		n := copy(buf[nread:], p.curr[p.off:])
+		nread += n
+		p.off += n
+		if nread >= len(buf) {
+			return
+		}
+		src := p.src
+		if p.ipage == len(src.pages) { // last page
+			err = io.EOF
+			return
+		}
+		p.ipage++
+		p.curr, p.off = src.getPage(p.ipage), 0
+	}
+}
+*/
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/parser/parse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package parser
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/ast"
+	jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
+)
+
+type Mode uint
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type ParseError struct {
+	Err    error
+	Stderr []byte
+}
+
+func (p *ParseError) Error() string {
+	if len(p.Stderr) > 0 {
+		return string(p.Stderr)
+	}
+	return p.Err.Error()
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type Config struct {
+	Json   *[]byte
+	Flags  []string
+	Stderr bool
+}
+
+func DumpAST(filename string, conf *Config) (result []byte, warning []byte, err error) {
+	if conf == nil {
+		conf = new(Config)
+	}
+	skiperr := strings.HasSuffix(filename, "vfprintf.c.i")
+	stdout := NewPagedWriter()
+	stderr := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	args := []string{"-Xclang", "-ast-dump=json", "-fsyntax-only", filename}
+	if len(conf.Flags) != 0 {
+		args = append(conf.Flags, args...)
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command("clang", args...)
+	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	cmd.Stdout = stdout
+	if conf.Stderr && !skiperr {
+		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	} else {
+		cmd.Stderr = stderr
+	}
+	err = cmd.Run()
+	errmsg := stderr.Bytes()
+	if err != nil && !skiperr {
+		return nil, nil, &ParseError{Err: err, Stderr: errmsg}
+	}
+	return stdout.Bytes(), errmsg, nil
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var json = jsoniter.ConfigCompatibleWithStandardLibrary
+
+func ParseFileEx(filename string, mode Mode, conf *Config) (file *ast.Node, warning []byte, err error) {
+	out, warning, err := DumpAST(filename, conf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if conf != nil && conf.Json != nil {
+		*conf.Json = out
+	}
+	file = new(ast.Node)
+	err = json.Unmarshal(out, file)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = &ParseError{Err: err}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func ParseFile(filename string, mode Mode) (file *ast.Node, warning []byte, err error) {
+	return ParseFileEx(filename, mode, nil)
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/pathutil/pathutil.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package pathutil
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+func Canonical(baseDir string, uri string) string {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(uri) {
+		return filepath.Clean(uri)
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(baseDir, uri)
+}

x/clang/preprocessor/preprocessor.go

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package preprocessor
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/pathutil"
+)
+
+const (
+	DbgFlagExecCmd = 1 << iota
+	DbgFlagAll     = DbgFlagExecCmd
+)
+
+var (
+	debugExecCmd bool
+)
+
+func SetDebug(flags int) {
+	debugExecCmd = (flags & DbgFlagExecCmd) != 0
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type Config struct {
+	Compiler    string // default: clang
+	PPFlag      string // default: -E
+	BaseDir     string // base of include searching directory, should be absolute path
+	IncludeDirs []string
+	Defines     []string
+	Flags       []string
+}
+
+func Do(infile, outfile string, conf *Config) (err error) {
+	if infile, err = filepath.Abs(infile); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if outfile, err = filepath.Abs(outfile); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if conf == nil {
+		conf = new(Config)
+	}
+	base := conf.BaseDir
+	if base == "" {
+		if base, err = os.Getwd(); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	compiler := conf.Compiler
+	if compiler == "" {
+		compiler = "clang"
+	}
+	ppflag := conf.PPFlag
+	if ppflag == "" {
+		ppflag = "-E"
+	}
+	n := 4 + len(conf.Flags) + len(conf.IncludeDirs) + len(conf.Defines)
+	args := make([]string, 3, n)
+	args[0] = ppflag
+	args[1], args[2] = "-o", outfile
+	args = append(args, conf.Flags...)
+	for _, def := range conf.Defines {
+		args = append(args, "-D"+def)
+	}
+	for _, inc := range conf.IncludeDirs {
+		args = append(args, "-I"+pathutil.Canonical(base, inc))
+	}
+	args = append(args, infile)
+	if debugExecCmd {
+		log.Println("==> runCmd:", compiler, args)
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command(compiler, args...)
+	cmd.Dir = filepath.Dir(infile)
+	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	return cmd.Run()
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/types/parser/_parser_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package parser
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"testing"
+
+	ctypes "github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/types"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var (
+	pkg   = types.NewPackage("", "foo")
+	scope = pkg.Scope()
+)
+
+var (
+	nameInt128  = types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "__int128", nil)
+	nameUint128 = types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "__uint128", nil)
+	tyInt128    = types.NewNamed(nameInt128, types.Typ[types.String], nil)
+	tyUint128   = types.NewNamed(nameUint128, types.Typ[types.Rune], nil)
+)
+
+func init() {
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "char", types.Typ[types.Int8])
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "void", ctypes.Void)
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "float", types.Typ[types.Float32])
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "double", types.Typ[types.Float64])
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "uint", types.Typ[types.Uint32])
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, ctypes.MangledName("struct", "ConstantString"), tyConstantString)
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, ctypes.MangledName("union", "arg"), tyArg)
+	aliasType(scope, pkg, "va_list", ctypes.Valist)
+
+	scope.Insert(nameInt128)
+}
+
+func aliasType(scope *types.Scope, pkg *types.Package, name string, typ types.Type) {
+	o := types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, name, typ)
+	scope.Insert(o)
+}
+
+var (
+	tnameConstantString = types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "ConstantString", nil)
+	tnameArg            = types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "UnionArg", nil)
+)
+
+var (
+	tyChar           = types.Typ[types.Int8]
+	tyUchar          = types.Typ[types.Uint8]
+	tyInt16          = types.Typ[types.Int16]
+	tyUint16         = types.Typ[types.Uint16]
+	tyInt32          = types.Typ[types.Int32]
+	tyUint32         = types.Typ[types.Uint32]
+	tyInt64          = types.Typ[types.Int64]
+	tyUint64         = types.Typ[types.Uint64]
+	tyInt            = ctypes.Int
+	tyInt100         = types.NewArray(tyInt, 100)
+	tyInt3           = types.NewArray(tyInt, 3)
+	tyInt3_100       = types.NewArray(tyInt3, 100)
+	tyPInt3_100      = types.NewPointer(tyInt3_100)
+	tyPInt100        = types.NewPointer(tyInt100)
+	tyUint           = ctypes.Uint
+	tyString         = types.Typ[types.String]
+	tyCharPtr        = types.NewPointer(tyChar)
+	tyCharPtrPtr     = types.NewPointer(tyCharPtr)
+	tyConstantString = types.NewNamed(tnameConstantString, tyString, nil)
+	tyArg            = types.NewNamed(tnameArg, tyString, nil)
+	tyEmptyInterface = types.NewInterfaceType(nil, nil)
+)
+
+var (
+	paramInt        = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", tyInt)
+	paramVoidPtr    = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", ctypes.UnsafePointer)
+	paramCharPtrPtr = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", tyCharPtrPtr)
+	paramAnySlice   = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", types.NewSlice(tyEmptyInterface))
+	paramPAnySlice  = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", types.NewPointer(types.NewSlice(tyEmptyInterface)))
+)
+
+var (
+	typesInt     = types.NewTuple(paramInt)
+	typesIntVA   = types.NewTuple(paramInt, paramAnySlice)
+	typesIntPVA  = types.NewTuple(paramInt, paramPAnySlice)
+	typesVoidPtr = types.NewTuple(paramVoidPtr)
+	typesPICC    = types.NewTuple(paramVoidPtr, paramInt, paramCharPtrPtr, paramCharPtrPtr)
+)
+
+func newFn(in, out *types.Tuple) types.Type {
+	return types.NewSignature(nil, in, out, false)
+}
+
+func newFnv(in, out *types.Tuple) types.Type {
+	return types.NewSignature(nil, in, out, true)
+}
+
+func newFnProto(in, out *types.Tuple, variadic bool) types.Type {
+	return ctypes.NewFunc(in, out, variadic)
+}
+
+var (
+	tyFnHandle    = newFn(typesInt, nil)
+	paramFnHandle = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", tyFnHandle)
+	typesIF       = types.NewTuple(paramInt, paramFnHandle)
+	typesF        = types.NewTuple(paramFnHandle)
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type testCase struct {
+	qualType string
+	flags    int
+	anonym   types.Type
+	typ      types.Type
+	err      string
+}
+
+var cases = []testCase{
+	{qualType: "int", typ: tyInt},
+	{qualType: "unsigned int", typ: tyUint},
+	{qualType: "struct ConstantString", typ: tyConstantString},
+	{qualType: "union arg", typ: tyArg},
+	{qualType: "volatile signed int", typ: tyInt},
+	{qualType: "__int128", typ: tyInt128},
+	{qualType: "signed", typ: tyInt},
+	{qualType: "signed short", typ: tyInt16},
+	{qualType: "signed long", typ: ctypes.Long},
+	{qualType: "unsigned", typ: tyUint},
+	{qualType: "uint", typ: tyUint32},
+	{qualType: "unsigned char", typ: tyUchar},
+	{qualType: "unsigned __int128", typ: tyUint128},
+	{qualType: "unsigned long", typ: ctypes.Ulong},
+	{qualType: "unsigned long long", typ: tyUint64},
+	{qualType: "long double", typ: ctypes.LongDouble},
+	{qualType: "_Complex float", typ: types.Typ[types.Complex64]},
+	{qualType: "_Complex double", typ: types.Typ[types.Complex128]},
+	{qualType: "_Complex long double", typ: types.Typ[types.Complex128]},
+	{qualType: "int (*)(void)", typ: newFn(nil, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (void)", typ: newFnProto(nil, typesInt, false)},
+	{qualType: "void (void) __attribute__((noreturn))", typ: newFnProto(nil, nil, false)},
+	{qualType: "void (*)(void *)", typ: newFn(typesVoidPtr, nil)},
+	{qualType: "void (^ _Nonnull)(void)", typ: newFn(nil, nil)},
+	{qualType: "void (int, ...)", typ: newFnProto(typesIntVA, nil, true)},
+	{qualType: "void (int, va_list*)", typ: newFn(typesIntPVA, nil)},
+	{qualType: "va_list *", typ: types.NewPointer(types.NewSlice(tyEmptyInterface))},
+	{qualType: "int (*)()", typ: newFn(nil, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (*)(int, ...)", typ: newFnv(typesIntVA, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (*)(int, struct __va_list_tag*)", typ: newFn(typesIntVA, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (*volatile)(int, struct __va_list_tag* restrict)", typ: newFn(typesIntVA, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "int (const char *, const char *, unsigned int)", flags: FlagGetRetType, typ: tyInt},
+	{qualType: "const char *restrict", typ: tyCharPtr},
+	{qualType: "const char [7]", typ: types.NewArray(tyChar, 7)},
+	{qualType: "const char [7]", flags: FlagIsParam, typ: tyCharPtr},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: FlagIsStructField, typ: types.NewArray(tyChar, 0)},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: FlagIsExtern, typ: types.NewArray(tyChar, -1)},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: 0, err: emsgDefArrWithoutLen},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: FlagIsTypedef, typ: types.NewArray(tyChar, -1)},
+	{qualType: "char []", flags: FlagIsParam, typ: tyCharPtr},
+	{qualType: "int [100][3]", typ: tyInt3_100},
+	{qualType: "int (*)[100][3]", typ: tyPInt3_100},
+	{qualType: "int (*)[100]", typ: tyPInt100},
+	{qualType: "int (*const [2])(void *)", typ: types.NewArray(newFn(typesVoidPtr, typesInt), 2)},
+	{qualType: "char *", typ: tyCharPtr},
+	{qualType: "void", typ: ctypes.Void},
+	{qualType: "void *", typ: ctypes.UnsafePointer},
+	{qualType: "int (*_Nullable)(void *, int, char **, char **)", typ: newFn(typesPICC, typesInt)},
+	{qualType: "void (*(*)(int, void (*)(int)))(int)", typ: newFn(typesIF, typesF)},
+	{qualType: "void (*(int, void (*)(int)))(int)", typ: newFnProto(typesIF, typesF, false)},
+	{qualType: "void (*(int, void (*)(int)))(int)", flags: FlagGetRetType, typ: tyFnHandle},
+	{qualType: "int (*)(void *, int, const char *, void (**)(void *, int, void **), void **)"},
+	{qualType: "struct (anonymous) [2]", anonym: tyInt, typ: types.NewArray(tyInt, 2)},
+	{qualType: "enum a", typ: ctypes.Int},
+}
+
+type baseEnv struct {
+	pkg       *types.Package
+	tyInt128  types.Type
+	tyUint128 types.Type
+}
+
+func (p *baseEnv) Pkg() *types.Package {
+	return p.pkg
+}
+
+func (p *baseEnv) Int128() types.Type {
+	return p.tyInt128
+}
+
+func (p *baseEnv) Uint128() types.Type {
+	return p.tyUint128
+}
+
+func TestCases(t *testing.T) {
+	sel := ""
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if sel != "" && c.qualType != sel {
+			continue
+		}
+		t.Run(c.qualType, func(t *testing.T) {
+			conf := &Config{
+				Scope: scope, Flags: c.flags, Anonym: c.anonym,
+				ParseEnv: &baseEnv{pkg: pkg, tyInt128: tyInt128, tyUint128: tyUint128},
+			}
+			typ, _, err := ParseType(c.qualType, conf)
+			if err != nil {
+				if errMsgOf(err) != c.err {
+					t.Fatal("ParseType:", err, ", expected:", c.err)
+				}
+			} else if c.typ != nil && !ctypes.Identical(typ, c.typ) {
+				t.Fatal("ParseType:", typ, ", expected:", c.typ)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func errMsgOf(err error) string {
+	if e, ok := err.(*ParseTypeError); ok {
+		return e.ErrMsg
+	}
+	return err.Error()
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func TestIsArrayWithoutLen(t *testing.T) {
+	_, _, err := ParseType("byte[]", &Config{Scope: types.Universe})
+	if !IsArrayWithoutLen(err) {
+		t.Fatal("ParseType:", err)
+	}
+	_, _, err = ParseType("byte[]", &Config{Scope: types.Universe, Flags: FlagIsExtern})
+	if IsArrayWithoutLen(err) {
+		t.Fatal("ParseType:", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/types/parser/parser.go

@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package parser
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/gogen"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/types/scanner"
+
+	ctypes "github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/types"
+)
+
+const (
+	emsgDefArrWithoutLen = "define array without length"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidType = errors.New("invalid type")
+)
+
+type TypeNotFound struct {
+	Literal       string
+	StructOrUnion bool
+}
+
+func (p *TypeNotFound) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("type %s not found", p.Literal)
+}
+
+type ParseTypeError struct {
+	QualType string
+	ErrMsg   string
+}
+
+func (p *ParseTypeError) Error() string {
+	return p.ErrMsg // TODO
+}
+
+func IsArrayWithoutLen(err error) bool {
+	if e, ok := err.(*ParseTypeError); ok {
+		return e.ErrMsg == emsgDefArrWithoutLen
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const (
+	FlagIsParam = 1 << iota
+	FlagIsStructField
+	FlagIsExtern
+	FlagIsTypedef
+	FlagGetRetType
+)
+
+func getRetType(flags int) bool {
+	return (flags & FlagGetRetType) != 0
+}
+
+type ParseEnv interface {
+	Pkg() *types.Package
+	Int128() types.Type
+	Uint128() types.Type
+}
+
+type Config struct {
+	ParseEnv
+	Scope  *types.Scope
+	Anonym types.Type
+	Flags  int
+}
+
+const (
+	KindFConst = 1 << iota
+	KindFVolatile
+	KindFAnonymous
+	KindFVariadic
+)
+
+// qualType can be:
+//   - unsigned int
+//   - struct ConstantString
+//   - volatile uint32_t
+//   - int (*)(void *, int, char **, char **)
+//   - int (*)(const char *, ...)
+//   - int (*)(void)
+//   - void (*(int, void (*)(int)))(int)
+//   - const char *restrict
+//   - const char [7]
+//   - char *
+//   - void
+//   - ...
+func ParseType(qualType string, conf *Config) (t types.Type, kind int, err error) {
+	p := newParser(qualType, conf)
+	if t, kind, err = p.parse(conf.Flags); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if p.tok != token.EOF {
+		err = p.newError("unexpect token " + p.tok.String())
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type parser struct {
+	s     scanner.Scanner
+	scope *types.Scope
+	conf  *Config
+
+	tok token.Token
+	lit string
+	old struct {
+		tok token.Token
+		lit string
+	}
+}
+
+const (
+	invalidTok token.Token = -1
+)
+
+func newParser(qualType string, conf *Config) *parser {
+	p := &parser{scope: conf.Scope, conf: conf}
+	p.old.tok = invalidTok
+	p.s.Init(qualType)
+	return p
+}
+
+func (p *parser) peek() token.Token {
+	if p.old.tok == invalidTok {
+		p.old.tok, p.old.lit = p.s.Scan()
+	}
+	return p.old.tok
+}
+
+func (p *parser) next() {
+	if p.old.tok != invalidTok { // support unget
+		p.tok, p.lit = p.old.tok, p.old.lit
+		p.old.tok = invalidTok
+		return
+	}
+	p.tok, p.lit = p.s.Scan()
+}
+
+func (p *parser) unget(tok token.Token, lit string) {
+	p.old.tok, p.old.lit = p.tok, p.lit
+	p.tok, p.lit = tok, lit
+}
+
+func (p *parser) skipUntil(tok token.Token) bool {
+	for {
+		p.next()
+		switch p.tok {
+		case tok:
+			return true
+		case token.EOF:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *parser) newErrorf(format string, args ...interface{}) *ParseTypeError {
+	return p.newError(fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+func (p *parser) newError(errMsg string) *ParseTypeError {
+	return &ParseTypeError{QualType: p.s.Source(), ErrMsg: errMsg}
+}
+
+// TODO(xsw): check expect results
+func (p *parser) expect(tokExp token.Token) error {
+	p.next()
+	if p.tok != tokExp {
+		return p.newErrorf("expect %v, got %v", tokExp, p.tok)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+const (
+	flagShort = 1 << iota
+	flagLong
+	flagLongLong
+	flagUnsigned
+	flagSigned
+	flagComplex
+	flagStructOrUnion
+)
+
+func (p *parser) lookupType(tylit string, flags int) (t types.Type, err error) {
+	structOrUnion := (flags & flagStructOrUnion) != 0
+	_, o := gogen.LookupParent(p.scope, tylit, token.NoPos)
+	if o == nil {
+		return nil, &TypeNotFound{Literal: tylit, StructOrUnion: structOrUnion}
+	}
+	t = o.Type()
+	if !structOrUnion && flags != 0 {
+		tt, ok := t.(*types.Basic)
+		if !ok {
+			tyInt128 := p.conf.Int128()
+			if t == tyInt128 {
+				switch flags {
+				case flagSigned:
+					return tyInt128, nil
+				case flagUnsigned:
+					return p.conf.Uint128(), nil
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (flags & flagComplex) != 0 {
+			switch tt.Kind() {
+			case types.Float32:
+				return types.Typ[types.Complex64], nil
+			case types.Float64:
+				return types.Typ[types.Complex128], nil
+			case types.Int:
+				return types.Typ[types.Complex128], nil
+			}
+		} else {
+			switch tt.Kind() {
+			case types.Int:
+				if t = intTypes[flags&^flagSigned]; t != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			case types.Int8:
+				switch flags {
+				case flagUnsigned:
+					return types.Typ[types.Uint8], nil
+				case flagSigned:
+					return types.Typ[types.Int8], nil
+				}
+			case types.Float64:
+				switch flags {
+				case flagLong:
+					return ctypes.LongDouble, nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		log.Panicln("lookupType: TODO - invalid type")
+		return nil, ErrInvalidType
+	}
+	if t == types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		return ctypes.Int, nil
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+var intTypes = [...]types.Type{
+	0:                                      ctypes.Int,
+	flagShort:                              types.Typ[types.Int16],
+	flagLong:                               ctypes.Long,
+	flagLong | flagLongLong:                types.Typ[types.Int64],
+	flagUnsigned:                           ctypes.Uint,
+	flagShort | flagUnsigned:               types.Typ[types.Uint16],
+	flagLong | flagUnsigned:                ctypes.Ulong,
+	flagLong | flagLongLong | flagUnsigned: types.Typ[types.Uint64],
+	flagShort | flagLong | flagLongLong | flagUnsigned: nil,
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseArray(t types.Type, inFlags int) (types.Type, error) {
+	var n int64
+	var err error
+	p.next()
+	switch p.tok {
+	case token.RBRACK: // ]
+		if (inFlags & FlagIsStructField) != 0 {
+			n = 0
+		} else {
+			n = -1
+		}
+	case token.INT:
+		if n, err = strconv.ParseInt(p.lit, 10, 64); err != nil {
+			return nil, p.newError(err.Error())
+		}
+		if err = p.expect(token.RBRACK); err != nil { // ]
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, p.newError("array length not an integer")
+	}
+	if n >= 0 || (inFlags&(FlagIsExtern|FlagIsTypedef|FlagIsParam)) != 0 {
+		t = types.NewArray(t, n)
+	} else {
+		return nil, p.newError(emsgDefArrWithoutLen)
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseArrays(t types.Type, inFlags int) (ret types.Type, err error) {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil, p.newError("array to nil")
+	}
+	var tyArr types.Type
+	for {
+		if tyArr, err = p.parseArray(tyArr, inFlags); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		if p.peek() != token.LBRACK {
+			return newArraysEx(t, tyArr, inFlags), nil
+		}
+		p.next()
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseFunc(pkg *types.Package, t types.Type, inFlags int) (ret types.Type, err error) {
+	var results *types.Tuple
+	if ctypes.NotVoid(t) {
+		results = types.NewTuple(types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", t))
+	}
+	args, variadic, err := p.parseArgs(pkg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	_ = inFlags
+	return ctypes.NewFunc(types.NewTuple(args...), results, variadic), nil
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseArgs(pkg *types.Package) (args []*types.Var, variadic bool, err error) {
+	for {
+		arg, kind, e := p.parse(FlagIsParam)
+		if e != nil {
+			return nil, false, e
+		}
+		if ctypes.NotVoid(arg) {
+			args = append(args, types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", arg))
+		}
+		if p.tok != token.COMMA {
+			variadic = (kind & KindFVariadic) != 0
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if p.tok != token.RPAREN { // )
+		return nil, false, p.newError("expect )")
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parseStars() (nstar int) {
+	for isPtr(p.peek()) {
+		p.next()
+		nstar++
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (p *parser) parse(inFlags int) (t types.Type, kind int, err error) {
+	flags := 0
+	for {
+		p.next()
+	retry:
+		switch p.tok {
+		case token.IDENT:
+		ident:
+			switch lit := p.lit; lit {
+			case "unsigned":
+				flags |= flagUnsigned
+			case "short":
+				flags |= flagShort
+			case "long":
+				if (flags & flagLong) != 0 {
+					flags |= flagLongLong
+				} else {
+					flags |= flagLong
+				}
+			case "signed":
+				flags |= flagSigned
+			case "const":
+				kind |= KindFConst
+			case "volatile":
+				kind |= KindFVolatile
+			case "_Complex":
+				flags |= flagComplex
+			case "restrict", "_Nullable", "_Nonnull":
+			case "enum":
+				if err = p.expect(token.IDENT); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				if t != nil {
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("illegal syntax: multiple types?")
+				}
+				t = ctypes.Int
+				continue
+			case "struct", "union":
+				p.next()
+				switch p.tok {
+				case token.IDENT:
+				case token.LPAREN:
+					if t == nil && p.conf.Anonym != nil {
+						p.skipUntil(token.RPAREN)
+						t = p.conf.Anonym
+						kind |= KindFAnonymous
+						continue
+					}
+					fallthrough
+				default:
+					log.Panicln("c.types.ParseType: struct/union - TODO:", p.lit)
+				}
+				lit = ctypes.MangledName(lit, p.lit)
+				flags |= flagStructOrUnion
+				fallthrough
+			default:
+				if t != nil {
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("illegal syntax: multiple types?")
+				}
+				if t, err = p.lookupType(lit, flags); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				flags = 0
+			}
+			if flags != 0 {
+				p.next()
+				if p.tok == token.IDENT {
+					goto ident
+				}
+				if t != nil {
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("illegal syntax: multiple types?")
+				}
+				if t, err = p.lookupType("int", flags); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				flags = 0
+				goto retry
+			}
+		case token.MUL: // *
+			if t == nil {
+				return nil, 0, p.newError("pointer to nil")
+			}
+			t = ctypes.NewPointer(t)
+		case token.LBRACK: // [
+			if t, err = p.parseArrays(t, inFlags); err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		case token.LPAREN: // (
+			if t == nil {
+				log.Panicln("TODO")
+				return nil, 0, p.newError("no function return type")
+			}
+			var nstar = p.parseStars()
+			var nstarRet int
+			var tyArr types.Type
+			var pkg, isFn = p.conf.Pkg(), false
+			var args []*types.Var
+			var variadic bool
+			if nstar == 0 {
+				if getRetType(inFlags) {
+					err = nil
+					p.tok = token.EOF
+					return
+				}
+				if args, variadic, err = p.parseArgs(pkg); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+				isFn = true
+			} else {
+			nextTok:
+				p.next()
+				switch p.tok {
+				case token.RPAREN: // )
+				case token.LPAREN: // (
+					if !isFn {
+						nstar, nstarRet = p.parseStars(), nstar
+						if nstar != 0 {
+							p.expect(token.RPAREN) // )
+							p.expect(token.LPAREN) // (
+						}
+						if args, variadic, err = p.parseArgs(pkg); err != nil {
+							return
+						}
+						isFn = true
+						goto nextTok
+					}
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("expect )")
+				case token.LBRACK:
+					if tyArr, err = p.parseArrays(ctypes.Void, 0); err != nil {
+						return
+					}
+					p.expect(token.RPAREN) // )
+				case token.IDENT:
+					switch p.lit {
+					case "_Nullable", "_Nonnull", "const", "volatile":
+						goto nextTok
+					}
+					fallthrough
+				default:
+					return nil, 0, p.newError("expect )")
+				}
+			}
+			p.next()
+			switch p.tok {
+			case token.LPAREN: // (
+				if t, err = p.parseFunc(pkg, t, inFlags); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			case token.LBRACK: // [
+				if t, err = p.parseArrays(t, 0); err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			case token.EOF:
+			case token.IDENT:
+				if p.lit == "__attribute__" {
+					p.tok, p.lit = token.EOF, ""
+					p.unget(token.EOF, "")
+					break
+				}
+				fallthrough
+			default:
+				return nil, 0, p.newError("unexpected " + p.tok.String())
+			}
+			t = newPointers(t, nstarRet)
+			if isFn {
+				if getRetType(inFlags) {
+					p.tok = token.EOF
+					return
+				}
+				var results *types.Tuple
+				if ctypes.NotVoid(t) {
+					results = types.NewTuple(types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkg, "", t))
+				}
+				t = ctypes.NewFunc(types.NewTuple(args...), results, variadic)
+			}
+			t = newPointers(t, nstar)
+			t = newArrays(t, tyArr)
+		case token.RPAREN:
+			if t == nil {
+				t = ctypes.Void
+			}
+			return
+		case token.COMMA, token.EOF:
+			if t == nil {
+				err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			return
+		case token.ELLIPSIS:
+			if t != nil {
+				return nil, 0, p.newError("illegal syntax: multiple types?")
+			}
+			t = ctypes.Valist
+			kind |= KindFVariadic
+		default:
+			log.Panicln("c.types.ParseType: unknown -", p.tok, p.lit)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func newPointers(t types.Type, nstar int) types.Type {
+	for nstar > 0 {
+		t = ctypes.NewPointer(t)
+		nstar--
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+func isPtr(tok token.Token) bool {
+	return tok == token.MUL || tok == token.XOR // * or ^
+}
+
+func newArrays(t types.Type, tyArr types.Type) types.Type {
+retry:
+	if arr, ok := tyArr.(*types.Array); ok {
+		t = types.NewArray(t, arr.Len())
+		tyArr = arr.Elem()
+		goto retry
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+func newArraysEx(t types.Type, tyArr types.Type, inFlags int) types.Type {
+	t = newArrays(t, tyArr)
+	if arr, ok := t.(*types.Array); ok {
+		if (inFlags & FlagIsParam) != 0 {
+			t = ctypes.NewPointer(arr.Elem())
+		}
+	}
+	return t
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

x/clang/types/scanner/scanner.go

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package scanner
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"go/token"
+	"unicode"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+// An ErrorHandler may be provided to Scanner.Init. If a syntax error is
+// encountered and a handler was installed, the handler is called with a
+// position and an error message. The position points to the beginning of
+// the offending token.
+type ErrorHandler func(pos token.Position, msg string)
+
+// A Scanner holds the scanner's internal state while processing
+// a given text. It can be allocated as part of another data
+// structure but must be initialized via Init before use.
+type Scanner struct {
+	// immutable state
+	src string
+
+	// scanning state
+	ch       rune // current character
+	offset   int  // character offset
+	rdOffset int  // reading offset (position after current character)
+
+	// public state - ok to modify
+	ErrorCount int // number of errors encountered
+	OnErr      func(msg string)
+}
+
+const (
+	bom = 0xFEFF // byte order mark, only permitted as very first character
+	eof = -1     // end of file
+)
+
+// Read the next Unicode char into s.ch.
+// s.ch < 0 means end-of-file.
+//
+// For optimization, there is some overlap between this method and
+// s.scanIdentifier.
+func (s *Scanner) next() {
+	if s.rdOffset < len(s.src) {
+		s.offset = s.rdOffset
+		r, w := rune(s.src[s.rdOffset]), 1
+		switch {
+		case r == 0:
+			s.error("illegal character NUL")
+		case r >= utf8.RuneSelf:
+			// not ASCII
+			r, w = utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s.src[s.rdOffset:])
+			if r == utf8.RuneError && w == 1 {
+				s.error("illegal UTF-8 encoding")
+			} else if r == bom && s.offset > 0 {
+				s.error("illegal byte order mark")
+			}
+		}
+		s.rdOffset += w
+		s.ch = r
+	} else {
+		s.offset = len(s.src)
+		s.ch = eof
+	}
+}
+
+// peek returns the byte following the most recently read character without
+// advancing the scanner. If the scanner is at EOF, peek returns 0.
+func (s *Scanner) peek() byte {
+	if s.rdOffset < len(s.src) {
+		return s.src[s.rdOffset]
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) Init(src string) {
+	s.src = src
+	s.ch = ' '
+	s.offset = 0
+	s.rdOffset = 0
+	s.ErrorCount = 0
+
+	s.next()
+	if s.ch == bom {
+		s.next() // ignore BOM at file beginning
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) Source() string {
+	return s.src
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) error(msg string) {
+	if s.OnErr != nil {
+		s.OnErr(msg)
+	}
+	s.ErrorCount++
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
+	s.error(fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
+}
+
+func isLetter(ch rune) bool {
+	return 'a' <= lower(ch) && lower(ch) <= 'z' || ch == '_' || ch >= utf8.RuneSelf && unicode.IsLetter(ch)
+}
+
+func isDigit(ch rune) bool {
+	return isDecimal(ch) || ch >= utf8.RuneSelf && unicode.IsDigit(ch)
+}
+
+// scanIdentifier reads the string of valid identifier characters at s.offset.
+// It must only be called when s.ch is known to be a valid letter.
+//
+// Be careful when making changes to this function: it is optimized and affects
+// scanning performance significantly.
+func (s *Scanner) scanIdentifier() string {
+	offs := s.offset
+
+	// Optimize for the common case of an ASCII identifier.
+	//
+	// Ranging over s.src[s.rdOffset:] lets us avoid some bounds checks, and
+	// avoids conversions to runes.
+	//
+	// In case we encounter a non-ASCII character, fall back on the slower path
+	// of calling into s.next().
+	for rdOffset, b := range s.src[s.rdOffset:] {
+		if 'a' <= b && b <= 'z' || 'A' <= b && b <= 'Z' || b == '_' || '0' <= b && b <= '9' {
+			// Avoid assigning a rune for the common case of an ascii character.
+			continue
+		}
+		s.rdOffset += rdOffset
+		if 0 < b && b < utf8.RuneSelf {
+			// Optimization: we've encountered an ASCII character that's not a letter
+			// or number. Avoid the call into s.next() and corresponding set up.
+			//
+			// Note that s.next() does some line accounting if s.ch is '\n', so this
+			// shortcut is only possible because we know that the preceding character
+			// is not '\n'.
+			s.ch = rune(b)
+			s.offset = s.rdOffset
+			s.rdOffset++
+			goto exit
+		}
+		// We know that the preceding character is valid for an identifier because
+		// scanIdentifier is only called when s.ch is a letter, so calling s.next()
+		// at s.rdOffset resets the scanner state.
+		s.next()
+		for isLetter(s.ch) || isDigit(s.ch) {
+			s.next()
+		}
+		goto exit
+	}
+	s.offset = len(s.src)
+	s.rdOffset = len(s.src)
+	s.ch = eof
+
+exit:
+	return string(s.src[offs:s.offset])
+}
+
+func lower(ch rune) rune     { return ('a' - 'A') | ch } // returns lower-case ch iff ch is ASCII letter
+func isDecimal(ch rune) bool { return '0' <= ch && ch <= '9' }
+func isHex(ch rune) bool     { return '0' <= ch && ch <= '9' || 'a' <= lower(ch) && lower(ch) <= 'f' }
+
+func (s *Scanner) digits(base int, invalid *int) (digsep int) {
+	if base <= 10 {
+		max := rune('0' + base)
+		for isDecimal(s.ch) {
+			if s.ch >= max && *invalid < 0 {
+				*invalid = s.offset // record invalid rune offset
+			}
+			digsep = 1
+			s.next()
+		}
+	} else {
+		for isHex(s.ch) {
+			digsep = 1
+			s.next()
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) scanNumber() (token.Token, string) {
+	offs := s.offset
+
+	base := 10        // number base
+	prefix := rune(0) // one of 0 (decimal), '0' (0-octal), 'x', 'o', or 'b'
+	digsep := 0       // bit 0: digit present, bit 1: '_' present
+	invalid := -1     // index of invalid digit in literal, or < 0
+
+	if s.ch == '0' {
+		s.next()
+		switch lower(s.ch) {
+		case 'x':
+			s.next()
+			base, prefix = 16, 'x'
+		case 'o':
+			s.next()
+			base, prefix = 8, 'o'
+		case 'b':
+			s.next()
+			base, prefix = 2, 'b'
+		default:
+			base, prefix = 8, '0'
+			digsep = 1 // leading 0
+		}
+	}
+	digsep |= s.digits(base, &invalid)
+	if digsep&1 == 0 {
+		s.error(litname(prefix) + " has no digits")
+	}
+
+	lit := string(s.src[offs:s.offset])
+	if invalid >= 0 {
+		s.errorf("invalid digit %q in %s", lit[invalid-offs], litname(prefix))
+	}
+	return token.INT, lit
+}
+
+func litname(prefix rune) string {
+	switch prefix {
+	case 'x':
+		return "hexadecimal literal"
+	case 'o', '0':
+		return "octal literal"
+	case 'b':
+		return "binary literal"
+	}
+	return "decimal literal"
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) skipWhitespace() {
+	for s.ch == ' ' || s.ch == '\t' || s.ch == '\n' || s.ch == '\r' {
+		s.next()
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Scanner) Scan() (tok token.Token, lit string) {
+	s.skipWhitespace()
+
+	// determine token value
+	switch ch := s.ch; {
+	case isLetter(ch):
+		lit = s.scanIdentifier()
+		tok = token.IDENT
+	case isDecimal(ch):
+		tok, lit = s.scanNumber()
+	default:
+		s.next() // always make progress
+		switch ch {
+		case -1:
+			tok = token.EOF
+		case '.':
+			// fractions starting with a '.' are handled by outer switch
+			tok = token.PERIOD
+			if s.ch == '.' && s.peek() == '.' {
+				s.next()
+				s.next() // consume last '.'
+				tok = token.ELLIPSIS
+			}
+		case ',':
+			tok = token.COMMA
+		case '(':
+			tok = token.LPAREN
+		case ')':
+			tok = token.RPAREN
+		case '[':
+			tok = token.LBRACK
+		case ']':
+			tok = token.RBRACK
+		case '*':
+			tok = token.MUL
+		case '^':
+			tok = token.XOR
+		default:
+			// next reports unexpected BOMs - don't repeat
+			if ch != bom {
+				s.errorf("illegal character %#U", ch)
+			}
+			tok = token.ILLEGAL
+			lit = string(ch)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}

x/clang/types/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package types
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/gogen"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var (
+	Void          = types.Typ[types.UntypedNil]
+	UnsafePointer = types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer]
+
+	Int     = types.Typ[types.Int32]
+	Uint    = types.Typ[types.Uint32]
+	Long    = types.Typ[uintptr(types.Int32)+unsafe.Sizeof(0)>>3]  // int32/int64
+	Ulong   = types.Typ[uintptr(types.Uint32)+unsafe.Sizeof(0)>>3] // uint32/uint64
+	NotImpl = UnsafePointer
+
+	LongDouble = types.Typ[types.Float64]
+)
+
+func NotVoid(t types.Type) bool {
+	return t != Void
+}
+
+func MangledName(tag, name string) string {
+	return tag + "_" + name // TODO: use sth to replace _
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+var (
+	ValistTag types.Type
+	Valist    types.Type = types.NewSlice(gogen.TyEmptyInterface)
+)
+
+func init() {
+	vaTag := types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, types.Unsafe, MangledName("struct", "__va_list_tag"), nil)
+	ValistTag = types.NewNamed(vaTag, types.NewStruct(nil, nil), nil)
+	types.Universe.Insert(vaTag)
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func NewFunc(params, results *types.Tuple, variadic bool) *types.Signature {
+	return gogen.NewCSignature(params, results, variadic)
+}
+
+func NewPointer(typ types.Type) types.Type {
+	switch t := typ.(type) {
+	case *types.Basic:
+		if t == Void {
+			return types.Typ[types.UnsafePointer]
+		}
+	case *types.Signature:
+		if gogen.IsCSignature(t) {
+			return types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, t.Params(), t.Results(), t.Variadic())
+		}
+	case *types.Named:
+		if typ == ValistTag {
+			return Valist
+		}
+	}
+	return types.NewPointer(typ)
+}
+
+func IsFunc(typ types.Type) bool {
+	sig, ok := typ.(*types.Signature)
+	if ok {
+		ok = gogen.IsCSignature(sig)
+	}
+	return ok
+}
+
+func Identical(typ1, typ2 types.Type) bool {
+	return types.Identical(typ1, typ2)
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------