Merge pull request #184 from xushiwei/q

README

.gitignore

@@ -13,11 +13,13 @@ llgo_autogen.ll
 stories*.bin
 .DS_Store
 err.log
+numpy.txt
 
 _go/
 _runtime/
 _tinygo/
 build.dir/
+.vscode/
 
 # Test binary, built with `go test -c`
 *.test

.gitmodules

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
 [submodule "x/llama2/llama2.c"]
 	path = x/llama2/llama2.c
 	url = https://github.com/karpathy/llama2.c.git
-[submodule "x/sqlite/sqlite"]
-	path = x/sqlite/sqlite
-	url = https://github.com/sqlite/sqlite.git

README.md

@@ -8,7 +8,185 @@ llgo - A Go compiler based on LLVM
 [![GoDoc](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/goplus/llgo.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo)
 [![Language](https://img.shields.io/badge/language-Go+-blue.svg)](https://github.com/goplus/gop)
 
-This is a Go compiler based on LLVM in order to better integrate Go with the C ecosystem. It's a subproject of [the Go+ project](https://github.com/goplus/gop).
+LLGo is a Go compiler based on LLVM in order to better integrate Go with the C ecosystem including Python. It's a subproject of [the Go+ project](https://github.com/goplus/gop).
+
+
+## C standard libary support
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import "github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+
+func main() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("Hello world\n"))
+}
+```
+
+This is a simple example of calling the C `printf` function to print `Hello world`. Here, `c.Str` is not a function for converting a Go string to a C string, but a built-in instruction supported by `llgo` for generating a C string constant.
+
+The `_demo` directory contains some C standard libary related demos (it start with `_` to prevent the `go` command from compiling it):
+
+* [hello](_demo/hello/hello.go): call C `printf` to print `Hello world`
+* [concat](_demo/concat/concat.go): call C `fprintf` with `stderr`
+* [qsort](_demo/qsort/qsort.go): call C function with a callback (eg. `qsort`)
+
+To run these demos (If you haven't installed `llgo` yet, please refer to [How to install](#how-to-install)):
+
+```sh
+export LLGOROOT=`pwd`
+cd <demo-directory>  # eg. cd _demo/genints
+llgo run .
+```
+
+See [github.com/goplus/llgo/c](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/c) for more detials.
+
+
+## Python support
+
+You can import a Python library in LLGo!
+
+And you can import any Python library into `llgo` through a program called `llpyg`. The currently imported libraries include:
+
+* [sys](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/sys)
+* [os](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/os)
+* [math](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math)
+* [json](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/json)
+* [inspect](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/inspect)
+* [statistics](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/statistics)
+* [numpy](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/numpy)
+
+Here is an example using the Python `math` library:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	x := math.Sqrt(py.Float(2))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("sqrt(2) = %f\n"), x.Float64())
+}
+```
+
+Here, We call `py.Float(2)` to create a Python number 2, and pass it to Python’s `math.sqrt` to get `x`. Then use `x.Float64()` to convert x to Go's `float64` type, and print the value through the C `printf` function.
+
+Let's look at a slightly more complex example. For example, we use `numpy` to calculate:
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/numpy"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	a := py.List(
+		py.List(1.0, 2.0, 3.0),
+		py.List(4.0, 5.0, 6.0),
+		py.List(7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
+	)
+	b := py.List(
+		py.List(9.0, 8.0, 7.0),
+		py.List(6.0, 5.0, 4.0),
+		py.List(3.0, 2.0, 1.0),
+	)
+	x := numpy.Add(a, b)
+	c.Printf(c.Str("a+b = %s\n"), x.Str().CStr())
+}
+```
+
+Here we define two 3x3 matrices a and b, add them to get x, and then print the result.
+
+The `_pydemo` directory contains some python related demos:
+
+* [callpy](_pydemo/callpy/callpy.go): call Python standard library function `math.sqrt`
+* [pi](_pydemo/pi/pi.go): print python constants `math.pi`
+* [statistics](_pydemo/statistics/statistics.go): define a python list and call `statistics.mean` to get the mean
+* [matrix](_pydemo/matrix/matrix.go): a basic `numpy` demo
+
+To run these demos, you need to set the `LLGO_LIB_PYTHON` environment variable first.
+
+If Python is in the search path for `clang` linking, then `LLGO_LIB_PYTHON` only needs to be set to the name of the Python library. For example:
+
+```sh
+export LLGO_LIB_PYTHON=python3.12
+```
+
+You can also specify the path to tell `llgo` where the Python library is located:
+
+```sh
+export LLGO_LIB_PYTHON=/foo/bar/python3.12
+```
+
+For example, `/opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/libpython3.12.dylib` is a typical python library location under macOS. So we should set it like this:
+
+```sh
+export LLGO_LIB_PYTHON=/opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/python3.12
+```
+
+Note that the file name must be written in a platform-independent format, using `python3.12` instead of `libpython3.12.dylib`.
+
+Then you can run the demos:
+
+```sh
+export LLGOROOT=`pwd`
+cd <demo-directory>  # eg. cd _pydemo/callpy
+llgo run .
+```
+
+See [github.com/goplus/llgo/py](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py) for more detials.
+
+
+## Other frequently used libraries
+
+LLGo can easily import any libraries from the C ecosystem. Currently, this import process is still manual, but in the future, it will be automated similar to Python library imports.
+
+The currently imported libraries include:
+
+* [llama2.c](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/x/llama2)
+* [cjson](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/x/cjson)
+* [sqlite](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite)
+
+Here are some examples related to them:
+
+* [llama2-c](_demo/llama2-c): inference Llama 2 (It's the first llgo AI example)
+* [mkjson](x/cjson/_demo/mkjson/mkjson.go): create a json object and print it
+* [sqlite](x/sqlite/_demo/sqlitedemo/demo.go): a basic sqlite demo
+
+
+## Go syntax support
+
+The priority of `llgo` feature iteration is:
+
+* Popular C/Python libraries
+* Full Go syntax
+* Go standard libraries
+* Popular Go packages
+
+Common Go syntax is already supported. Except for the following, which needs to be improved:
+
+* interface (Limited support)
+* map (Very limited support)
+* panic (Limited support)
+* recover (Not supported yet)
+* defer (Not supported yet)
+* gc (Not supported yet)
+* chan (Not supported yet)
+* goroutine (Not supported yet)
+* generics (Not supported yet)
+
+Here are some examples related to Go syntax:
+
+* [concat](_demo/concat/concat.go): define a variadic function
+* [genints](_demo/genints/genints.go): various forms of closure usage (including C function, recv.method and anonymous function)
+
 
 ## How to install
 
@@ -35,22 +213,3 @@ go install -v ./...
 ### on Windows
 
 TODO
-
-
-## Demo
-
-The `_demo` directory contains our demos (it start with `_` to prevent the `go` command from compiling it):
-
-* [hello](_demo/hello/hello.go): call C printf to print `Hello world`
-* [concat](_demo/concat/concat.go): call C fprintf with stderr, and Go variadic function
-* [qsort](_demo/qsort/qsort.go): call C function with a callback (eg. qsort)
-* [genints](_demo/genints/genints.go): various forms of closure usage (including C function, recv.method and anonymous function)
-* [llama2-c](_demo/llama2-c): inference Llama 2 (It's the first llgo AI example)
-* [hellopy](https://github.com/goplus/cpython/blob/main/_demo/hellopy/hello.go): link Python to Go and say `Hello world`
-
-### How to run demos
-
-```sh
-cd <demo-directory>  # eg. cd _demo/genints
-llgo run .
-```

_pydemo/callpy/callpy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	x := math.Sqrt(py.Float(2))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("sqrt(2) = %f\n"), x.Float64())
+}

_pydemo/matrix/matrix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/numpy"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	a := py.List(
+		py.List(1.0, 2.0, 3.0),
+		py.List(4.0, 5.0, 6.0),
+		py.List(7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
+	)
+	b := py.List(
+		py.List(9.0, 8.0, 7.0),
+		py.List(6.0, 5.0, 4.0),
+		py.List(3.0, 2.0, 1.0),
+	)
+	x := numpy.Add(a, b)
+	c.Printf(c.Str("a+b = %s\n"), x.Str().CStr())
+}

_pydemo/pi/pi.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("pi = %f\n"), math.Pi.Float64())
+}

_pydemo/statistics/statistics.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/statistics"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	list := py.List(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0)
+	mean := statistics.Mean(list)
+	c.Printf(c.Str("mean(1, 2, 3, 4, 4) = %f\n"), mean.Float64())
+}

c/c.go

@@ -25,12 +25,16 @@ const (
 )
 
 type (
-	Char    = int8
-	Int     = C.int
-	Uint    = C.uint
-	Float   = float32
-	Pointer = unsafe.Pointer
-	FilePtr = unsafe.Pointer
+	Char      = int8
+	Int       = C.int
+	Uint      = C.uint
+	Long      = int32
+	Ulong     = uint32
+	LongLong  = int64
+	UlongLong = uint64
+	Float     = float32
+	Pointer   = unsafe.Pointer
+	FilePtr   = unsafe.Pointer
 )
 
 type integer interface {
@@ -66,7 +70,7 @@ func Memset(s Pointer, c Int, n uintptr) Pointer
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-//go:linkname GoStringData github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData
+//go:linkname GoStringData llgo.stringData
 func GoStringData(string) *Char
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

chore/_xtool/pydump/pydump.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/inspect"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/cjson"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	if c.Argc < 2 {
+		c.Fprintf(c.Stderr, c.Str("Usage: pydump <pythonLibPath>\n"))
+		return
+	}
+	pyLib := c.Index(c.Argv, 1)
+
+	py.Initialize()
+
+	root := cjson.Object()
+	root.SetItem(c.Str("name"), cjson.String(pyLib))
+
+	items := cjson.Array()
+	mod := py.ImportModule(pyLib)
+	keys := mod.ModuleGetDict().DictKeys()
+	for i, n := uintptr(0), keys.ListLen(); i < n; i++ {
+		key := keys.ListItem(i)
+		val := mod.GetAttr(key)
+		doc := val.GetAttrString(c.Str("__doc__"))
+		sym := cjson.Object()
+		sym.SetItem(c.Str("type"), cjson.String(val.Type().TypeName().CStr()))
+		sym.SetItem(c.Str("name"), cjson.String(key.CStr()))
+		if doc != nil {
+			sym.SetItem(c.Str("doc"), cjson.String(doc.CStr()))
+		}
+		if val.Callable() != 0 {
+			sig := inspect.Signature(val)
+			sym.SetItem(c.Str("sig"), cjson.String(sig.Str().CStr()))
+		}
+		items.AddItem(sym)
+	}
+	root.SetItem(c.Str("items"), items)
+
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%s\n"), root.CStr())
+}

chore/ardump/ardump.go

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
 
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/ar"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/xtool/ar"
 )
 
 func main() {

chore/clangast/clangast.go

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/parser"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/xtool/clang/parser"
 )
 
 var (

chore/clangpp/clangpp.go

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang/preprocessor"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/xtool/clang/preprocessor"
 )
 
 func usage() {

chore/gentests/gentests.go

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ func main() {
 
 	llgenDir(dir + "/cl/_testlibc")
 	llgenDir(dir + "/cl/_testrt")
+	llgenDir(dir+"/cl/_testpy", "")
 	llgenDir(dir+"/cl/_testdata", "")
 }
 

chore/llpyg/llpyg.go

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/gogen"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
+)
+
+type symbol struct {
+	Name string `json:"name"`
+	Type string `json:"type"`
+	Doc  string `json:"doc"`
+	Sig  string `json:"sig"`
+}
+
+type module struct {
+	Name  string    `json:"name"`
+	Items []*symbol `json:"items"`
+}
+
+func main() {
+	if len(os.Args) < 2 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Usage: llpyg <pythonLibPath>")
+		return
+	}
+	pyLib := os.Args[1]
+
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	pydump := exec.Command("pydump", pyLib)
+	pydump.Stdout = &out
+	pydump.Run()
+
+	var mod module
+	json.Unmarshal(out.Bytes(), &mod)
+
+	modName := mod.Name
+	if modName == "" {
+		log.Printf("import module %s failed\n", pyLib)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	pkg := gogen.NewPackage("", modName, nil)
+	pkg.Import("unsafe").MarkForceUsed(pkg)       // import _ "unsafe"
+	py := pkg.Import("github.com/goplus/llgo/py") // import "github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+
+	f := func(cb *gogen.CodeBuilder) int {
+		cb.Val("py." + modName)
+		return 1
+	}
+	defs := pkg.NewConstDefs(pkg.Types.Scope())
+	defs.New(f, 0, 0, nil, "LLGoPackage")
+
+	obj := py.Ref("Object").(*types.TypeName).Type().(*types.Named)
+	objPtr := types.NewPointer(obj)
+	ret := types.NewTuple(pkg.NewParam(0, "", objPtr))
+
+	ctx := &context{pkg, obj, objPtr, ret, py}
+	for _, sym := range mod.Items {
+		switch sym.Type {
+		case "builtin_function_or_method", "function", "ufunc", "method-wrapper":
+			ctx.genFunc(pkg, sym)
+		case "str", "float", "bool", "type", "dict", "tuple", "list", "object",
+			"module", "int", "set", "frozenset", "flags", "bool_": // skip
+		default:
+			t := sym.Type
+			if len(t) > 0 && (t[0] >= 'a' && t[0] <= 'z') && !strings.HasSuffix(t, "_info") {
+				log.Panicln("unsupport type:", sym.Type)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	pkg.WriteTo(os.Stdout)
+}
+
+type context struct {
+	pkg    *gogen.Package
+	obj    *types.Named
+	objPtr *types.Pointer
+	ret    *types.Tuple
+	py     gogen.PkgRef
+}
+
+func (ctx *context) genFunc(pkg *gogen.Package, sym *symbol) {
+	name, symSig := sym.Name, sym.Sig
+	if len(name) == 0 || name[0] == '_' {
+		return
+	}
+	params, variadic, skip := ctx.genParams(pkg, symSig)
+	if skip {
+		// TODO(xsw): don't skip any func
+		log.Println("skip func:", name, symSig)
+		return
+	}
+	name = genName(name, -1)
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, ctx.ret, variadic)
+	fn := pkg.NewFuncDecl(token.NoPos, name, sig)
+	list := ctx.genDoc(sym.Doc)
+	list = append(list, emptyCommentLine)
+	list = append(list, ctx.genLinkname(name, sym))
+	fn.SetComments(pkg, &ast.CommentGroup{List: list})
+	// fn.BodyStart(pkg).End()
+}
+
+func (ctx *context) genParams(pkg *gogen.Package, sig string) (*types.Tuple, bool, bool) {
+	if sig == "<NULL>" {
+		return nil, false, true
+	}
+	sig = strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(sig, "("), ")")
+	if sig == "" { // empty params
+		return nil, false, false
+	}
+	parts := strings.Split(sig, ",")
+	n := len(parts)
+	objPtr := ctx.objPtr
+	list := make([]*types.Var, 0, n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		part := strings.TrimSpace(parts[i])
+		if part == "/" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if part == "*" {
+			break
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(part, "*") {
+			if part[1] != '*' {
+				list = append(list, ssa.VArg())
+				return types.NewTuple(list...), true, false
+			}
+			return types.NewTuple(list...), false, false
+		}
+		pos := strings.IndexByte(part, '=')
+		if pos >= 0 {
+			if strings.HasPrefix(part[pos+1:], "<") { // skip complex default value
+				return nil, false, true
+			}
+			part = part[:pos]
+		}
+		list = append(list, pkg.NewParam(0, genName(part, 0), objPtr))
+	}
+	return types.NewTuple(list...), false, false
+}
+
+func genName(name string, idxDontTitle int) string {
+	parts := strings.Split(name, "_")
+	for i, part := range parts {
+		if i != idxDontTitle && part != "" {
+			if c := part[0]; c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' {
+				part = string(c+'A'-'a') + part[1:]
+			}
+			parts[i] = part
+		}
+	}
+	name = strings.Join(parts, "")
+	switch name {
+	case "default", "func", "":
+		name += "_"
+	}
+	return name
+}
+
+func (ctx *context) genLinkname(name string, sym *symbol) *ast.Comment {
+	return &ast.Comment{Text: "//go:linkname " + name + " py." + sym.Name}
+}
+
+func (ctx *context) genDoc(doc string) []*ast.Comment {
+	lines := strings.Split(doc, "\n")
+	list := make([]*ast.Comment, len(lines), len(lines)+2)
+	for i, line := range lines {
+		list[i] = &ast.Comment{Text: "// " + line}
+	}
+	return list
+}
+
+var (
+	emptyCommentLine = &ast.Comment{Text: "//"}
+)

chore/nmdump/nmdump.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
 
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/env/llvm"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/xtool/env/llvm"
 )
 
 func main() {

chore/nmindex/nmindex.go

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/env/llvm"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/nm"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/xtool/env/llvm"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/xtool/nm"
 )
 
 func main() {
@@ -73,6 +73,11 @@ func makeIndex() {
 }
 
 func query(q string) {
+	if len(q) > 0 {
+		if c := q[0]; c != '*' && c != '_' {
+			q = "_" + q
+		}
+	}
 	files, err := nm.Query(indexDir(), q)
 	check(err)
 	for _, f := range files {

cl/_testdata/print/in.go

@@ -13,6 +13,14 @@ func gwrite(b []byte) {
 	c.Printf(c.Str("%s"), b)
 }
 
+func printbool(v bool) {
+	if v {
+		printstring("true")
+	} else {
+		printstring("false")
+	}
+}
+
 func printfloat(v float64) {
 	switch {
 	case v != v:
@@ -177,14 +185,37 @@ func main() {
 	printnl()
 	prinfsub(100.1)
 	printnl()
-	printnum(float32(1e9))
+	printany(float32(1e9))
 	printnl()
-	printnum(float64(2e9))
+	printany(float64(2e9))
+	printnl()
+	var b bool = true
+	if b == true && b != false {
+		println("check bool", b)
+	}
+	n1 := 0b1001
+	n2 := 0b0011
+	println("check &^", n1&^n2 == 0b1000, n2&^n1 == 0b0010)
+	println(true, false, 'a', 'A', rune('中'),
+		int8(1), int16(2), int32(3), int64(4), 5,
+		uint8(1), uint16(2), uint32(3), uint64(4), uintptr(5),
+		"llgo")
+}
+
+func println(args ...any) {
+	for i, v := range args {
+		if i != 0 {
+			printstring(" ")
+		}
+		printany(v)
+	}
 	printnl()
 }
 
-func printnum(v any) {
+func printany(v any) {
 	switch v := v.(type) {
+	case bool:
+		printbool(v)
 	case int:
 		printint(int64(v))
 	case int8:
@@ -211,6 +242,8 @@ func printnum(v any) {
 		printfloat(float64(v))
 	case float64:
 		printfloat(float64(v))
+	case string:
+		printstring(v)
 	}
 }
 

cl/_testdata/print/out.ll

@@ -13,13 +13,19 @@ source_filename = "main"
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
 @1 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"llgo\00", align 1
-@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"NaN\00", align 1
-@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"+Inf\00", align 1
-@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"-Inf\00", align 1
-@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [17 x i8] c"0123456789abcdef\00", align 1
-@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"-\00", align 1
-@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
-@8 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [11 x i8] c"check bool\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [9 x i8] c"check &^\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"llgo\00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"true\00", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"false\00", align 1
+@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"NaN\00", align 1
+@8 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"+Inf\00", align 1
+@9 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"-Inf\00", align 1
+@10 = private unnamed_addr constant [17 x i8] c"0123456789abcdef\00", align 1
+@11 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"-\00", align 1
+@12 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@13 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@14 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.bytes(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
@@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 define void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %1 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 1
   %2 = icmp eq i64 %1, 0
   br i1 %2, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
@@ -94,13 +100,115 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.printnl()
   %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 13)
   %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %3, i64 1315859240)
-  call void @main.printnum(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %4)
+  call void @main.printany(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %4)
   call void @main.printnl()
   %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 14)
   %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %5, i64 4746175415993761792)
-  call void @main.printnum(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %6)
+  call void @main.printany(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %6)
   call void @main.printnl()
+  br i1 true, label %_llgo_3, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %7, i64 0
+  %9 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 10)
+  %10 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %9)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %10, ptr %8, align 8
+  %11 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %7, i64 1
+  %12 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 1)
+  %13 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %12, i64 -1)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %13, ptr %11, align 8
+  %14 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %7, i64 16, i64 2, i64 0, i64 2, i64 2)
+  call void @main.println(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %14)
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3, %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  %15 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 48)
+  %16 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %15, i64 0
+  %17 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 8)
+  %18 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %18, ptr %16, align 8
+  %19 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %15, i64 1
+  %20 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 1)
+  %21 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %20, i64 -1)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %21, ptr %19, align 8
+  %22 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %15, i64 2
+  %23 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 1)
+  %24 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %23, i64 -1)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %24, ptr %22, align 8
+  %25 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %15, i64 16, i64 3, i64 0, i64 3, i64 3)
+  call void @main.println(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %25)
+  %26 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 256)
+  %27 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 0
+  %28 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 1)
+  %29 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %28, i64 -1)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %29, ptr %27, align 8
+  %30 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 1
+  %31 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 1)
+  %32 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %31, i64 0)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %32, ptr %30, align 8
+  %33 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 2
+  %34 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 5)
+  %35 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %34, i64 97)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %35, ptr %33, align 8
+  %36 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 3
+  %37 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 5)
+  %38 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %37, i64 65)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %38, ptr %36, align 8
+  %39 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 4
+  %40 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 5)
+  %41 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %40, i64 20013)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %41, ptr %39, align 8
+  %42 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 5
+  %43 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 3)
+  %44 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %43, i64 1)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %44, ptr %42, align 8
+  %45 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 6
+  %46 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 4)
+  %47 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %46, i64 2)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %47, ptr %45, align 8
+  %48 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 7
+  %49 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 5)
+  %50 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %49, i64 3)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %50, ptr %48, align 8
+  %51 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 8
+  %52 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 6)
+  %53 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %52, i64 4)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %53, ptr %51, align 8
+  %54 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 9
+  %55 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 2)
+  %56 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %55, i64 5)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %56, ptr %54, align 8
+  %57 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 10
+  %58 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 8)
+  %59 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %58, i64 1)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %59, ptr %57, align 8
+  %60 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 11
+  %61 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 9)
+  %62 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %61, i64 2)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %62, ptr %60, align 8
+  %63 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 12
+  %64 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 10)
+  %65 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %64, i64 3)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %65, ptr %63, align 8
+  %66 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 13
+  %67 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 11)
+  %68 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %67, i64 4)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %68, ptr %66, align 8
+  %69 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 14
+  %70 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 12)
+  %71 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %70, i64 5)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %71, ptr %69, align 8
+  %72 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %26, i64 15
+  %73 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 4)
+  %74 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %73)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %74, ptr %72, align 8
+  %75 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %26, i64 16, i64 16, i64 0, i64 16, i64 16)
+  call void @main.println(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %75)
   ret void
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  br i1 true, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 }
 
 define void @main.prinfsub(double %0) {
@@ -117,18 +225,223 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret void
 }
 
+define void @main.printany(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 1)
+  %2 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %1)
+  %3 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %2, 0
+  %4 = trunc i64 %3 to i1
+  %5 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %2, 1
+  br i1 %5, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_30, %_llgo_29, %_llgo_28, %_llgo_26, %_llgo_24, %_llgo_22, %_llgo_20, %_llgo_18, %_llgo_16, %_llgo_14, %_llgo_12, %_llgo_10, %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6, %_llgo_4, %_llgo_2
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  call void @main.printbool(i1 %4)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %6 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 2)
+  %7 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %6)
+  %8 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %7, 0
+  %9 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %7, 1
+  br i1 %9, label %_llgo_4, label %_llgo_5
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  call void @main.printint(i64 %8)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %10 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 3)
+  %11 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %10)
+  %12 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %11, 0
+  %13 = trunc i64 %12 to i8
+  %14 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %11, 1
+  br i1 %14, label %_llgo_6, label %_llgo_7
+
+_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5
+  %15 = sext i8 %13 to i64
+  call void @main.printint(i64 %15)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5
+  %16 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 4)
+  %17 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %16)
+  %18 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %17, 0
+  %19 = trunc i64 %18 to i16
+  %20 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %17, 1
+  br i1 %20, label %_llgo_8, label %_llgo_9
+
+_llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
+  %21 = sext i16 %19 to i64
+  call void @main.printint(i64 %21)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_9:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
+  %22 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 5)
+  %23 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %22)
+  %24 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %23, 0
+  %25 = trunc i64 %24 to i32
+  %26 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %23, 1
+  br i1 %26, label %_llgo_10, label %_llgo_11
+
+_llgo_10:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_9
+  %27 = sext i32 %25 to i64
+  call void @main.printint(i64 %27)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_11:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_9
+  %28 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 6)
+  %29 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %28)
+  %30 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %29, 0
+  %31 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %29, 1
+  br i1 %31, label %_llgo_12, label %_llgo_13
+
+_llgo_12:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_11
+  call void @main.printint(i64 %30)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_13:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_11
+  %32 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 7)
+  %33 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %32)
+  %34 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %33, 0
+  %35 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %33, 1
+  br i1 %35, label %_llgo_14, label %_llgo_15
+
+_llgo_14:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_13
+  call void @main.printuint(i64 %34)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_15:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_13
+  %36 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 8)
+  %37 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %36)
+  %38 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %37, 0
+  %39 = trunc i64 %38 to i8
+  %40 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %37, 1
+  br i1 %40, label %_llgo_16, label %_llgo_17
+
+_llgo_16:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_15
+  %41 = sext i8 %39 to i64
+  call void @main.printuint(i64 %41)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_17:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_15
+  %42 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 9)
+  %43 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %42)
+  %44 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %43, 0
+  %45 = trunc i64 %44 to i16
+  %46 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %43, 1
+  br i1 %46, label %_llgo_18, label %_llgo_19
+
+_llgo_18:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_17
+  %47 = sext i16 %45 to i64
+  call void @main.printuint(i64 %47)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_19:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_17
+  %48 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 10)
+  %49 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %48)
+  %50 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %49, 0
+  %51 = trunc i64 %50 to i32
+  %52 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %49, 1
+  br i1 %52, label %_llgo_20, label %_llgo_21
+
+_llgo_20:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_19
+  %53 = sext i32 %51 to i64
+  call void @main.printuint(i64 %53)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_21:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_19
+  %54 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 11)
+  %55 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %54)
+  %56 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %55, 0
+  %57 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %55, 1
+  br i1 %57, label %_llgo_22, label %_llgo_23
+
+_llgo_22:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_21
+  call void @main.printuint(i64 %56)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_23:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_21
+  %58 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 12)
+  %59 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %58)
+  %60 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %59, 0
+  %61 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %59, 1
+  br i1 %61, label %_llgo_24, label %_llgo_25
+
+_llgo_24:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_23
+  call void @main.printuint(i64 %60)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_25:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_23
+  %62 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 13)
+  %63 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %62)
+  %64 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %63, 0
+  %65 = trunc i64 %64 to i32
+  %66 = bitcast i32 %65 to float
+  %67 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %63, 1
+  br i1 %67, label %_llgo_26, label %_llgo_27
+
+_llgo_26:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_25
+  %68 = fpext float %66 to double
+  call void @main.printfloat(double %68)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_27:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_25
+  %69 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 14)
+  %70 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %69)
+  %71 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %70, 0
+  %72 = bitcast i64 %71 to double
+  %73 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %70, 1
+  br i1 %73, label %_llgo_28, label %_llgo_29
+
+_llgo_28:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_27
+  call void @main.printfloat(double %72)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_29:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_27
+  %74 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 24)
+  %75 = call { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2String"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %74)
+  %76 = extractvalue { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i1 } %75, 0
+  %77 = extractvalue { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i1 } %75, 1
+  br i1 %77, label %_llgo_30, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_30:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_29
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %76)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+}
+
+define void @main.printbool(i1 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %1 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @5, i64 4)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1)
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3, %_llgo_1
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @6, i64 5)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2)
+  br label %_llgo_2
+}
+
 define void @main.printfloat(double %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = fcmp one double %0, %0
   br i1 %1, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 3)
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @7, i64 3)
   call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2)
   ret void
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
-  %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 4)
+  %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @8, i64 4)
   call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3)
   ret void
 
@@ -138,7 +451,7 @@ _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
   br i1 %5, label %_llgo_6, label %_llgo_7
 
 _llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_10
-  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 4)
+  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @9, i64 4)
   call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6)
   ret void
 
@@ -310,8 +623,8 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
   %2 = urem i64 %14, 16
-  %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @5, i64 16)
-  %4 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3)
+  %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @10, i64 16)
+  %4 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3, 0
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %4, i64 %2
   %6 = load i8, ptr %5, align 1
   %7 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %15
@@ -354,7 +667,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   br i1 %1, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @6, i64 1)
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @11, i64 1)
   call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2)
   %3 = sub i64 0, %0
   br label %_llgo_2
@@ -365,165 +678,48 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
+define void @main.println(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 1
+  br label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_0
+  %2 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %3, %_llgo_5 ]
+  %3 = add i64 %2, 1
+  %4 = icmp slt i64 %3, %1
+  br i1 %4, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %5 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %5, i64 %3
+  %7 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %6, align 8
+  %8 = icmp ne i64 %3, 0
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_4, label %_llgo_5
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  call void @main.printnl()
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %9 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @12, i64 1)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %9)
+  br label %_llgo_5
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_2
+  call void @main.printany(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %7)
+  br label %_llgo_1
+}
+
 define void @main.printnl() {
 _llgo_0:
-  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @7, i64 1)
+  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @13, i64 1)
   call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main.printnum(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0) {
-_llgo_0:
-  %1 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 2)
-  %2 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %1)
-  %3 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %2, 0
-  %4 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %2, 1
-  br i1 %4, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
-
-_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_26, %_llgo_25, %_llgo_24, %_llgo_22, %_llgo_20, %_llgo_18, %_llgo_16, %_llgo_14, %_llgo_12, %_llgo_10, %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6, %_llgo_4, %_llgo_2
-  ret void
-
-_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  call void @main.printint(i64 %3)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 3)
-  %6 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %5)
-  %7 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %6, 0
-  %8 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %6, 1
-  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_4, label %_llgo_5
-
-_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
-  call void @main.printint(i64 %7)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
-  %9 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 4)
-  %10 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %9)
-  %11 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %10, 0
-  %12 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %10, 1
-  br i1 %12, label %_llgo_6, label %_llgo_7
-
-_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5
-  call void @main.printint(i64 %11)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5
-  %13 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 5)
-  %14 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %13)
-  %15 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %14, 0
-  %16 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %14, 1
-  br i1 %16, label %_llgo_8, label %_llgo_9
-
-_llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
-  call void @main.printint(i64 %15)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_9:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
-  %17 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 6)
-  %18 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %17)
-  %19 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %18, 0
-  %20 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %18, 1
-  br i1 %20, label %_llgo_10, label %_llgo_11
-
-_llgo_10:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_9
-  call void @main.printint(i64 %19)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_11:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_9
-  %21 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 7)
-  %22 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %21)
-  %23 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %22, 0
-  %24 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %22, 1
-  br i1 %24, label %_llgo_12, label %_llgo_13
-
-_llgo_12:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_11
-  call void @main.printuint(i64 %23)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_13:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_11
-  %25 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 8)
-  %26 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %25)
-  %27 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %26, 0
-  %28 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %26, 1
-  br i1 %28, label %_llgo_14, label %_llgo_15
-
-_llgo_14:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_13
-  call void @main.printuint(i64 %27)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_15:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_13
-  %29 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 9)
-  %30 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %29)
-  %31 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %30, 0
-  %32 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %30, 1
-  br i1 %32, label %_llgo_16, label %_llgo_17
-
-_llgo_16:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_15
-  call void @main.printuint(i64 %31)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_17:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_15
-  %33 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 10)
-  %34 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %33)
-  %35 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %34, 0
-  %36 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %34, 1
-  br i1 %36, label %_llgo_18, label %_llgo_19
-
-_llgo_18:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_17
-  call void @main.printuint(i64 %35)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_19:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_17
-  %37 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 11)
-  %38 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %37)
-  %39 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %38, 0
-  %40 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %38, 1
-  br i1 %40, label %_llgo_20, label %_llgo_21
-
-_llgo_20:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_19
-  call void @main.printuint(i64 %39)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_21:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_19
-  %41 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 12)
-  %42 = call { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %41)
-  %43 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %42, 0
-  %44 = extractvalue { i64, i1 } %42, 1
-  br i1 %44, label %_llgo_22, label %_llgo_23
-
-_llgo_22:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_21
-  call void @main.printuint(i64 %43)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_23:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_21
-  %45 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 13)
-  %46 = call { float, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Float32"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %45)
-  %47 = extractvalue { float, i1 } %46, 0
-  %48 = extractvalue { float, i1 } %46, 1
-  br i1 %48, label %_llgo_24, label %_llgo_25
-
-_llgo_24:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_23
-  %49 = fpext float %47 to double
-  call void @main.printfloat(double %49)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_25:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_23
-  %50 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 14)
-  %51 = call { double, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Float64"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %0, ptr %50)
-  %52 = extractvalue { double, i1 } %51, 0
-  %53 = extractvalue { double, i1 } %51, 1
-  br i1 %53, label %_llgo_26, label %_llgo_1
-
-_llgo_26:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_25
-  call void @main.printfloat(double %52)
-  br label %_llgo_1
-}
-
 define void @main.printsp() {
 _llgo_0:
-  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @8, i64 1)
+  %0 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @14, i64 1)
   call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
   ret void
 }
@@ -587,8 +783,6 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
@@ -599,12 +793,10 @@ declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64)
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr, i64)
 
-declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
 declare { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)
 
-declare { float, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Float32"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)
-
-declare { double, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Float64"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)
+declare { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2String"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)

cl/_testdata/vargs/out.ll

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 define void @main.test(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %1 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 1
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %4, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %5 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
   %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %5, i64 %3
   %7 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %6, align 8
   %8 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 2)
@@ -80,10 +80,6 @@ declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llg
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
 declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.I2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)
 
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testlibc/sqlite/out.ll

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   br i1 %1, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
-  %2 = call ptr @sqlite3_errstr()
+  %2 = call ptr @sqlite3_errstr(i32 %0)
   %3 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %0, ptr %2)
   call void @exit(i32 1)
   br label %_llgo_2
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ _llgo_0:
   %3 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %2, 0
   %4 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %2, 1
   call void @main.check(i32 %4)
-  %5 = call i32 @sqlite3_close()
+  %5 = call i32 @sqlite3_close(ptr %3)
   ret void
 }
 
-declare ptr @sqlite3_errstr()
+declare ptr @sqlite3_errstr(i32)
 
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
 
@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare { ptr, i32 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite.OpenV2"(ptr, i32, ptr)
 
-declare i32 @sqlite3_close()
+declare i32 @sqlite3_close(ptr)

cl/_testpy/callpy/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/os"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	x := math.Sqrt(py.Float(2))
+	wd := os.Getcwd()
+	c.Printf(c.Str("sqrt(2) = %f\n"), x.Float64())
+	c.Printf(c.Str("cwd = %s\n"), wd.CStr())
+}

cl/_testpy/callpy/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argc = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argv = global ptr null
+@__llgo_py.math.sqrt = linkonce global ptr null
+@__llgo_py.os.getcwd = linkonce global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [14 x i8] c"sqrt(2) = %f\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"cwd = %s\0A\00", align 1
+@__llgo_py.math = external global ptr
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"sqrt\00", align 1
+@__llgo_py.os = external global ptr
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [7 x i8] c"getcwd\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/os.init"()
+  %1 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.math, align 8
+  call void (ptr, ...) @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr %1, ptr @2, ptr @__llgo_py.math.sqrt, ptr null)
+  %2 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.os, align 8
+  call void (ptr, ...) @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr %2, ptr @3, ptr @__llgo_py.os.getcwd, ptr null)
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @Py_Initialize()
+  store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
+  store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %2 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 2.000000e+00)
+  %3 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.math.sqrt, align 8
+  %4 = call ptr @PyObject_CallOneArg(ptr %3, ptr %2)
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.os.getcwd, align 8
+  %6 = call ptr @PyObject_CallNoArgs(ptr %5)
+  %7 = call double @PyFloat_AsDouble(ptr %4)
+  %8 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, double %7)
+  %9 = call ptr @PyUnicode_AsUTF8(ptr %6)
+  %10 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, ptr %9)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/os.init"()
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double)
+
+declare ptr @PyObject_CallOneArg(ptr, ptr)
+
+declare ptr @PyObject_CallNoArgs(ptr)
+
+declare double @PyFloat_AsDouble(ptr)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare ptr @PyUnicode_AsUTF8(ptr)
+
+declare void @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @Py_Initialize()

cl/_testpy/gcd/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	x := math.Gcd(py.Long(60), py.Long(20), py.Long(25))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("gcd(60, 20, 25) = %d\n"), x.Long())
+}

cl/_testpy/gcd/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argc = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argv = global ptr null
+@__llgo_py.math.gcd = linkonce global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [22 x i8] c"gcd(60, 20, 25) = %d\0A\00", align 1
+@__llgo_py.math = external global ptr
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"gcd\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()
+  %1 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.math, align 8
+  call void (ptr, ...) @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr %1, ptr @1, ptr @__llgo_py.math.gcd, ptr null)
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @Py_Initialize()
+  store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
+  store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %2 = call ptr @PyLong_FromLong(i32 60)
+  %3 = call ptr @PyLong_FromLong(i32 20)
+  %4 = call ptr @PyLong_FromLong(i32 25)
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.math.gcd, align 8
+  %6 = call ptr (ptr, ...) @PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(ptr %5, ptr %2, ptr %3, ptr %4, ptr null)
+  %7 = call i32 @PyLong_AsLong(ptr %6)
+  %8 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %7)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @PyLong_FromLong(i32)
+
+declare ptr @PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(ptr, ...)
+
+declare i32 @PyLong_AsLong(ptr)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @Py_Initialize()

cl/_testpy/math/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package math
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+const (
+	LLGoPackage = "py.math"
+)
+
+//go:linkname Sqrt py.sqrt
+func Sqrt(x *py.Object) *py.Object

cl/_testpy/math/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+; ModuleID = 'math'
+source_filename = "math"
+
+@"math.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_py.math = linkonce global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"math\00", align 1
+
+define void @math.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"math.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"math.init$guard", align 1
+  %1 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.math, align 8
+  %2 = icmp ne ptr %1, null
+  br i1 %2, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3, %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
+  %3 = call ptr @PyImport_ImportModule(ptr @0)
+  store ptr %3, ptr @__llgo_py.math, align 8
+  br label %_llgo_2
+}
+
+declare ptr @PyImport_ImportModule(ptr)

cl/_testpy/matrix/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/numpy"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	a := py.List(
+		py.List(1.0, 2.0, 3.0),
+		py.List(4.0, 5.0, 6.0),
+		py.List(7.0, 8.0, 9.0),
+	)
+	b := py.List(
+		py.List(9.0, 8.0, 7.0),
+		py.List(6.0, 5.0, 4.0),
+		py.List(3.0, 2.0, 1.0),
+	)
+	x := numpy.Add(a, b)
+	c.Printf(c.Str("a = %s\n"), a.Str().CStr())
+	c.Printf(c.Str("a = %s\n"), b.Str().CStr())
+	c.Printf(c.Str("a+b = %s\n"), x.Str().CStr())
+}

cl/_testpy/matrix/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argc = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argv = global ptr null
+@__llgo_py.numpy.add = linkonce global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"a = %s\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"a = %s\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [10 x i8] c"a+b = %s\0A\00", align 1
+@__llgo_py.numpy = external global ptr
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"add\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/numpy.init"()
+  %1 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.numpy, align 8
+  call void (ptr, ...) @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr %1, ptr @3, ptr @__llgo_py.numpy.add, ptr null)
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @Py_Initialize()
+  store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
+  store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %2 = call ptr @PyList_New(i64 3)
+  %3 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 1.000000e+00)
+  %4 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %2, i64 0, ptr %3)
+  %5 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 2.000000e+00)
+  %6 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %2, i64 1, ptr %5)
+  %7 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 3.000000e+00)
+  %8 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %2, i64 2, ptr %7)
+  %9 = call ptr @PyList_New(i64 3)
+  %10 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 4.000000e+00)
+  %11 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %9, i64 0, ptr %10)
+  %12 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 5.000000e+00)
+  %13 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %9, i64 1, ptr %12)
+  %14 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 6.000000e+00)
+  %15 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %9, i64 2, ptr %14)
+  %16 = call ptr @PyList_New(i64 3)
+  %17 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 7.000000e+00)
+  %18 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %16, i64 0, ptr %17)
+  %19 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 8.000000e+00)
+  %20 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %16, i64 1, ptr %19)
+  %21 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 9.000000e+00)
+  %22 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %16, i64 2, ptr %21)
+  %23 = call ptr @PyList_New(i64 3)
+  %24 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %23, i64 0, ptr %2)
+  %25 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %23, i64 1, ptr %9)
+  %26 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %23, i64 2, ptr %16)
+  %27 = call ptr @PyList_New(i64 3)
+  %28 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 9.000000e+00)
+  %29 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %27, i64 0, ptr %28)
+  %30 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 8.000000e+00)
+  %31 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %27, i64 1, ptr %30)
+  %32 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 7.000000e+00)
+  %33 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %27, i64 2, ptr %32)
+  %34 = call ptr @PyList_New(i64 3)
+  %35 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 6.000000e+00)
+  %36 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %34, i64 0, ptr %35)
+  %37 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 5.000000e+00)
+  %38 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %34, i64 1, ptr %37)
+  %39 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 4.000000e+00)
+  %40 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %34, i64 2, ptr %39)
+  %41 = call ptr @PyList_New(i64 3)
+  %42 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 3.000000e+00)
+  %43 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %41, i64 0, ptr %42)
+  %44 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 2.000000e+00)
+  %45 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %41, i64 1, ptr %44)
+  %46 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 1.000000e+00)
+  %47 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %41, i64 2, ptr %46)
+  %48 = call ptr @PyList_New(i64 3)
+  %49 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %48, i64 0, ptr %27)
+  %50 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %48, i64 1, ptr %34)
+  %51 = call i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr %48, i64 2, ptr %41)
+  %52 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.numpy.add, align 8
+  %53 = call ptr (ptr, ...) @PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(ptr %52, ptr %23, ptr %48, ptr null)
+  %54 = call ptr @PyObject_Str(ptr %23)
+  %55 = call ptr @PyUnicode_AsUTF8(ptr %54)
+  %56 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, ptr %55)
+  %57 = call ptr @PyObject_Str(ptr %48)
+  %58 = call ptr @PyUnicode_AsUTF8(ptr %57)
+  %59 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, ptr %58)
+  %60 = call ptr @PyObject_Str(ptr %53)
+  %61 = call ptr @PyUnicode_AsUTF8(ptr %60)
+  %62 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, ptr %61)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/numpy.init"()
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @PyList_New(i64)
+
+declare ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double)
+
+declare i32 @PyList_SetItem(ptr, i64, ptr)
+
+declare ptr @PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(ptr, ...)
+
+declare ptr @PyObject_Str(ptr)
+
+declare ptr @PyUnicode_AsUTF8(ptr)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @Py_Initialize()

cl/_testpy/pi/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("pi = %f\n"), math.Pi.Float64())
+}

cl/_testpy/pi/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argc = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argv = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [9 x i8] c"pi = %f\0A\00", align 1
+@__llgo_py.math = external global ptr
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [3 x i8] c"pi\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @Py_Initialize()
+  store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
+  store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %2 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.math, align 8
+  %3 = call ptr @PyObject_GetAttrString(ptr %2, ptr @1)
+  %4 = call double @PyFloat_AsDouble(ptr %3)
+  %5 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, double %4)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @PyObject_GetAttrString(ptr, ptr)
+
+declare double @PyFloat_AsDouble(ptr)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @Py_Initialize()

cl/_testpy/pow/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	x := math.Pow(py.Float(2), py.Float(3))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("pow(2, 3) = %f\n"), x.Float64())
+}

cl/_testpy/pow/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argc = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argv = global ptr null
+@__llgo_py.math.pow = linkonce global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [16 x i8] c"pow(2, 3) = %f\0A\00", align 1
+@__llgo_py.math = external global ptr
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"pow\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()
+  %1 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.math, align 8
+  call void (ptr, ...) @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr %1, ptr @1, ptr @__llgo_py.math.pow, ptr null)
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  call void @Py_Initialize()
+  store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
+  store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %2 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 2.000000e+00)
+  %3 = call ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double 3.000000e+00)
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr @__llgo_py.math.pow, align 8
+  %5 = call ptr (ptr, ...) @PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(ptr %4, ptr %2, ptr %3, ptr null)
+  %6 = call double @PyFloat_AsDouble(ptr %5)
+  %7 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, double %6)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @PyFloat_FromDouble(double)
+
+declare ptr @PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(ptr, ...)
+
+declare double @PyFloat_AsDouble(ptr)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @llgoLoadPyModSyms(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @Py_Initialize()

cl/_testrt/allocstr/out.ll

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @main.hello()
-  %3 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2)
+  %3 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, 1
   %4 = add i64 %3, 1
   %5 = alloca i8, i64 %4, align 1
   %6 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %5, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2)
@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/ll
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
-
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/builtin/in.go

@@ -40,6 +40,12 @@ func main() {
 	string_len("hello"[1:])
 	string_len("hello"[1:2])
 	string_len("hello"[5:])
+
+	s = append(s, 5, 6, 7, 8)
+	out(len(s))
+	data := []byte{'a', 'b', 'c'}
+	data = append(data, "def"...)
+	out(len(data))
 }
 
 func string_len(s string) {

cl/_testrt/builtin/out.ll

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ source_filename = "main"
 @1 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
 @2 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
 @3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
-@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"def\00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
 
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i64 2, ptr %10, align 4
   store i64 3, ptr %11, align 4
   store i64 4, ptr %12, align 4
-  %13 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %13 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %13)
   %14 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
   %15 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %14, i64 0
@@ -69,90 +70,119 @@ _llgo_0:
   %18 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %14, i64 3
   store i64 4, ptr %18, align 4
   %19 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %14, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %20 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %19)
+  %20 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %19, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %20)
   call void @main.out(i64 4)
   call void @main.out(i64 4)
   call void @main.out(i64 4)
-  %21 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %21 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
   call void @main.out(i64 %21)
   call void @main.out(i64 4)
   call void @main.out(i64 4)
-  %22 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %23 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %24 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %22 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %23 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %24 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
   %25 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %24, i64 8, i64 %22, i64 1, i64 %23, i64 %22)
-  %26 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %25)
+  %26 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %25, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %26)
-  %27 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %28 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %29 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %27 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %28 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %29 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
   %30 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %29, i64 8, i64 %27, i64 1, i64 %28, i64 %27)
-  %31 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %30)
+  %31 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %30, 2
   call void @main.out(i64 %31)
-  %32 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %33 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %32 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %33 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
   %34 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %33, i64 8, i64 %32, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %32)
-  %35 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %34)
+  %35 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %34, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %35)
-  %36 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %37 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %36 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %37 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
   %38 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %37, i64 8, i64 %36, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %36)
-  %39 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %38)
+  %39 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %38, 2
   call void @main.out(i64 %39)
-  %40 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %41 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %40 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %41 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
   %42 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %41, i64 8, i64 %40, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
-  %43 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %42)
+  %43 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %42, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %43)
-  %44 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %45 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  %44 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %45 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
   %46 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %45, i64 8, i64 %44, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
-  %47 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %46)
+  %47 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %46, 2
   call void @main.out(i64 %47)
   %48 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %49 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %48)
+  %49 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %48, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %49)
   %50 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %51 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %50)
+  %51 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %50, 2
   call void @main.out(i64 %51)
   %52 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
-  %53 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %52)
+  %53 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %52, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %53)
   %54 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
-  %55 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %54)
+  %55 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %54, 2
   call void @main.out(i64 %55)
   %56 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
-  %57 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %56)
+  %57 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %56, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %57)
   %58 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
-  %59 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %58)
+  %59 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %58, 2
   call void @main.out(i64 %59)
   %60 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 5)
   call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %60)
   %61 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 5)
-  %62 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61)
+  %62 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61, 1
   %63 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61, i64 1, i64 %62)
   call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %63)
   %64 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 5)
   %65 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %64, i64 1, i64 2)
   call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %65)
   %66 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 5)
-  %67 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66)
+  %67 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66, 1
   %68 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66, i64 5, i64 %67)
   call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %68)
+  %69 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %70 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %69, i64 0
+  store i64 5, ptr %70, align 4
+  %71 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %69, i64 1
+  store i64 6, ptr %71, align 4
+  %72 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %69, i64 2
+  store i64 7, ptr %72, align 4
+  %73 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %69, i64 3
+  store i64 8, ptr %73, align 4
+  %74 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %69, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %75 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %74, 0
+  %76 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %74, 1
+  %77 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceAppend"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, ptr %75, i64 %76, i64 8)
+  %78 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %77, 1
+  call void @main.out(i64 %78)
+  %79 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 3)
+  %80 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %79, i64 0
+  store i8 97, ptr %80, align 1
+  %81 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %79, i64 1
+  store i8 98, ptr %81, align 1
+  %82 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %79, i64 2
+  store i8 99, ptr %82, align 1
+  %83 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %79, i64 1, i64 3, i64 0, i64 3, i64 3)
+  %84 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 3)
+  %85 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %84, 0
+  %86 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %84, 1
+  %87 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceAppend"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %83, ptr %85, i64 %86, i64 1)
+  %88 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %87, 1
+  call void @main.out(i64 %88)
   ret void
 }
 
 define void @main.out(i64 %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @4, i64 %0)
+  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @5, i64 %0)
   ret void
 }
 
 define void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  %1 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, 1
   call void @main.out(i64 %1)
   ret void
 }
@@ -163,16 +193,10 @@ declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceCap"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
-
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i64, i64)
 
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceAppend"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr, i64, i64)
+
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/concat/in.go

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ func concat(args ...string) (ret string) {
 	return
 }
 
+func info(s string) string {
+	return "" + s + "..."
+}
+
 func main() {
 	result := concat("Hello", " ", "World")
 	c.Fprintf(c.Stderr, c.Str("Hi, %s\n"), c.AllocaCStr(result))

cl/_testrt/concat/out.ll

@@ -6,17 +6,19 @@ source_filename = "main"
 
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @0 = private unnamed_addr constant [1 x i8] zeroinitializer, align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [1 x i8] zeroinitializer, align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"...\00", align 1
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
-@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"Hello\00", align 1
-@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
-@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"World\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"Hello\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"World\00", align 1
 @__stderrp = external global ptr
-@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"Hi, %s\0A\00", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"Hi, %s\0A\00", align 1
 
 define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @main.concat(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %1 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 1
   %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 0)
   %3 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, 0
   %4 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, 1
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %13, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %14 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %14 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
   %15 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %14, i64 %12
   %16 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %15, align 8
   %17 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %16)
@@ -49,6 +51,15 @@ _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
   ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11
 }
 
+define %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @main.info(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 0)
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %1, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0)
+  %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 3)
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3)
+  ret %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %4
+}
+
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
   %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
@@ -70,29 +81,25 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 48)
   %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i64 0
-  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 5)
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 5)
   store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %4, ptr %3, align 8
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i64 1
-  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 1)
+  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 1)
   store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6, ptr %5, align 8
   %7 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %2, i64 2
-  %8 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 5)
+  %8 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @5, i64 5)
   store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %8, ptr %7, align 8
   %9 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %2, i64 16, i64 3, i64 0, i64 3, i64 3)
   %10 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @main.concat(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %9)
   %11 = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp, align 8
-  %12 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %10)
+  %12 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %10, 1
   %13 = add i64 %12, 1
   %14 = alloca i8, i64 %13, align 1
   %15 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %14, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %10)
-  %16 = call i32 (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %11, ptr @4, ptr %15)
+  %16 = call i32 (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %11, ptr @6, ptr %15)
   ret void
 }
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
@@ -103,8 +110,6 @@ declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
-
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 
 declare i32 @fprintf(ptr, ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/index/out.ll

@@ -119,12 +119,12 @@ _llgo_0:
   %61 = load i64, ptr %60, align 4
   %62 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @3, i64 %61)
   %63 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @5, i64 6)
-  %64 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %63)
+  %64 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %63, 0
   %65 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %64, i64 2
   %66 = load i8, ptr %65, align 1
   %67 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @4, i8 %66)
   %68 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @7, i64 6)
-  %69 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %68)
+  %69 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %68, 0
   %70 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %69, i64 1
   %71 = load i8, ptr %70, align 1
   %72 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @6, i8 %71)
@@ -138,5 +138,3 @@ declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr, i64)
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
-
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")

cl/_testrt/intgen/out.ll

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %2 = mul i64 %0, 4
   %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 %2)
   %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr %3, i64 %0, i64 %0)
-  %5 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  %5 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4, 1
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
   %9 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 1
   %10 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 0
   %11 = call i32 %10(ptr %9)
-  %12 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4)
+  %12 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4, 0
   %13 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %12, i64 %7
   store i32 %11, ptr %13, align 4
   br label %_llgo_1
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   store ptr null, ptr %4, align 8
   %5 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %2, align 8
   %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %5)
-  %7 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %6)
+  %7 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %6, 1
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %10, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %11 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %6)
+  %11 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %6, 0
   %12 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %11, i64 %9
   %13 = load i32, ptr %12, align 4
   %14 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %13)
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
   store ptr %16, ptr %20, align 8
   %21 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %18, align 8
   %22 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %21)
-  %23 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %22)
+  %23 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %22, 1
   br label %_llgo_4
 
 _llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_3
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ _llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_3
   br i1 %26, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_6
 
 _llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
-  %27 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %22)
+  %27 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %22, 0
   %28 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %27, i64 %25
   %29 = load i32, ptr %28, align 4
   %30 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i32 %29)
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ _llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
   store ptr %33, ptr %37, align 8
   %38 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %35, align 8
   %39 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %38)
-  %40 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %39)
+  %40 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %39, 1
   br label %_llgo_7
 
 _llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ _llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6
   br i1 %43, label %_llgo_8, label %_llgo_9
 
 _llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
-  %44 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %39)
+  %44 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %39, 0
   %45 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %44, i64 %42
   %46 = load i32, ptr %45, align 4
   %47 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i32 %46)
@@ -159,10 +159,6 @@ declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr, i64, i64)
 
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare i32 @rand()

cl/_testrt/named/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package main
+
+import "github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+
+type mSpanList struct {
+	first *mspan
+	last  *mspan
+}
+
+type minfo struct {
+	span *mspan
+	info int
+}
+
+type mspan struct {
+	next  *mspan
+	prev  *mspan
+	list  *mSpanList
+	info  minfo
+	value int
+	check func(int) int
+}
+
+func main() {
+	m := &mspan{}
+	m.value = 100
+	m.next = &mspan{}
+	m.next.value = 200
+	m.list = &mSpanList{}
+	m.list.last = &mspan{}
+	m.list.last.value = 300
+	m.info.info = 10
+	m.info.span = m
+	m.check = func(n int) int {
+		return m.value * n
+	}
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%d %d %d %d %d %d\n"), m.next.value, m.list.last.value, m.info.info,
+		m.info.span.value, m.check(-2), m.info.span.check(-3))
+}

cl/_testrt/named/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%main.mspan = type { ptr, ptr, ptr, %main.minfo, i64, { ptr, ptr } }
+%main.minfo = type { ptr, i64 }
+%main.mSpanList = type { ptr, ptr }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argc = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argv = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [19 x i8] c"%d %d %d %d %d %d\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
+  store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 8)
+  %3 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 64)
+  store ptr %3, ptr %2, align 8
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 4
+  store i64 100, ptr %5, align 4
+  %6 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 64)
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %6, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %7, ptr %8, align 8
+  %9 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %10 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %9, i32 0, i32 0
+  %11 = load ptr, ptr %10, align 8
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %11, i32 0, i32 4
+  store i64 200, ptr %12, align 4
+  %13 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %14 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 16)
+  %15 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %13, i32 0, i32 2
+  store ptr %14, ptr %15, align 8
+  %16 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %17 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %16, i32 0, i32 2
+  %18 = load ptr, ptr %17, align 8
+  %19 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 64)
+  %20 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mSpanList, ptr %18, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %19, ptr %20, align 8
+  %21 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %22 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %21, i32 0, i32 2
+  %23 = load ptr, ptr %22, align 8
+  %24 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mSpanList, ptr %23, i32 0, i32 1
+  %25 = load ptr, ptr %24, align 8
+  %26 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %25, i32 0, i32 4
+  store i64 300, ptr %26, align 4
+  %27 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %28 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %27, i32 0, i32 3
+  %29 = getelementptr inbounds %main.minfo, ptr %28, i32 0, i32 1
+  store i64 10, ptr %29, align 4
+  %30 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %31 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %30, i32 0, i32 3
+  %32 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %33 = getelementptr inbounds %main.minfo, ptr %31, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %32, ptr %33, align 8
+  %34 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %35 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %36 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %35, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr %2, ptr %36, align 8
+  %37 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %38 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %37, i32 0, i32 0
+  store ptr @"main.main$1", ptr %38, align 8
+  %39 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %37, i32 0, i32 1
+  store ptr %35, ptr %39, align 8
+  %40 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %37, align 8
+  %41 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %34, i32 0, i32 5
+  store { ptr, ptr } %40, ptr %41, align 8
+  %42 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %43 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %42, i32 0, i32 0
+  %44 = load ptr, ptr %43, align 8
+  %45 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %44, i32 0, i32 4
+  %46 = load i64, ptr %45, align 4
+  %47 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %48 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %47, i32 0, i32 2
+  %49 = load ptr, ptr %48, align 8
+  %50 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mSpanList, ptr %49, i32 0, i32 1
+  %51 = load ptr, ptr %50, align 8
+  %52 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %51, i32 0, i32 4
+  %53 = load i64, ptr %52, align 4
+  %54 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %55 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %54, i32 0, i32 3
+  %56 = getelementptr inbounds %main.minfo, ptr %55, i32 0, i32 1
+  %57 = load i64, ptr %56, align 4
+  %58 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %59 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %58, i32 0, i32 3
+  %60 = getelementptr inbounds %main.minfo, ptr %59, i32 0, i32 0
+  %61 = load ptr, ptr %60, align 8
+  %62 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %61, i32 0, i32 4
+  %63 = load i64, ptr %62, align 4
+  %64 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %65 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %64, i32 0, i32 5
+  %66 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %65, align 8
+  %67 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %66, 1
+  %68 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %66, 0
+  %69 = call i64 %68(ptr %67, i64 -2)
+  %70 = load ptr, ptr %2, align 8
+  %71 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %70, i32 0, i32 3
+  %72 = getelementptr inbounds %main.minfo, ptr %71, i32 0, i32 0
+  %73 = load ptr, ptr %72, align 8
+  %74 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %73, i32 0, i32 5
+  %75 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %74, align 8
+  %76 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %75, 1
+  %77 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %75, 0
+  %78 = call i64 %77(ptr %76, i64 -3)
+  %79 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %46, i64 %53, i64 %57, i64 %63, i64 %69, i64 %78)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+define i64 @"main.main$1"(ptr %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = load { ptr }, ptr %0, align 8
+  %3 = extractvalue { ptr } %2, 0
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr %3, align 8
+  %5 = getelementptr inbounds %main.mspan, ptr %4, i32 0, i32 4
+  %6 = load i64, ptr %5, align 4
+  %7 = mul i64 %6, %1
+  ret i64 %7
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64)
+
+declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/sum/out.ll

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ _llgo_0:
 
 define i64 @main.sum(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %1 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %1 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 1
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %5, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %6 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0)
+  %6 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
   %7 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 %4
   %8 = load i64, ptr %7, align 4
   %9 = add i64 %2, %8
@@ -72,7 +72,3 @@ declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
-
-declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceLen"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
-
-declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")

cl/builtin_test.go

@@ -226,5 +226,5 @@ func TestErrVarOf(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	ssaPkg := &ssa.Package{Pkg: pkgTypes}
 	g := &ssa.Global{Pkg: ssaPkg}
-	ctx.varOf(g)
+	ctx.varOf(nil, g)
 }

cl/cltest/cltest.go

@@ -147,11 +147,23 @@ func TestCompileEx(t *testing.T, src any, fname, expected string) {
 		}
 		return rt
 	})
+	prog.SetPython(func() *types.Package {
+		rt, err := imp.Import(llssa.PkgPython)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal("load python failed:", err)
+		}
+		return rt
+	})
 
 	ret, err := cl.NewPackage(prog, foo, files)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("cl.NewPackage failed:", err)
 	}
+
+	if prog.NeedPyInit { // call PyInit if needed
+		ret.PyInit()
+	}
+
 	if v := ret.String(); v != expected {
 		t.Fatalf("\n==> got:\n%s\n==> expected:\n%s\n", v, expected)
 	}

cl/compile.go

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ type instrOrValue interface {
 const (
 	PkgNormal = iota
 	PkgLLGo
+	PkgPyModule   // py.<module>
 	PkgNoInit     // noinit: a package that don't need to be initialized
 	PkgDeclOnly   // decl: a package that only have declarations
 	PkgLinkIR     // link llvm ir (.ll)
@@ -142,6 +143,7 @@ type context struct {
 	goProg *ssa.Program
 	goTyps *types.Package
 	goPkg  *ssa.Package
+	pyMod  string
 	link   map[string]string           // pkgPath.nameInPkg => linkname
 	loaded map[*types.Package]*pkgInfo // loaded packages
 	bvals  map[ssa.Value]llssa.Expr    // block values
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ func (p *context) compileMethods(pkg llssa.Package, typ types.Type) {
 func (p *context) compileGlobal(pkg llssa.Package, gbl *ssa.Global) {
 	typ := gbl.Type()
 	name, vtype := p.varName(gbl.Pkg.Pkg, gbl)
-	if ignoreName(name) || checkCgo(gbl.Name()) {
+	if vtype == pyVar || ignoreName(name) || checkCgo(gbl.Name()) {
 		return
 	}
 	if debugInstr {
@@ -209,14 +211,21 @@ var (
 	argvTy = types.NewPointer(types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.Int8]))
 )
 
-func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, f *ssa.Function) llssa.Function {
+func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, f *ssa.Function) (llssa.Function, llssa.PyObjRef, int) {
 	pkgTypes, name, ftype := p.funcName(f, true)
 	if ftype != goFunc {
-		return nil
+		/*
+			if ftype == pyFunc {
+				// TODO(xsw): pyMod == ""
+				fnName := pysymPrefix + p.pyMod + "." + name
+				return nil, pkg.NewPyFunc(fnName, f.Signature, call), pyFunc
+			}
+		*/
+		return nil, nil, ignoredFunc
 	}
 	fn := pkg.FuncOf(name)
 	if fn != nil && fn.HasBody() {
-		return fn
+		return fn, nil, goFunc
 	}
 
 	var sig = f.Signature
@@ -229,7 +238,7 @@ func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, f *ssa.Function) llssa.Func
 		sig = llssa.FuncAddCtx(ctx, sig)
 	} else {
 		if debugInstr {
-			log.Println("==> NewFunc", name, "type:", sig.Recv(), sig)
+			log.Println("==> NewFunc", name, "type:", sig.Recv(), sig, "ftype:", ftype)
 		}
 	}
 	if fn == nil {
@@ -262,21 +271,34 @@ func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, f *ssa.Function) llssa.Func
 				off[i] = p.compilePhis(b, block)
 			}
 			for i, block := range f.Blocks {
-				p.compileBlock(b, block, off[i], i == 0 && name == "main")
+				doMainInit := (i == 0 && name == "main")
+				doModInit := (i == 1 && f.Name() == "init" && sig.Recv() == nil)
+				p.compileBlock(b, block, off[i], doMainInit, doModInit)
 			}
 			for _, phi := range p.phis {
 				phi()
 			}
 		})
 	}
-	return fn
+	return fn, nil, goFunc
 }
 
 // funcOf returns a function by name and set ftype = goFunc, cFunc, etc.
 // or returns nil and set ftype = llgoCstr, llgoAlloca, llgoUnreachable, etc.
-func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
-	_, name, ftype := p.funcName(fn, false)
-	if ftype == llgoInstr {
+func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (aFn llssa.Function, pyFn llssa.PyObjRef, ftype int) {
+	pkgTypes, name, ftype := p.funcName(fn, false)
+	switch ftype {
+	case pyFunc:
+		if kind, mod := pkgKindByScope(pkgTypes.Scope()); kind == PkgPyModule {
+			pkg := p.pkg
+			fnName := pysymPrefix + mod + "." + name
+			if pyFn = pkg.PyObjOf(fnName); pyFn == nil {
+				pyFn = pkg.PyNewFunc(fnName, fn.Signature, true)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		ftype = ignoredFunc
+	case llgoInstr:
 		switch name {
 		case "cstr":
 			ftype = llgoCstr
@@ -288,31 +310,73 @@ func (p *context) funcOf(fn *ssa.Function) (ret llssa.Function, ftype int) {
 			ftype = llgoAlloca
 		case "allocaCStr":
 			ftype = llgoAllocaCStr
+		case "stringData":
+			ftype = llgoStringData
+		case "pyList":
+			ftype = llgoPyList
 		case "unreachable":
 			ftype = llgoUnreachable
-		case "bitCastTo64F":
-			ftype = llgoBitCastTo64F
-		case "bitCastTo32F":
-			ftype = llgoBitCastTo32F
 		default:
 			panic("unknown llgo instruction: " + name)
 		}
-	} else {
+	default:
 		pkg := p.pkg
-		if ret = pkg.FuncOf(name); ret == nil && len(fn.FreeVars) == 0 {
+		if aFn = pkg.FuncOf(name); aFn == nil {
+			if len(fn.FreeVars) > 0 {
+				return nil, nil, ignoredFunc
+			}
 			sig := fn.Signature
-			ret = pkg.NewFuncEx(name, sig, llssa.Background(ftype), false)
+			aFn = pkg.NewFuncEx(name, sig, llssa.Background(ftype), false)
 		}
 	}
 	return
 }
 
-func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, n int, doInit bool) llssa.BasicBlock {
-	ret := p.fn.Block(block.Index)
+func modOf(name string) string {
+	if pos := strings.LastIndexByte(name, '.'); pos > 0 {
+		return name[:pos]
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, n int, doMainInit, doModInit bool) llssa.BasicBlock {
+	var last int
+	var pyModInit bool
+	var prog = p.prog
+	var pkg = p.pkg
+	var instrs = block.Instrs[n:]
+	var ret = p.fn.Block(block.Index)
 	b.SetBlock(ret)
-	if doInit {
-		prog := p.prog
-		pkg := p.pkg
+	if doModInit {
+		if pyModInit = p.pyMod != ""; pyModInit {
+			last = len(instrs) - 1
+			instrs = instrs[:last]
+		} else {
+			// TODO(xsw): confirm pyMod don't need to call LoadPyModSyms
+			p.inits = append(p.inits, func() {
+				if objs := pkg.PyObjs(); len(objs) > 0 {
+					mods := make(map[string][]llssa.PyObjRef)
+					for name, obj := range objs {
+						modName := modOf(name)
+						mods[modName] = append(mods[modName], obj)
+					}
+
+					// sort by module name
+					modNames := make([]string, 0, len(mods))
+					for modName := range mods {
+						modNames = append(modNames, modName)
+					}
+					sort.Strings(modNames)
+
+					b.SetBlockEx(ret, llssa.AfterInit)
+					for _, modName := range modNames {
+						objs := mods[modName]
+						b.PyLoadModSyms(modName, objs...)
+					}
+				}
+			})
+		}
+	} else if doMainInit {
 		fn := p.fn
 		argc := pkg.NewVar("__llgo_argc", types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.Int32]), llssa.InC)
 		argv := pkg.NewVar("__llgo_argv", types.NewPointer(argvTy), llssa.InC)
@@ -323,9 +387,23 @@ func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, n int, do
 		callRuntimeInit(b, pkg)
 		b.Call(pkg.FuncOf("main.init").Expr)
 	}
-	for _, instr := range block.Instrs[n:] {
+	for _, instr := range instrs {
 		p.compileInstr(b, instr)
 	}
+	if pyModInit {
+		jump := block.Instrs[n+last].(*ssa.Jump)
+		jumpTo := p.jumpTo(jump)
+		modPath := p.pyMod
+		modName := pysymPrefix + modPath
+		modPtr := pkg.PyNewModVar(modName, true).Expr
+		mod := b.Load(modPtr)
+		cond := b.BinOp(token.NEQ, mod, prog.Null(mod.Type))
+		newBlk := p.fn.MakeBlock()
+		b.If(cond, jumpTo, newBlk)
+		b.SetBlock(newBlk)
+		b.Store(modPtr, b.PyImportMod(modPath))
+		b.Jump(jumpTo)
+	}
 	return ret
 }
 
@@ -334,8 +412,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 func callRuntimeInit(b llssa.Builder, pkg llssa.Package) {
-	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
-	fn := pkg.NewFunc(RuntimeInit, sig, llssa.InC) // don't need to convert runtime.init
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc(RuntimeInit, llssa.NoArgsNoRet, llssa.InC) // don't need to convert runtime.init
 	b.Call(fn.Expr)
 }
 
@@ -434,6 +511,15 @@ func (p *context) allocaCStr(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr)
 	panic("allocaCStr(s string): invalid arguments")
 }
 
+// func stringData(s string) *int8
+func (p *context) stringData(b llssa.Builder, args []ssa.Value) (ret llssa.Expr) {
+	if len(args) == 1 {
+		s := p.compileValue(b, args[0])
+		return b.StringData(s)
+	}
+	panic("stringData(s string): invalid arguments")
+}
+
 func isPhi(i ssa.Instruction) bool {
 	_, ok := i.(*ssa.Phi)
 	return ok
@@ -441,7 +527,7 @@ func isPhi(i ssa.Instruction) bool {
 
 func (p *context) compilePhis(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock) int {
 	ret := p.fn.Block(block.Index)
-	b.SetBlock(ret)
+	b.SetBlockEx(ret, llssa.AtEnd)
 	if ninstr := len(block.Instrs); ninstr > 0 {
 		if isPhi(block.Instrs[0]) {
 			n := 1
@@ -510,11 +596,17 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 				ret = b.BuiltinCall(fn, args...)
 			}
 		case *ssa.Function:
-			fn, ftype := p.compileFunction(cv)
+			aFn, pyFn, ftype := p.compileFunction(cv)
 			switch ftype {
 			case goFunc, cFunc:
 				args := p.compileValues(b, args, kind)
-				ret = b.Call(fn.Expr, args...)
+				ret = b.Call(aFn.Expr, args...)
+			case pyFunc:
+				args := p.compileValues(b, args, kind)
+				ret = b.Call(pyFn.Expr, args...)
+			case llgoPyList:
+				args := p.compileValues(b, args, fnHasVArg)
+				ret = b.PyList(args...)
 			case llgoCstr:
 				ret = cstr(b, args)
 			case llgoAdvance:
@@ -525,12 +617,10 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 				ret = p.alloca(b, args)
 			case llgoAllocaCStr:
 				ret = p.allocaCStr(b, args)
+			case llgoStringData:
+				ret = p.stringData(b, args)
 			case llgoUnreachable: // func unreachable()
 				b.Unreachable()
-			case llgoBitCastTo32F:
-				ret = b.BitCast(p.compileValue(b, args[0]), b.Prog.Type(types.Typ[types.Float32], llssa.InGo))
-			case llgoBitCastTo64F:
-				ret = b.BitCast(p.compileValue(b, args[0]), b.Prog.Float64())
 			default:
 				panic("todo")
 			}
@@ -650,6 +740,12 @@ func (p *context) compileInstrOrValue(b llssa.Builder, iv instrOrValue, asValue
 	return ret
 }
 
+func (p *context) jumpTo(v *ssa.Jump) llssa.BasicBlock {
+	fn := p.fn
+	succs := v.Block().Succs
+	return fn.Block(succs[0].Index)
+}
+
 func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 	if iv, ok := instr.(instrOrValue); ok {
 		p.compileInstrOrValue(b, iv, false)
@@ -673,9 +769,7 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 		val := p.compileValue(b, v.Val)
 		b.Store(ptr, val)
 	case *ssa.Jump:
-		fn := p.fn
-		succs := v.Block().Succs
-		jmpb := fn.Block(succs[0].Index)
+		jmpb := p.jumpTo(v)
 		b.Jump(jmpb)
 	case *ssa.Return:
 		var results []llssa.Expr
@@ -706,12 +800,13 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *context) compileFunction(v *ssa.Function) (llssa.Function, int) {
+func (p *context) compileFunction(v *ssa.Function) (goFn llssa.Function, pyFn llssa.PyObjRef, kind int) {
 	// v.Pkg == nil: means auto generated function?
 	if v.Pkg == p.goPkg || v.Pkg == nil {
 		// function in this package
-		if fn := p.compileFuncDecl(p.pkg, v); fn != nil {
-			return fn, goFunc
+		goFn, pyFn, kind = p.compileFuncDecl(p.pkg, v)
+		if kind != ignoredFunc {
+			return
 		}
 	}
 	return p.funcOf(v)
@@ -730,11 +825,13 @@ func (p *context) compileValue(b llssa.Builder, v ssa.Value) llssa.Expr {
 			}
 		}
 	case *ssa.Function:
-		fn, _ := p.compileFunction(v)
-		return fn.Expr
+		aFn, pyFn, _ := p.compileFunction(v)
+		if aFn != nil {
+			return aFn.Expr
+		}
+		return pyFn.Expr
 	case *ssa.Global:
-		g := p.varOf(v)
-		return g.Expr
+		return p.varOf(b, v)
 	case *ssa.Const:
 		t := types.Default(v.Type())
 		return b.Const(v.Value, p.prog.Type(t, llssa.InGo))
@@ -814,6 +911,7 @@ func NewPackage(prog llssa.Program, pkg *ssa.Package, files []*ast.File) (ret ll
 			types.Unsafe: {kind: PkgDeclOnly}, // TODO(xsw): PkgNoInit or PkgDeclOnly?
 		},
 	}
+	ctx.initPyModule()
 	ctx.initFiles(pkgPath, files)
 	for _, m := range members {
 		member := m.val

cl/compile_test.go

@@ -28,8 +28,12 @@ func testCompile(t *testing.T, src, expected string) {
 	cltest.TestCompileEx(t, src, "foo.go", expected)
 }
 
+func TestFromTestpy(t *testing.T) {
+	cltest.FromDir(t, "", "./_testpy", false)
+}
+
 func TestFromTestlibc(t *testing.T) {
-	cltest.FromDir(t, "", "./_testlibc", false)
+	cltest.FromDir(t, "", "./_testlibc", true)
 }
 
 func TestFromTestrt(t *testing.T) {
@@ -41,7 +45,15 @@ func TestFromTestdata(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSqlite(t *testing.T) {
-	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite", "../x/sqlite/sqlite.ll")
+	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite", "../x/sqlite/llgo_autogen.ll")
+}
+
+func TestFromTestpymath(t *testing.T) {
+	cltest.Pkg(t, ssa.PkgPython+"/math", "../py/math/llgo_autogen.ll")
+}
+
+func TestPython(t *testing.T) {
+	cltest.Pkg(t, ssa.PkgPython, "../py/llgo_autogen.ll")
 }
 
 func TestRuntime(t *testing.T) {

cl/import.go

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
 )
 
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 type symInfo struct {
 	file     string
 	fullName string
@@ -101,6 +103,8 @@ func pkgKind(v string) (int, string) {
 		//	return PkgLinkBitCode
 		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "link:") { // "link: <libpath>"
 			return PkgLinkExtern, v[5:]
+		} else if strings.HasPrefix(v, "py.") { // "py.<module>"
+			return PkgPyModule, v[3:]
 		}
 	}
 	return PkgLLGo, ""
@@ -210,7 +214,7 @@ func (p *context) initLink(line string, prefix int, f func(inPkgName string) (fu
 			} else {
 				panic(line + ": no specified call convention. eg. //go:linkname Printf C.printf")
 			}
-		} else {
+		} else if c := inPkgName[0]; c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' {
 			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "==>", line)
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "llgo: linkname %s not found and ignored\n", inPkgName)
 		}
@@ -303,17 +307,18 @@ const (
 	ignoredFunc = iota
 	goFunc      = int(llssa.InGo)
 	cFunc       = int(llssa.InC)
+	pyFunc      = int(llssa.InPython)
 	llgoInstr   = -1
 
-	llgoInstrBase    = 0x80
-	llgoUnreachable  = llgoInstrBase + 0
-	llgoCstr         = llgoInstrBase + 1
-	llgoAlloca       = llgoInstrBase + 2
-	llgoAllocaCStr   = llgoInstrBase + 3
-	llgoAdvance      = llgoInstrBase + 4
-	llgoIndex        = llgoInstrBase + 5
-	llgoBitCastTo32F = llgoInstrBase + 6
-	llgoBitCastTo64F = llgoInstrBase + 7
+	llgoInstrBase   = 0x80
+	llgoUnreachable = llgoInstrBase + 0
+	llgoCstr        = llgoInstrBase + 1
+	llgoAlloca      = llgoInstrBase + 2
+	llgoAllocaCStr  = llgoInstrBase + 3
+	llgoAdvance     = llgoInstrBase + 4
+	llgoIndex       = llgoInstrBase + 5
+	llgoStringData  = llgoInstrBase + 6
+	llgoPyList      = llgoInstrBase + 7
 )
 
 func (p *context) funcName(fn *ssa.Function, ignore bool) (*types.Package, string, int) {
@@ -339,6 +344,9 @@ func (p *context) funcName(fn *ssa.Function, ignore bool) (*types.Package, strin
 		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "C.") {
 			return nil, v[2:], cFunc
 		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "py.") {
+			return pkg, v[3:], pyFunc
+		}
 		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "llgo.") {
 			return nil, v[5:], llgoInstr
 		}
@@ -351,24 +359,35 @@ const (
 	ignoredVar = iota
 	goVar      = int(llssa.InGo)
 	cVar       = int(llssa.InC)
+	pyVar      = int(llssa.InPython)
 )
 
 func (p *context) varName(pkg *types.Package, v *ssa.Global) (vName string, vtype int) {
 	name := llssa.FullName(pkg, v.Name())
 	if v, ok := p.link[name]; ok {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(v, "py.") {
+			return v[3:], pyVar
+		}
 		return v, cVar
 	}
 	return name, goVar
 }
 
-func (p *context) varOf(v *ssa.Global) (ret llssa.Global) {
+func (p *context) varOf(b llssa.Builder, v *ssa.Global) llssa.Expr {
 	pkgTypes := p.ensureLoaded(v.Pkg.Pkg)
 	pkg := p.pkg
 	name, vtype := p.varName(pkgTypes, v)
-	if ret = pkg.VarOf(name); ret == nil {
+	if vtype == pyVar {
+		if kind, mod := pkgKindByScope(pkgTypes.Scope()); kind == PkgPyModule {
+			return b.PyNewVar(pysymPrefix+mod, name).Expr
+		}
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+	ret := pkg.VarOf(name)
+	if ret == nil {
 		ret = pkg.NewVar(name, v.Type(), llssa.Background(vtype))
 	}
-	return
+	return ret.Expr
 }
 
 func (p *context) ensureLoaded(pkgTypes *types.Package) *types.Package {
@@ -391,3 +410,17 @@ func pkgKindByPath(pkgPath string) int {
 	}
 	return PkgNormal
 }
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const (
+	pysymPrefix = "__llgo_py."
+)
+
+func (p *context) initPyModule() {
+	if kind, mod := pkgKindByScope(p.goTyps.Scope()); kind == PkgPyModule {
+		p.pyMod = mod
+	}
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

go.mod

@@ -18,3 +18,5 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0 // indirect
 )
+
+retract v0.8.0

internal/ar/ar.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	wasm "github.com/aykevl/go-wasm"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/ar"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/xtool/ar"
 )
 
 // Create creates an arcive for static linking from a list of object files

internal/build/build.go

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/clang"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/xtool/clang"
 
 	llssa "github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
 )
@@ -120,18 +120,31 @@ func Do(args []string, conf *Config) {
 		cl.SetDebug(cl.DbgFlagAll)
 	}
 
+	var needRt bool
 	var rt []*packages.Package
 	prog := llssa.NewProgram(nil)
+	load := func() []*packages.Package {
+		if rt == nil {
+			var err error
+			rt, err = packages.Load(cfg, llssa.PkgRuntime, llssa.PkgPython)
+			check(err)
+		}
+		return rt
+	}
 	prog.SetRuntime(func() *types.Package {
-		rt, err = packages.Load(cfg, llssa.PkgRuntime)
-		check(err)
+		needRt = true
+		rt := load()
 		return rt[0].Types
 	})
+	prog.SetPython(func() *types.Package {
+		rt := load()
+		return rt[1].Types
+	})
 
 	pkgs := buildAllPkgs(prog, initial, mode, verbose)
 
 	var runtimeFiles []string
-	if rt != nil {
+	if needRt {
 		runtimeFiles = allLinkFiles(rt)
 	}
 	if mode != ModeBuild {
@@ -147,12 +160,22 @@ func Do(args []string, conf *Config) {
 	}
 }
 
-func setNeedRuntime(pkg *packages.Package) {
-	pkg.ID = "" // just use pkg.Module to mark it needs runtime
+func setNeedRuntimeOrPyInit(pkg *packages.Package, needRuntime, needPyInit bool) {
+	v := []byte{'0', '0'}
+	if needRuntime {
+		v[0] = '1'
+	}
+	if needPyInit {
+		v[1] = '1'
+	}
+	pkg.ID = string(v) // just use pkg.ID to mark it needs runtime
 }
 
-func isNeedRuntime(pkg *packages.Package) bool {
-	return pkg.ID == ""
+func isNeedRuntimeOrPyInit(pkg *packages.Package) (needRuntime, needPyInit bool) {
+	if len(pkg.ID) == 2 {
+		return pkg.ID[0] == '1', pkg.ID[1] == '1'
+	}
+	return
 }
 
 func buildAllPkgs(prog llssa.Program, initial []*packages.Package, mode Mode, verbose bool) (pkgs []*aPackage) {
@@ -172,28 +195,31 @@ func buildAllPkgs(prog llssa.Program, initial []*packages.Package, mode Mode, ve
 			// skip packages that only contain declarations
 			// and set no export file
 			pkg.ExportFile = ""
-		case cl.PkgLinkIR:
-			// skip packages that don't need to be compiled but need to be linked
+		case cl.PkgLinkIR, cl.PkgLinkExtern, cl.PkgPyModule:
 			pkgPath := pkg.PkgPath
 			if isPkgInLLGo(pkgPath) {
 				pkg.ExportFile = concatPkgLinkFiles(pkgPath)
 			} else {
-				panic("todo")
+				// panic("todo")
+				// TODO(xsw): support packages out of llgo
+				pkg.ExportFile = ""
 			}
-		case cl.PkgLinkExtern:
-			// skip packages that don't need to be compiled but need to be linked with external library
-			linkFile := os.ExpandEnv(strings.TrimSpace(param))
-			dir, lib := filepath.Split(linkFile)
-			command := " -l " + lib
-			if dir != "" {
-				command += " -L " + dir
+			if kind == cl.PkgLinkExtern { // need to be linked with external library
+				linkFile := os.ExpandEnv(strings.TrimSpace(param))
+				dir, lib := filepath.Split(linkFile)
+				command := " -l " + lib
+				if dir != "" {
+					command += " -L " + dir
+				}
+				if isSingleLinkFile(pkg.ExportFile) {
+					pkg.ExportFile = command + " " + pkg.ExportFile
+				} else {
+					pkg.ExportFile = command + pkg.ExportFile
+				}
 			}
-			pkg.ExportFile = command
 		default:
 			buildPkg(prog, aPkg, mode, verbose)
-			if prog.NeedRuntime() {
-				setNeedRuntime(pkg)
-			}
+			setNeedRuntimeOrPyInit(pkg, prog.NeedRuntime, prog.NeedPyInit)
 		}
 	}
 	return
@@ -212,27 +238,43 @@ func linkMainPkg(pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, runtimeFiles []string,
 	args[1] = app
 	args[2] = "-Wno-override-module"
 	needRuntime := false
+	needPyInit := false
 	packages.Visit([]*packages.Package{pkg}, nil, func(p *packages.Package) {
 		if p.ExportFile != "" && !isRuntimePkg(p.PkgPath) { // skip packages that only contain declarations
 			args = appendLinkFiles(args, p.ExportFile)
+			need1, need2 := isNeedRuntimeOrPyInit(p)
 			if !needRuntime {
-				needRuntime = isNeedRuntime(p)
+				needRuntime = need1
+			}
+			if !needPyInit {
+				needPyInit = need2
 			}
 		}
 	})
+
+	var aPkg *aPackage
+	for _, v := range pkgs {
+		if v.Package == pkg { // found this package
+			aPkg = v
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	dirty := false
 	if needRuntime && runtimeFiles != nil {
 		args = append(args, runtimeFiles...)
 	} else {
-		for _, aPkg := range pkgs {
-			if aPkg.Package == pkg { // make empty runtime.init if no runtime needed
-				lpkg := aPkg.LPkg
-				lpkg.FuncOf(cl.RuntimeInit).MakeBody(1).Return()
-				if needLLFile(mode) {
-					os.WriteFile(pkg.ExportFile, []byte(lpkg.String()), 0644)
-				}
-				break
-			}
-		}
+		dirty = true
+		fn := aPkg.LPkg.FuncOf(cl.RuntimeInit)
+		fn.MakeBody(1).Return()
+	}
+	if needPyInit {
+		dirty = aPkg.LPkg.PyInit()
+	}
+
+	if dirty && needLLFile(mode) {
+		lpkg := aPkg.LPkg
+		os.WriteFile(pkg.ExportFile, []byte(lpkg.String()), 0644)
 	}
 
 	if verbose || mode != ModeRun {
@@ -414,14 +456,14 @@ func llgoRoot() string {
 }
 
 func appendLinkFiles(args []string, file string) []string {
-	if isMultiLinkFiles(file) {
-		return append(args, strings.Split(file[1:], " ")...)
+	if isSingleLinkFile(file) {
+		return append(args, file)
 	}
-	return append(args, file)
+	return append(args, strings.Split(file[1:], " ")...)
 }
 
-func isMultiLinkFiles(ret string) bool {
-	return len(ret) > 0 && ret[0] == ' '
+func isSingleLinkFile(ret string) bool {
+	return len(ret) > 0 && ret[0] != ' '
 }
 
 func concatPkgLinkFiles(pkgPath string) string {

internal/llgen/llgen.go

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa/ssautil"
 
 	llssa "github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
+	cpackages "golang.org/x/tools/go/packages"
 )
 
 func Init() {
@@ -71,14 +72,17 @@ func Gen(pkgPath, inFile string, src any) string {
 	}
 
 	prog := llssa.NewProgram(nil)
-	prog.SetRuntime(func() *types.Package {
-		rt, err := imp.Import(llssa.PkgRuntime)
-		check(err)
-		return rt
+	initRtAndPy(prog, &cpackages.Config{
+		Mode: loadSyntax | cpackages.NeedDeps,
 	})
+
 	ret, err := cl.NewPackage(prog, ssaPkg, files)
 	check(err)
 
+	if prog.NeedPyInit { // call PyInit if needed
+		ret.PyInit()
+	}
+
 	return ret.String()
 }
 

internal/llgen/llgenf.go

@@ -38,6 +38,27 @@ const (
 	loadSyntax  = loadTypes | packages.NeedSyntax | packages.NeedTypesInfo
 )
 
+func initRtAndPy(prog llssa.Program, cfg *packages.Config) {
+	var pkgRtAndPy []*packages.Package
+	load := func() []*packages.Package {
+		if pkgRtAndPy == nil {
+			var err error
+			pkgRtAndPy, err = packages.Load(cfg, llssa.PkgRuntime, llssa.PkgPython)
+			check(err)
+		}
+		return pkgRtAndPy
+	}
+
+	prog.SetRuntime(func() *types.Package {
+		rt := load()
+		return rt[0].Types
+	})
+	prog.SetPython(func() *types.Package {
+		rt := load()
+		return rt[1].Types
+	})
+}
+
 func GenFrom(fileOrPkg string) string {
 	cfg := &packages.Config{
 		Mode: loadSyntax | packages.NeedDeps,
@@ -52,11 +73,7 @@ func GenFrom(fileOrPkg string) string {
 	ssaPkg.Build()
 
 	prog := llssa.NewProgram(nil)
-	prog.SetRuntime(func() *types.Package {
-		rt, err := packages.Load(cfg, llssa.PkgRuntime)
-		check(err)
-		return rt[0].Types
-	})
+	initRtAndPy(prog, cfg)
 
 	if Verbose {
 		ssaPkg.WriteTo(os.Stderr)
@@ -65,6 +82,10 @@ func GenFrom(fileOrPkg string) string {
 	ret, err := cl.NewPackage(prog, ssaPkg, pkg.Syntax)
 	check(err)
 
+	if prog.NeedPyInit { // call PyInit if needed
+		ret.PyInit()
+	}
+
 	return ret.String()
 }
 
@@ -82,8 +103,6 @@ func SmartDoFile(inFile string, pkgPath ...string) {
 	fname := autgenFile
 	if inCompilerDir(absDir) {
 		fname = "out.ll"
-	} else if inSqlite(absDir) {
-		fname = "sqlite.ll"
 	}
 	outFile := dir + fname
 
@@ -108,7 +127,3 @@ func genZip(dir string, outFile, inFile string) {
 func inCompilerDir(dir string) bool {
 	return strings.Contains(dir, "/llgo/cl/")
 }
-
-func inSqlite(dir string) bool {
-	return strings.HasSuffix(dir, "/llgo/x/sqlite")
-}

internal/runtime/slice.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package runtime
+
+// nextslicecap computes the next appropriate slice length.
+func nextslicecap(newLen, oldCap int) int {
+	newcap := oldCap
+	doublecap := newcap + newcap
+	if newLen > doublecap {
+		return newLen
+	}
+
+	const threshold = 256
+	if oldCap < threshold {
+		return doublecap
+	}
+	for {
+		// Transition from growing 2x for small slices
+		// to growing 1.25x for large slices. This formula
+		// gives a smooth-ish transition between the two.
+		newcap += (newcap + 3*threshold) >> 2
+
+		// We need to check `newcap >= newLen` and whether `newcap` overflowed.
+		// newLen is guaranteed to be larger than zero, hence
+		// when newcap overflows then `uint(newcap) > uint(newLen)`.
+		// This allows to check for both with the same comparison.
+		if uint(newcap) >= uint(newLen) {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set newcap to the requested cap when
+	// the newcap calculation overflowed.
+	if newcap <= 0 {
+		return newLen
+	}
+	return newcap
+}

internal/runtime/z_iface.go

@@ -77,38 +77,18 @@ func CheckI2Int(v Interface, t *Type) (uintptr, bool) {
 	return 0, false
 }
 
-func I2Float64(v Interface, t *Type) float64 {
+func I2String(v Interface, t *Type) string {
 	if v.tab._type == t {
-		return bitCastTo64F(uint64(uintptr(v.data)))
+		return *(*string)(v.data)
 	}
-	panic("I2Float64: type mismatch")
+	panic("I2String: type mismatch")
 }
 
-func CheckI2Float64(v Interface, t *Type) (float64, bool) {
+func CheckI2String(v Interface, t *Type) (string, bool) {
 	if v.tab._type == t {
-		return bitCastTo64F(uint64(uintptr(v.data))), true
+		return *(*string)(v.data), true
 	}
-	return 0, false
+	return "", false
 }
 
-func I2Float32(v Interface, t *Type) float32 {
-	if v.tab._type == t {
-		return bitCastTo32F(uint32(uintptr(v.data)))
-	}
-	panic("I2Float32: type mismatch")
-}
-
-func CheckI2Float32(v Interface, t *Type) (float32, bool) {
-	if v.tab._type == t {
-		return bitCastTo32F(uint32(uintptr(v.data))), true
-	}
-	return 0, false
-}
-
-//go:linkname bitCastTo64F llgo.bitCastTo64F
-func bitCastTo64F(uint64) float64
-
-//go:linkname bitCastTo32F llgo.bitCastTo32F
-func bitCastTo32F(uint32) float32
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

internal/runtime/z_slice.go

@@ -70,4 +70,25 @@ func SliceData(s Slice) unsafe.Pointer {
 	return s.data
 }
 
+// SliceAppend append elem data and returns a slice.
+func SliceAppend(src Slice, data unsafe.Pointer, num, etSize int) Slice {
+	if etSize == 0 {
+		return src
+	}
+	oldLen := src.len
+	newLen := src.len + num
+	if newLen > src.cap {
+		newCap := nextslicecap(newLen, src.cap)
+		p := AllocZ(uintptr(newCap * etSize))
+		if oldLen != 0 {
+			c.Memcpy(p, src.data, uintptr(oldLen*etSize))
+		}
+		src.data = p
+		src.cap = newCap
+	}
+	src.len = newLen
+	c.Memcpy(c.Advance(src.data, oldLen*etSize), data, uintptr(num*etSize))
+	return src
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

internal/runtime/z_string.go

@@ -45,16 +45,6 @@ func NewString(data unsafe.Pointer, len int) String {
 	return String{data, len}
 }
 
-// StringLen returns the length of a string.
-func StringLen(s String) int {
-	return s.len
-}
-
-// StringData returns the data pointer of a string.
-func StringData(s String) unsafe.Pointer {
-	return s.data
-}
-
 // StringCat concatenates two strings.
 func StringCat(a, b String) String {
 	n := a.len + b.len

py/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Linking Python to Go
+=====
+
+TODO
+
+## Demo
+
+The `_demo` directory contains our demos (it start with `_` to prevent the `go` command from compiling it):
+
+* [hellopy](_demo/hellopy/hello.go): link Python to Go and say `Hello world`
+* [clpy](_demo/clpy/cleval.go): compile Python code and eval.
+* [callpy](_demo/callpy/call.go): call Python standard library function `math.sqrt`.
+
+### How to run demos
+
+To run the demos in directory `_demo`, you need to set the `LLGO_LIB_PYTHON` environment variable first. Assuming you use Python 3.12, and the `libpython3.12.so` (or `libpython3.12.dylib` or `python3.12.lib`) file is in the /foo/bar directory, then you need to set `LLGO_LIB_PYTHON` to:
+
+```sh
+export LLGO_LIB_PYTHON=/foo/bar/python3.12
+```
+
+For example, `/opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/libpython3.12.dylib` is a typical python lib location under macOS. So we should set it like this:
+
+```sh
+export LLGO_LIB_PYTHON=/opt/homebrew/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.12/python3.12
+```
+
+Then you can run the demos in directory `_demo`:
+
+```sh
+cd <demo-directory>  # eg. cd _demo/hellopy
+llgo run .
+```

py/_demo/callpy/call.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	py.Initialize()
+	py.SetProgramName(*c.Argv)
+	math := py.ImportModule(c.Str("math"))
+	sqrt := math.GetAttrString(c.Str("sqrt"))
+	sqrt2 := sqrt.CallOneArg(py.Float(2))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("sqrt(2) = %f\n"), sqrt2.Float64())
+	sqrt2.DecRef()
+	sqrt.DecRef()
+	math.DecRef()
+	py.Finalize()
+}

py/_demo/clpy/cleval.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	py.Initialize()
+	py.SetProgramName(*c.Argv)
+	code := py.CompileString(c.Str(`print('Hello, World!')`), c.Str(`hello.py`), py.EvalInput)
+	if code != nil {
+		mod := py.ImportModule(c.Str("__main__"))
+		gbl := mod.ModuleGetDict()
+
+		result := py.EvalCode(code, gbl, nil)
+
+		result.DecRef()
+		mod.DecRef()
+		code.DecRef()
+	}
+	py.Finalize()
+}

py/_demo/hellopy/hello.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	py.Initialize()
+	py.SetProgramName(*c.Argv)
+	py.RunSimpleString(c.Str(`print('Hello, World!')`))
+	py.Finalize()
+}

py/_pyg/llpyg/llpyg.c

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+typedef struct PyObject PyObject;
+
+void Py_Initialize();
+
+PyObject* PyImport_ImportModule(const char* modName);
+PyObject* PyModule_GetDict(PyObject* mod);
+PyObject* PyObject_Str(PyObject* obj);
+PyObject* PyDict_Keys(PyObject* dict);
+PyObject* PyList_GetItem(PyObject* list, size_t index);
+PyObject* PyTuple_GetItem(PyObject* tuple, size_t index);
+PyObject* PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject* mod, PyObject* attrName);
+PyObject* PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject* mod, const char* attrName);
+PyObject* PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject* fn, PyObject* arg);
+
+const char* PyUnicode_AsUTF8(PyObject* str);
+
+size_t PyList_Size(PyObject* list);
+
+int PyCallable_Check(PyObject*);
+
+int main() {
+    Py_Initialize();
+    PyObject* inspect = PyImport_ImportModule("inspect");
+    PyObject* signature = PyObject_GetAttrString(inspect, "signature");
+	PyObject* mod = PyImport_ImportModule("numpy");
+	PyObject* dict = PyModule_GetDict(mod);
+	PyObject* keys = PyDict_Keys(dict);
+    size_t i, n;
+    n = PyList_Size(keys);
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		PyObject* key = PyList_GetItem(keys, i);
+        PyObject* val = PyObject_GetAttr(mod, key);
+		if (PyCallable_Check(val) != 0) {
+			PyObject* doc = PyObject_GetAttrString(val, "__doc__");
+			PyObject* sig = PyObject_CallOneArg(signature, val);
+			printf("-----------------------------------\n");
+			printf("sig: %p\n", sig);
+			printf("%s: %s\n", PyUnicode_AsUTF8(key), PyUnicode_AsUTF8(PyObject_Str(sig)));
+			printf("%s\n", PyUnicode_AsUTF8(key));
+			if (doc != NULL) {
+				printf("%s\n", PyUnicode_AsUTF8(doc));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+    return 0;
+}

py/_pyg/module.c

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+// example:
+// llgoLoadPyModSyms(mod, "name1", &func1, "name2", &func2, NULL)
+
+typedef struct PyObject PyObject;
+
+PyObject* PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject* mod, const char* attrName);
+
+void llgoLoadPyModSyms(PyObject* mod, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, mod);
+    for (;;) {
+        const char* name = va_arg(ap, const char*);
+        if (name == NULL) {
+            break;
+        }
+        PyObject** pfunc = va_arg(ap, PyObject**);
+        if (*pfunc == NULL) {
+            *pfunc = PyObject_GetAttrString(mod, name);
+        }
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+}
+
+/*
+wchar_t* toWcs(const char* str) {
+    size_t len = mbstowcs(NULL, str, 0);
+    wchar_t* wstr = (wchar_t*)malloc((len + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t));
+    mbstowcs(wstr, str, len + 1);
+    return wstr;
+}
+
+char* toMbs(const wchar_t* str) {
+    size_t len = wcstombs(NULL, str, 0);
+    char* mstr = (char*)malloc(len + 1);
+    wcstombs(mstr, str, len + 1);
+    return mstr;
+}
+
+wchar_t *Py_GetPath();
+
+void Py_SetPath(const wchar_t* path);
+void Py_Initialize();
+
+void llgoPyInitialize() {
+    setenv("PYTHONPATH", "/opt/homebrew/lib/python3.12/site-packages", 1);
+    Py_Initialize();
+    printf("sys.path = %s\n", toMbs(Py_GetPath()));
+}
+*/

py/arg.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/arg.html
+
+// Create a new value based on a format string similar to those accepted by the
+// PyArg_Parse* family of functions and a sequence of values. Returns the value or
+// nil in the case of an error; an exception will be raised if nil is returned.
+// See https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/arg.html#c.Py_BuildValue
+//
+//go:linkname BuildValue C.Py_BuildValue
+func BuildValue(format *c.Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) *Object

py/builtins/builtins.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package builtins
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+const (
+	LLGoPackage = "py.inspect"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html
+// https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html
+
+// print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None, flush=False)
+//
+// Print objects to the text stream file, separated by sep and followed by
+// end. sep, end, file, and flush, if present, must be given as keyword
+// arguments.
+//
+// All non-keyword arguments are converted to strings like str() does and
+// written to the stream, separated by sep and followed by end. Both sep
+// and end must be strings; they can also be None, which means to use the
+// default values. If no objects are given, print() will just write end.
+//
+//go:linkname Print py.print
+func Print(objects ...*py.Object)
+
+//go:linkname PrintEx py.print
+func PrintEx(__llgo_kwargs *py.Object, objects ...*py.Object)
+
+// Invoke the built-in help system. (This function is intended for interactive
+// use.) If no argument is given, the interactive help system starts on the
+// interpreter console. If the argument is a string, then the string is looked
+// up as the name of a module, function, class, method, keyword, or documentation
+// topic, and a help page is printed on the console. If the argument is any other
+// kind of object, a help page on the object is generated.
+//
+// Note that if a slash(/) appears in the parameter list of a function when invoking
+// help(), it means that the parameters prior to the slash are positional-only. For
+// more info, see the FAQ entry on positional-only parameters.
+//
+//go:linkname Help py.help
+func Help(object *py.Object)

py/bytes.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+/*
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/bytes.html
+
+// String returns a new bytes object from a C string.
+//
+//go:linkname FromCStr C.PyBytes_FromString
+func FromCStr(s *c.Char) *Object
+
+// FromString returns a new bytes object from a Go string.
+func FromString(s string) *Object {
+	return stringFromStringAndSize(c.GoStringData(s), uintptr(len(s)))
+}
+
+//go:linkname stringFromStringAndSize C.PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+func stringFromStringAndSize(s *c.Char, size uintptr) *Object
+
+// CStr returns the content of a bytes object as a C string.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).CStr C.PyBytes_AsString
+func (o *Object) CStr() *c.Char { return nil }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).Strlen C.PyBytes_Size
+func (o *Object) Strlen() uintptr { return 0 }
+
+*/

py/call.go

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/call.html
+
+// Determine if the object o is callable. Return 1 if the object is callable and
+// 0 otherwise. This function always succeeds.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).Callable C.PyCallable_Check
+func (o *Object) Callable() c.Int { return 0 }
+
+// Call a callable Python object o, with arguments given by the tuple args, and
+// named arguments given by the dictionary kwargs.
+//
+// args must not be nil; use an empty tuple if no arguments are needed. If no named
+// arguments are needed, kwargs can be nil.
+//
+// Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return nil
+// on failure.
+//
+// This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o(*args, **kwargs).
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).Call C.PyObject_Call
+func (o *Object) Call(args, kwargs *Object) *Object { return nil }
+
+// Call a callable Python object callable without any arguments. It is the most
+// efficient way to call a callable Python object without any argument.
+//
+// Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return nil
+// on failure.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallNoArgs C.PyObject_CallNoArgs
+func (o *Object) CallNoArgs() *Object { return nil }
+
+// Call a callable Python object callable with exactly 1 positional argument arg
+// and no keyword arguments.
+//
+// Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return nil
+// on failure.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallOneArg C.PyObject_CallOneArg
+func (o *Object) CallOneArg(arg *Object) *Object { return nil }
+
+// Call a callable Python object o, with arguments given by the tuple args. If no
+// arguments are needed, then args can be nil.
+//
+// Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return nil
+// on failure.
+//
+// This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o(*args).
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallObject C.PyObject_CallObject
+func (o *Object) CallObject(args *Object) *Object { return nil }
+
+// Call a callable Python object o, with a variable number of C arguments. The C
+// arguments are described using a py.BuildValue style format string. The format
+// can be nil, indicating that no arguments are provided.
+//
+// Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return nil
+// on failure.
+//
+// This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o(*args).
+//
+// Note that if you only pass PyObject* args, (*Object).CallFunctionObjArgs is a
+// faster alternative.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallFunction C.PyObject_CallFunction
+func (o *Object) CallFunction(format *c.Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) *Object { return nil }
+
+// Call a callable Python object o, with a variable number of PyObject* arguments.
+// The arguments are provided as a variable number of parameters followed by nil.
+//
+// Return the result of the call on success, or raise an exception and return nil
+// on failure.
+//
+// This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o(arg1, arg2, ...).
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallFunctionObjArgs C.PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs
+func (o *Object) CallFunctionObjArgs(__llgo_va_list ...any) *Object { return nil }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallMethod C.PyObject_CallMethod
+func (o *Object) CallMethod(name *c.Char, format *c.Char, __llgo_va_list ...any) *Object {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallMethodObjArgs C.PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs
+func (o *Object) CallMethodObjArgs(name *Object, __llgo_va_list ...any) *Object { return nil }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallMethodNoArgs C.PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs
+func (o *Object) CallMethodNoArgs(name *Object) *Object { return nil }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).CallMethodOneArg C.PyObject_CallMethodOneArg
+func (o *Object) CallMethodOneArg(name, arg *Object) *Object { return nil }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).Vectorcall C.PyObject_Vectorcall
+func (o *Object) Vectorcall(args **Object, nargs uintptr, kwnames *Object) *Object {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).VectorcallDict C.PyObject_VectorcallDict
+func (o *Object) VectorcallDict(args **Object, nargs uintptr, kwdict *Object) *Object {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).VectorcallMethod C.PyObject_VectorcallMethod
+func (o *Object) VectorcallMethod(name *Object, args **Object, nargs uintptr, kwnames *Object) *Object {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

py/code.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/code.html
+
+// Equivalent to the Python code getattr(co, 'co_code'). Returns a strong
+// reference to a BytesObject representing the bytecode in a code object.
+// On error, nil is returned and an exception is raised.
+//
+// This BytesObject may be created on-demand by the interpreter and does
+// not necessarily represent the bytecode actually executed by CPython.
+// The primary use case for this function is debuggers and profilers.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).CodeBytes C.PyCode_GetCode
+func (o *Object) CodeBytes() *Object { return nil }
+
+// Equivalent to the Python code getattr(co, 'co_varnames'). Returns a new
+// reference to a TupleObject containing the names of the local variables.
+// On error, nil is returned and an exception is raised.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).CodeVarnames C.PyCode_GetVarnames
+func (o *Object) CodeVarnames() *Object { return nil }

py/dict.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/dict.html
+
+// Return a new empty dictionary, or nil on failure.
+//
+//go:linkname NewDict C.PyDict_New
+func NewDict() *Object
+
+// Return a ListObject containing all the keys from the dictionary.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).DictKeys C.PyDict_Keys
+func (d *Object) DictKeys() *Object { return nil }
+
+// Return a ListObject containing all the values from the dictionary.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).DictValues C.PyDict_Values
+func (d *Object) DictValues() *Object { return nil }
+
+// Return a ListObject containing all the items from the dictionary.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).DictItems C.PyDict_Items
+func (d *Object) DictItems() *Object { return nil }
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

py/exceptions.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/exceptions.html
+
+// Clear the error indicator. If the error indicator is not set, there is
+// no effect.
+//
+//go:linkname ErrClear C.PyErr_Clear
+func ErrClear()
+
+//go:linkname ErrPrint C.PyErr_Print
+func ErrPrint()

py/float.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/float.html
+
+//go:linkname Float C.PyFloat_FromDouble
+func Float(v float64) *Object
+
+//go:linkname FloatFromSring C.PyFloat_FromString
+func FloatFromSring(v *Object) *Object
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).Float64 C.PyFloat_AsDouble
+func (o *Object) Float64() float64 { return 0 }

py/func.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/function.html
+
+// Return a new function object associated with the code object code.
+// globals must be a dictionary with the global variables accessible
+// to the function.
+//
+// The function’s docstring and name are retrieved from the code object.
+// __module__ is retrieved from globals. The argument defaults, annotations
+// and closure are set to nil. __qualname__ is set to the same value as
+// the code object’s co_qualname field.
+//
+//go:linkname NewFunc C.PyFunction_New
+func NewFunc(code, globals *Object) *Object
+
+// As NewFunc, but also allows setting the function object’s __qualname__
+// attribute. qualname should be a unicode object or nil; if nil, the
+// __qualname__ attribute is set to the same value as the code object’s
+// co_qualname field.
+//
+//go:linkname NewFuncWithQualName C.PyFunction_NewWithQualName
+func NewFuncWithQualName(code, globals, qualname *Object) *Object
+
+/*
+// Return true if o is a function object (has type PyFunction_Type). The
+// parameter must not be nil. This function always succeeds.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).FuncCheck C.PyFunction_Check
+func (o *Object) FuncCheck() c.Int { return 0 }
+*/
+
+// Return the code object associated with the function object op.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).FuncCode C.PyFunction_GetCode
+func (f *Object) FuncCode() *Object { return nil }

py/inspect/doc.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html
+
+// Return a signature object for the given callable.
+//
+//go:linkname Signature py.signature
+func Signature(callable *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the names and default values of a Python function’s parameters. A named
+// tuple is returned:
+//
+// FullArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations)
+//
+//go:linkname Getfullargspec py.getfullargspec
+func Getfullargspec(f *py.Object) *py.Object

py/inspect/gen.go

@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+package inspect
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+const LLGoPackage = "py.inspect"
+
+// Compute the annotations dict for an object.
+//
+//	obj may be a callable, class, or module.
+//	Passing in an object of any other type raises TypeError.
+//
+//	Returns a dict.  get_annotations() returns a new dict every time
+//	it's called; calling it twice on the same object will return two
+//	different but equivalent dicts.
+//
+//	This function handles several details for you:
+//
+//	  * If eval_str is true, values of type str will
+//	    be un-stringized using eval().  This is intended
+//	    for use with stringized annotations
+//	    ("from __future__ import annotations").
+//	  * If obj doesn't have an annotations dict, returns an
+//	    empty dict.  (Functions and methods always have an
+//	    annotations dict; classes, modules, and other types of
+//	    callables may not.)
+//	  * Ignores inherited annotations on classes.  If a class
+//	    doesn't have its own annotations dict, returns an empty dict.
+//	  * All accesses to object members and dict values are done
+//	    using getattr() and dict.get() for safety.
+//	  * Always, always, always returns a freshly-created dict.
+//
+//	eval_str controls whether or not values of type str are replaced
+//	with the result of calling eval() on those values:
+//
+//	  * If eval_str is true, eval() is called on values of type str.
+//	  * If eval_str is false (the default), values of type str are unchanged.
+//
+//	globals and locals are passed in to eval(); see the documentation
+//	for eval() for more information.  If either globals or locals is
+//	None, this function may replace that value with a context-specific
+//	default, contingent on type(obj):
+//
+//	  * If obj is a module, globals defaults to obj.__dict__.
+//	  * If obj is a class, globals defaults to
+//	    sys.modules[obj.__module__].__dict__ and locals
+//	    defaults to the obj class namespace.
+//	  * If obj is a callable, globals defaults to obj.__globals__,
+//	    although if obj is a wrapped function (using
+//	    functools.update_wrapper()) it is first unwrapped.
+//
+//go:linkname GetAnnotations py.get_annotations
+func GetAnnotations(obj *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a module.
+//
+//go:linkname Ismodule py.ismodule
+func Ismodule(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a class.
+//
+//go:linkname Isclass py.isclass
+func Isclass(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is an instance method.
+//
+//go:linkname Ismethod py.ismethod
+func Ismethod(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a method descriptor.
+//
+//	But not if ismethod() or isclass() or isfunction() are true.
+//
+//	This is new in Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of int.__add__.
+//	An object passing this test has a __get__ attribute but not a __set__
+//	attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes varies.  __name__ is
+//	usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.
+//
+//	Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other
+//	tests return false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because
+//	the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the
+//	__func__ attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod().
+//
+//go:linkname Ismethoddescriptor py.ismethoddescriptor
+func Ismethoddescriptor(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a data descriptor.
+//
+//	Data descriptors have a __set__ or a __delete__ attribute.  Examples are
+//	properties (defined in Python) and getsets and members (defined in C).
+//	Typically, data descriptors will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes
+//	(properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this
+//	is not guaranteed.
+//
+//go:linkname Isdatadescriptor py.isdatadescriptor
+func Isdatadescriptor(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a member descriptor.
+//
+//	Member descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
+//	modules.
+//
+//go:linkname Ismemberdescriptor py.ismemberdescriptor
+func Ismemberdescriptor(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.
+//
+//	getset descriptors are specialized descriptors defined in extension
+//	modules.
+//
+//go:linkname Isgetsetdescriptor py.isgetsetdescriptor
+func Isgetsetdescriptor(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a user-defined function.
+//
+//	Function objects provide these attributes:
+//	    __doc__         documentation string
+//	    __name__        name with which this function was defined
+//	    __code__        code object containing compiled function bytecode
+//	    __defaults__    tuple of any default values for arguments
+//	    __globals__     global namespace in which this function was defined
+//	    __annotations__ dict of parameter annotations
+//	    __kwdefaults__  dict of keyword only parameters with defaults
+//
+//go:linkname Isfunction py.isfunction
+func Isfunction(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a user-defined generator function.
+//
+//	Generator function objects provide the same attributes as functions.
+//	See help(isfunction) for a list of attributes.
+//
+//go:linkname Isgeneratorfunction py.isgeneratorfunction
+func Isgeneratorfunction(obj *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Decorator to ensure callable is recognised as a coroutine function.
+//
+//go:linkname Markcoroutinefunction py.markcoroutinefunction
+func Markcoroutinefunction(func_ *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a coroutine function.
+//
+//	Coroutine functions are normally defined with "async def" syntax, but may
+//	be marked via markcoroutinefunction.
+//
+//go:linkname Iscoroutinefunction py.iscoroutinefunction
+func Iscoroutinefunction(obj *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is an asynchronous generator function.
+//
+//	Asynchronous generator functions are defined with "async def"
+//	syntax and have "yield" expressions in their body.
+//
+//go:linkname Isasyncgenfunction py.isasyncgenfunction
+func Isasyncgenfunction(obj *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is an asynchronous generator.
+//
+//go:linkname Isasyncgen py.isasyncgen
+func Isasyncgen(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a generator.
+//
+//	Generator objects provide these attributes:
+//	    __iter__        defined to support iteration over container
+//	    close           raises a new GeneratorExit exception inside the
+//	                    generator to terminate the iteration
+//	    gi_code         code object
+//	    gi_frame        frame object or possibly None once the generator has
+//	                    been exhausted
+//	    gi_running      set to 1 when generator is executing, 0 otherwise
+//	    next            return the next item from the container
+//	    send            resumes the generator and "sends" a value that becomes
+//	                    the result of the current yield-expression
+//	    throw           used to raise an exception inside the generator
+//
+//go:linkname Isgenerator py.isgenerator
+func Isgenerator(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a coroutine.
+//
+//go:linkname Iscoroutine py.iscoroutine
+func Iscoroutine(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if object can be passed to an “await“ expression.
+//
+//go:linkname Isawaitable py.isawaitable
+func Isawaitable(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a traceback.
+//
+//	Traceback objects provide these attributes:
+//	    tb_frame        frame object at this level
+//	    tb_lasti        index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
+//	    tb_lineno       current line number in Python source code
+//	    tb_next         next inner traceback object (called by this level)
+//
+//go:linkname Istraceback py.istraceback
+func Istraceback(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a frame object.
+//
+//	Frame objects provide these attributes:
+//	    f_back          next outer frame object (this frame's caller)
+//	    f_builtins      built-in namespace seen by this frame
+//	    f_code          code object being executed in this frame
+//	    f_globals       global namespace seen by this frame
+//	    f_lasti         index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
+//	    f_lineno        current line number in Python source code
+//	    f_locals        local namespace seen by this frame
+//	    f_trace         tracing function for this frame, or None
+//
+//go:linkname Isframe py.isframe
+func Isframe(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a code object.
+//
+//	Code objects provide these attributes:
+//	    co_argcount         number of arguments (not including *, ** args
+//	                        or keyword only arguments)
+//	    co_code             string of raw compiled bytecode
+//	    co_cellvars         tuple of names of cell variables
+//	    co_consts           tuple of constants used in the bytecode
+//	    co_filename         name of file in which this code object was created
+//	    co_firstlineno      number of first line in Python source code
+//	    co_flags            bitmap: 1=optimized | 2=newlocals | 4=*arg | 8=**arg
+//	                        | 16=nested | 32=generator | 64=nofree | 128=coroutine
+//	                        | 256=iterable_coroutine | 512=async_generator
+//	    co_freevars         tuple of names of free variables
+//	    co_posonlyargcount  number of positional only arguments
+//	    co_kwonlyargcount   number of keyword only arguments (not including ** arg)
+//	    co_lnotab           encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices
+//	    co_name             name with which this code object was defined
+//	    co_names            tuple of names other than arguments and function locals
+//	    co_nlocals          number of local variables
+//	    co_stacksize        virtual machine stack space required
+//	    co_varnames         tuple of names of arguments and local variables
+//
+//go:linkname Iscode py.iscode
+func Iscode(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a built-in function or method.
+//
+//	Built-in functions and methods provide these attributes:
+//	    __doc__         documentation string
+//	    __name__        original name of this function or method
+//	    __self__        instance to which a method is bound, or None
+//
+//go:linkname Isbuiltin py.isbuiltin
+func Isbuiltin(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is a method wrapper.
+//
+//go:linkname Ismethodwrapper py.ismethodwrapper
+func Ismethodwrapper(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is any kind of function or method.
+//
+//go:linkname Isroutine py.isroutine
+func Isroutine(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return true if the object is an abstract base class (ABC).
+//
+//go:linkname Isabstract py.isabstract
+func Isabstract(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return all members of an object as (name, value) pairs sorted by name.
+//
+//	Optionally, only return members that satisfy a given predicate.
+//
+//go:linkname Getmembers py.getmembers
+func Getmembers(object *py.Object, predicate *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return all members of an object as (name, value) pairs sorted by name
+//
+//	without triggering dynamic lookup via the descriptor protocol,
+//	__getattr__ or __getattribute__. Optionally, only return members that
+//	satisfy a given predicate.
+//
+//	Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all members
+//	   that getmembers can fetch (like dynamically created attributes)
+//	   and may find members that getmembers can't (like descriptors
+//	   that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptor objects
+//	   instead of instance members in some cases.
+//
+//go:linkname GetmembersStatic py.getmembers_static
+func GetmembersStatic(object *py.Object, predicate *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return list of attribute-descriptor tuples.
+//
+//	For each name in dir(cls), the return list contains a 4-tuple
+//	with these elements:
+//
+//	    0. The name (a string).
+//
+//	    1. The kind of attribute this is, one of these strings:
+//	           'class method'    created via classmethod()
+//	           'static method'   created via staticmethod()
+//	           'property'        created via property()
+//	           'method'          any other flavor of method or descriptor
+//	           'data'            not a method
+//
+//	    2. The class which defined this attribute (a class).
+//
+//	    3. The object as obtained by calling getattr; if this fails, or if the
+//	       resulting object does not live anywhere in the class' mro (including
+//	       metaclasses) then the object is looked up in the defining class's
+//	       dict (found by walking the mro).
+//
+//	If one of the items in dir(cls) is stored in the metaclass it will now
+//	be discovered and not have None be listed as the class in which it was
+//	defined.  Any items whose home class cannot be discovered are skipped.
+//
+//go:linkname ClassifyClassAttrs py.classify_class_attrs
+func ClassifyClassAttrs(cls *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return tuple of base classes (including cls) in method resolution order.
+//
+//go:linkname Getmro py.getmro
+func Getmro(cls *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the object wrapped by *func*.
+//
+//	Follows the chain of :attr:`__wrapped__` attributes returning the last
+//	object in the chain.
+//
+//	*stop* is an optional callback accepting an object in the wrapper chain
+//	as its sole argument that allows the unwrapping to be terminated early if
+//	the callback returns a true value. If the callback never returns a true
+//	value, the last object in the chain is returned as usual. For example,
+//	:func:`signature` uses this to stop unwrapping if any object in the
+//	chain has a ``__signature__`` attribute defined.
+//
+//	:exc:`ValueError` is raised if a cycle is encountered.
+//
+//go:linkname Unwrap py.unwrap
+func Unwrap(func_ *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the indent size, in spaces, at the start of a line of text.
+//
+//go:linkname Indentsize py.indentsize
+func Indentsize(line *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the documentation string for an object.
+//
+//	All tabs are expanded to spaces.  To clean up docstrings that are
+//	indented to line up with blocks of code, any whitespace than can be
+//	uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed.
+//
+//go:linkname Getdoc py.getdoc
+func Getdoc(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Clean up indentation from docstrings.
+//
+//	Any whitespace that can be uniformly removed from the second line
+//	onwards is removed.
+//
+//go:linkname Cleandoc py.cleandoc
+func Cleandoc(doc *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Work out which source or compiled file an object was defined in.
+//
+//go:linkname Getfile py.getfile
+func Getfile(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the module name for a given file, or None.
+//
+//go:linkname Getmodulename py.getmodulename
+func Getmodulename(path *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the filename that can be used to locate an object's source.
+//
+//	Return None if no way can be identified to get the source.
+//
+//go:linkname Getsourcefile py.getsourcefile
+func Getsourcefile(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return an absolute path to the source or compiled file for an object.
+//
+//	The idea is for each object to have a unique origin, so this routine
+//	normalizes the result as much as possible.
+//
+//go:linkname Getabsfile py.getabsfile
+func Getabsfile(object *py.Object, Filename *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the module an object was defined in, or None if not found.
+//
+//go:linkname Getmodule py.getmodule
+func Getmodule(object *py.Object, Filename *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the entire source file and starting line number for an object.
+//
+//	The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
+//	or code object.  The source code is returned as a list of all the lines
+//	in the file and the line number indexes a line in that list.  An OSError
+//	is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.
+//
+//go:linkname Findsource py.findsource
+func Findsource(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get lines of comments immediately preceding an object's source code.
+//
+//	Returns None when source can't be found.
+//
+//go:linkname Getcomments py.getcomments
+func Getcomments(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Extract the block of code at the top of the given list of lines.
+//
+//go:linkname Getblock py.getblock
+func Getblock(lines *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object.
+//
+//	The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
+//	or code object.  The source code is returned as a list of the lines
+//	corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the
+//	original source file the first line of code was found.  An OSError is
+//	raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.
+//
+//go:linkname Getsourcelines py.getsourcelines
+func Getsourcelines(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the text of the source code for an object.
+//
+//	The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,
+//	or code object.  The source code is returned as a single string.  An
+//	OSError is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.
+//
+//go:linkname Getsource py.getsource
+func Getsource(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Recursive helper function for getclasstree().
+//
+//go:linkname Walktree py.walktree
+func Walktree(classes *py.Object, children *py.Object, parent *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists.
+//
+//	Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class
+//	whose entry immediately precedes the list.  Each entry is a 2-tuple
+//	containing a class and a tuple of its base classes.  If the 'unique'
+//	argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure
+//	for each class in the given list.  Otherwise, classes using multiple
+//	inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times.
+//
+//go:linkname Getclasstree py.getclasstree
+func Getclasstree(classes *py.Object, unique *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get information about the arguments accepted by a code object.
+//
+//	Three things are returned: (args, varargs, varkw), where
+//	'args' is the list of argument names. Keyword-only arguments are
+//	appended. 'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and **
+//	arguments or None.
+//
+//go:linkname Getargs py.getargs
+func Getargs(co *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the names and default values of a callable object's parameters.
+//
+//	A tuple of seven things is returned:
+//	(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs, kwonlydefaults, annotations).
+//	'args' is a list of the parameter names.
+//	'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** parameters or None.
+//	'defaults' is an n-tuple of the default values of the last n parameters.
+//	'kwonlyargs' is a list of keyword-only parameter names.
+//	'kwonlydefaults' is a dictionary mapping names from kwonlyargs to defaults.
+//	'annotations' is a dictionary mapping parameter names to annotations.
+//
+//	Notable differences from inspect.signature():
+//	  - the "self" parameter is always reported, even for bound methods
+//	  - wrapper chains defined by __wrapped__ *not* unwrapped automatically
+//
+//go:linkname Getfullargspec py.getfullargspec
+func Getfullargspec(func_ *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame.
+//
+//	A tuple of four things is returned: (args, varargs, varkw, locals).
+//	'args' is a list of the argument names.
+//	'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None.
+//	'locals' is the locals dictionary of the given frame.
+//
+//go:linkname Getargvalues py.getargvalues
+func Getargvalues(frame *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the mapping of arguments to values.
+//
+//	A dict is returned, with keys the function argument names (including the
+//	names of the * and ** arguments, if any), and values the respective bound
+//	values from 'positional' and 'named'.
+//
+//go:linkname Getcallargs py.getcallargs
+func Getcallargs(func_ *py.Object, __llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
+
+// Get the mapping of free variables to their current values.
+//
+// Returns a named tuple of dicts mapping the current nonlocal, global
+// and builtin references as seen by the body of the function. A final
+// set of unbound names that could not be resolved is also provided.
+//
+//go:linkname Getclosurevars py.getclosurevars
+func Getclosurevars(func_ *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get information about a frame or traceback object.
+//
+//	A tuple of five things is returned: the filename, the line number of
+//	the current line, the function name, a list of lines of context from
+//	the source code, and the index of the current line within that list.
+//	The optional second argument specifies the number of lines of context
+//	to return, which are centered around the current line.
+//
+//go:linkname Getframeinfo py.getframeinfo
+func Getframeinfo(frame *py.Object, context *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the line number from a frame object, allowing for optimization.
+//
+//go:linkname Getlineno py.getlineno
+func Getlineno(frame *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get a list of records for a frame and all higher (calling) frames.
+//
+//	Each record contains a frame object, filename, line number, function
+//	name, a list of lines of context, and index within the context.
+//
+//go:linkname Getouterframes py.getouterframes
+func Getouterframes(frame *py.Object, context *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get a list of records for a traceback's frame and all lower frames.
+//
+//	Each record contains a frame object, filename, line number, function
+//	name, a list of lines of context, and index within the context.
+//
+//go:linkname Getinnerframes py.getinnerframes
+func Getinnerframes(tb *py.Object, context *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the frame of the caller or None if this is not possible.
+//
+//go:linkname Currentframe py.currentframe
+func Currentframe() *py.Object
+
+// Return a list of records for the stack above the caller's frame.
+//
+//go:linkname Stack py.stack
+func Stack(context *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return a list of records for the stack below the current exception.
+//
+//go:linkname Trace py.trace
+func Trace(context *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get current state of a generator-iterator.
+//
+//	Possible states are:
+//	  GEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
+//	  GEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
+//	  GEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.
+//	  GEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
+//
+//go:linkname Getgeneratorstate py.getgeneratorstate
+func Getgeneratorstate(generator *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the mapping of generator local variables to their current values.
+//
+// A dict is returned, with the keys the local variable names and values the
+// bound values.
+//
+//go:linkname Getgeneratorlocals py.getgeneratorlocals
+func Getgeneratorlocals(generator *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get current state of a coroutine object.
+//
+//	Possible states are:
+//	  CORO_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
+//	  CORO_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
+//	  CORO_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at an await expression.
+//	  CORO_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
+//
+//go:linkname Getcoroutinestate py.getcoroutinestate
+func Getcoroutinestate(coroutine *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the mapping of coroutine local variables to their current values.
+//
+// A dict is returned, with the keys the local variable names and values the
+// bound values.
+//
+//go:linkname Getcoroutinelocals py.getcoroutinelocals
+func Getcoroutinelocals(coroutine *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get current state of an asynchronous generator object.
+//
+//	Possible states are:
+//	  AGEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.
+//	  AGEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.
+//	  AGEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.
+//	  AGEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.
+//
+//go:linkname Getasyncgenstate py.getasyncgenstate
+func Getasyncgenstate(agen *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get the mapping of asynchronous generator local variables to their current
+// values.
+//
+// A dict is returned, with the keys the local variable names and values the
+// bound values.
+//
+//go:linkname Getasyncgenlocals py.getasyncgenlocals
+func Getasyncgenlocals(agen *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Get a signature object for the passed callable.
+//
+//go:linkname Signature py.signature
+func Signature(obj *py.Object) *py.Object

py/json/gen.go

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+package json
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+const LLGoPackage = "py.json"
+
+// Serialize “obj“ as a JSON formatted stream to “fp“ (a
+//
+//	``.write()``-supporting file-like object).
+//
+//	If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
+//	(``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
+//	instead of raising a ``TypeError``.
+//
+//	If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the strings written to ``fp`` can
+//	contain non-ASCII characters if they appear in strings contained in
+//	``obj``. Otherwise, all such characters are escaped in JSON strings.
+//
+//	If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
+//	for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
+//	result in an ``RecursionError`` (or worse).
+//
+//	If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
+//	serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``)
+//	in strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
+//	JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).
+//
+//	If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
+//	object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
+//	level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
+//	representation.
+//
+//	If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
+//	tuple.  The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
+//	``(',', ': ')`` otherwise.  To get the most compact JSON representation,
+//	you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.
+//
+//	``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
+//	of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.
+//
+//	If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
+//	dictionaries will be sorted by key.
+//
+//	To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
+//	``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
+//	the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.
+//
+//go:linkname Dump py.dump
+func Dump(obj *py.Object, fp *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Serialize “obj“ to a JSON formatted “str“.
+//
+//	If ``skipkeys`` is true then ``dict`` keys that are not basic types
+//	(``str``, ``int``, ``float``, ``bool``, ``None``) will be skipped
+//	instead of raising a ``TypeError``.
+//
+//	If ``ensure_ascii`` is false, then the return value can contain non-ASCII
+//	characters if they appear in strings contained in ``obj``. Otherwise, all
+//	such characters are escaped in JSON strings.
+//
+//	If ``check_circular`` is false, then the circular reference check
+//	for container types will be skipped and a circular reference will
+//	result in an ``RecursionError`` (or worse).
+//
+//	If ``allow_nan`` is false, then it will be a ``ValueError`` to
+//	serialize out of range ``float`` values (``nan``, ``inf``, ``-inf``) in
+//	strict compliance of the JSON specification, instead of using the
+//	JavaScript equivalents (``NaN``, ``Infinity``, ``-Infinity``).
+//
+//	If ``indent`` is a non-negative integer, then JSON array elements and
+//	object members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent
+//	level of 0 will only insert newlines. ``None`` is the most compact
+//	representation.
+//
+//	If specified, ``separators`` should be an ``(item_separator, key_separator)``
+//	tuple.  The default is ``(', ', ': ')`` if *indent* is ``None`` and
+//	``(',', ': ')`` otherwise.  To get the most compact JSON representation,
+//	you should specify ``(',', ':')`` to eliminate whitespace.
+//
+//	``default(obj)`` is a function that should return a serializable version
+//	of obj or raise TypeError. The default simply raises TypeError.
+//
+//	If *sort_keys* is true (default: ``False``), then the output of
+//	dictionaries will be sorted by key.
+//
+//	To use a custom ``JSONEncoder`` subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
+//	``.default()`` method to serialize additional types), specify it with
+//	the ``cls`` kwarg; otherwise ``JSONEncoder`` is used.
+//
+//go:linkname Dumps py.dumps
+func Dumps(obj *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Deserialize “fp“ (a “.read()“-supporting file-like object containing
+//
+//	a JSON document) to a Python object.
+//
+//	``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
+//	result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
+//	``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
+//	can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).
+//
+//	``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
+//	result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
+//	return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
+//	This feature can be used to implement custom decoders.  If ``object_hook``
+//	is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.
+//
+//	To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
+//	kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.
+//
+//go:linkname Load py.load
+func Load(fp *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Deserialize “s“ (a “str“, “bytes“ or “bytearray“ instance
+//
+//	containing a JSON document) to a Python object.
+//
+//	``object_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
+//	result of any object literal decode (a ``dict``). The return value of
+//	``object_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``. This feature
+//	can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class hinting).
+//
+//	``object_pairs_hook`` is an optional function that will be called with the
+//	result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
+//	return value of ``object_pairs_hook`` will be used instead of the ``dict``.
+//	This feature can be used to implement custom decoders.  If ``object_hook``
+//	is also defined, the ``object_pairs_hook`` takes priority.
+//
+//	``parse_float``, if specified, will be called with the string
+//	of every JSON float to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
+//	float(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
+//	for JSON floats (e.g. decimal.Decimal).
+//
+//	``parse_int``, if specified, will be called with the string
+//	of every JSON int to be decoded. By default this is equivalent to
+//	int(num_str). This can be used to use another datatype or parser
+//	for JSON integers (e.g. float).
+//
+//	``parse_constant``, if specified, will be called with one of the
+//	following strings: -Infinity, Infinity, NaN.
+//	This can be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers
+//	are encountered.
+//
+//	To use a custom ``JSONDecoder`` subclass, specify it with the ``cls``
+//	kwarg; otherwise ``JSONDecoder`` is used.
+//
+//go:linkname Loads py.loads
+func Loads(s *py.Object) *py.Object

py/list.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/list.html
+
+//go:linkname List llgo.pyList
+func List(__llgo_va_list ...any) *Object
+
+// Return a new list of length len on success, or nil on failure.
+//
+//go:linkname NewList C.PyList_New
+func NewList(len uintptr) *Object
+
+// Return the length of the list object in list; this is equivalent to len(list)
+// on a list object.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListLen C.PyList_Size
+func (l *Object) ListLen() uintptr { return 0 }
+
+// Return the object at position index in the list pointed to by list. The position
+// must be non-negative; indexing from the end of the list is not supported. If index
+// is out of bounds (<0 or >=len(list)), return nil and set an IndexError exception.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListItem C.PyList_GetItem
+func (l *Object) ListItem(index uintptr) *Object { return nil }
+
+// Set the item at index index in list to item. Return 0 on success. If index is out
+// of bounds, return -1 and set an IndexError exception.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListSetItem C.PyList_SetItem
+func (l *Object) ListSetItem(index uintptr, item *Object) c.Int { return 0 }
+
+// Insert the item item into list list in front of index index. Return 0 if successful;
+// return -1 and set an exception if unsuccessful. Analogous to list.insert(index, item).
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListInsert C.PyList_Insert
+func (l *Object) ListInsert(index uintptr, item *Object) c.Int { return 0 }
+
+// Append the object item at the end of list list. Return 0 if successful; return -1
+// and set an exception if unsuccessful. Analogous to list.append(item).
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListAppend C.PyList_Append
+func (l *Object) ListAppend(item *Object) c.Int { return 0 }
+
+// Return a list of the objects in list containing the objects between low and high.
+// Return nil and set an exception if unsuccessful. Analogous to list[low:high].
+// Indexing from the end of the list is not supported.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListSlice C.PyList_GetSlice
+func (l *Object) ListSlice(low, high uintptr) *Object { return nil }
+
+// Set the slice of list between low and high to the contents of itemlist. Analogous
+// to list[low:high] = itemlist. The itemlist may be NULL, indicating the assignment
+// of an empty list (slice deletion). Return 0 on success, -1 on failure. Indexing
+// from the end of the list is not supported.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListSetSlice C.PyList_SetSlice
+func (l *Object) ListSetSlice(low, high uintptr, itemlist *Object) c.Int { return 0 }
+
+// Sort the items of list in place. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure. This is equivalent
+// to list.sort().
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListSort C.PyList_Sort
+func (l *Object) ListSort() c.Int { return 0 }
+
+// Reverse the items of list in place. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure. This is the
+// equivalent of list.reverse().
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListReverse C.PyList_Reverse
+func (l *Object) ListReverse() c.Int { return 0 }
+
+// Return a new tuple object containing the contents of list; equivalent to tuple(list).
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ListAsTuple C.PyList_AsTuple
+func (l *Object) ListAsTuple() *Object { return nil }

py/llgo.cfg

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+    "cl": [
+        "clang -emit-llvm -S -o module.ll -c _pyg/module.c",
+        "llgen .",
+        "rm llgo_autogen.lla; zip llgo_autogen.lla llgo_autogen.ll module.ll",
+    ]
+}

py/long.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/long.html
+
+//go:linkname Long C.PyLong_FromLong
+func Long(v c.Long) *Object
+
+//go:linkname LongLong C.PyLong_FromLongLong
+func LongLong(v c.LongLong) *Object
+
+//go:linkname Ulong C.PyLong_FromUnsignedLong
+func Ulong(v c.Ulong) *Object
+
+//go:linkname UlongLong C.PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong
+func UlongLong(v c.UlongLong) *Object
+
+//go:linkname Uintptr C.PyLong_FromSize_t
+func Uintptr(v uintptr) *Object
+
+//go:linkname LongFromFloat64 C.PyLong_FromDouble
+func LongFromFloat64(v float64) *Object
+
+//go:linkname LongFromVoidPtr C.PyLong_FromVoidPtr
+func LongFromVoidPtr(v c.Pointer) *Object
+
+//go:linkname LongFromCStr C.PyLong_FromString
+func LongFromCStr(v *c.Char, pend **c.Char, base c.Int) *Object
+
+//go:linkname LongFromUnicode C.PyLong_FromUnicodeObject
+func LongFromUnicode(v *Object, base c.Int) *Object
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).Long C.PyLong_AsLong
+func (l *Object) Long() c.Long { return 0 }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).LongLong C.PyLong_AsLongLong
+func (l *Object) LongLong() c.LongLong { return 0 }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).Ulong C.PyLong_AsUnsignedLong
+func (l *Object) Ulong() c.Ulong { return 0 }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).UlongLong C.PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong
+func (l *Object) UlongLong() c.UlongLong { return 0 }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).Uintptr C.PyLong_AsSize_t
+func (l *Object) Uintptr() uintptr { return 0 }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).LongAsFloat64 C.PyLong_AsDouble
+func (l *Object) LongAsFloat64() float64 { return 0 }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).LongAsVoidPtr C.PyLong_AsVoidPtr
+func (l *Object) LongAsVoidPtr() c.Pointer { return nil }

py/math/doc.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Unlike the built-in ** operator, math.pow() converts both its arguments to type
+// float. Use ** or the built-in pow() function for computing exact integer powers.
+//
+//go:linkname Pow py.pow
+func Pow(x, y *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the sine of x radians.
+//
+//go:linkname Sin py.sin
+func Sin(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the hyperbolic sine of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Sinh py.sinh
+func Sinh(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the base-2 logarithm of x. This is usually more accurate than log(x, 2).
+//
+//go:linkname Log2 py.log2
+func Log2(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the base-10 logarithm of x. This is usually more accurate than log(x, 10).
+//
+//go:linkname Log10 py.log10
+func Log10(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the fractional and integer parts of x. Both results carry the sign of
+// x and are floats.
+//
+//go:linkname Modf py.modf
+func Modf(x *py.Object) *py.Object

py/math/gen.go

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+package math
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+const LLGoPackage = "py.math"
+
+// Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.
+//
+// The result is between 0 and pi.
+//
+//go:linkname Acos py.acos
+func Acos(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Acosh py.acosh
+func Acosh(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the arc sine (measured in radians) of x.
+//
+// The result is between -pi/2 and pi/2.
+//
+//go:linkname Asin py.asin
+func Asin(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Asinh py.asinh
+func Asinh(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of x.
+//
+// The result is between -pi/2 and pi/2.
+//
+//go:linkname Atan py.atan
+func Atan(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the arc tangent (measured in radians) of y/x.
+//
+// Unlike atan(y/x), the signs of both x and y are considered.
+//
+//go:linkname Atan2 py.atan2
+func Atan2(y *py.Object, x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Atanh py.atanh
+func Atanh(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the cube root of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Cbrt py.cbrt
+func Cbrt(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the ceiling of x as an Integral.
+//
+// This is the smallest integer >= x.
+//
+//go:linkname Ceil py.ceil
+func Ceil(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign of y.
+//
+// On platforms that support signed zeros, copysign(1.0, -0.0)
+// returns -1.0.
+//
+//go:linkname Copysign py.copysign
+func Copysign(x *py.Object, y *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the cosine of x (measured in radians).
+//
+//go:linkname Cos py.cos
+func Cos(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the hyperbolic cosine of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Cosh py.cosh
+func Cosh(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Convert angle x from radians to degrees.
+//
+//go:linkname Degrees py.degrees
+func Degrees(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the Euclidean distance between two points p and q.
+//
+// The points should be specified as sequences (or iterables) of
+// coordinates.  Both inputs must have the same dimension.
+//
+// Roughly equivalent to:
+//
+//	sqrt(sum((px - qx) ** 2.0 for px, qx in zip(p, q)))
+//
+//go:linkname Dist py.dist
+func Dist(p *py.Object, q *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Error function at x.
+//
+//go:linkname Erf py.erf
+func Erf(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Complementary error function at x.
+//
+//go:linkname Erfc py.erfc
+func Erfc(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return e raised to the power of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Exp py.exp
+func Exp(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return 2 raised to the power of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Exp2 py.exp2
+func Exp2(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return exp(x)-1.
+//
+// This function avoids the loss of precision involved in the direct evaluation of exp(x)-1 for small x.
+//
+//go:linkname Expm1 py.expm1
+func Expm1(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the absolute value of the float x.
+//
+//go:linkname Fabs py.fabs
+func Fabs(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Find n!.
+//
+// Raise a ValueError if x is negative or non-integral.
+//
+//go:linkname Factorial py.factorial
+func Factorial(n *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the floor of x as an Integral.
+//
+// This is the largest integer <= x.
+//
+//go:linkname Floor py.floor
+func Floor(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return fmod(x, y), according to platform C.
+//
+// x % y may differ.
+//
+//go:linkname Fmod py.fmod
+func Fmod(x *py.Object, y *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the mantissa and exponent of x, as pair (m, e).
+//
+// m is a float and e is an int, such that x = m * 2.**e.
+// If x is 0, m and e are both 0.  Else 0.5 <= abs(m) < 1.0.
+//
+//go:linkname Frexp py.frexp
+func Frexp(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable seq.
+//
+// Assumes IEEE-754 floating point arithmetic.
+//
+//go:linkname Fsum py.fsum
+func Fsum(seq *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Gamma function at x.
+//
+//go:linkname Gamma py.gamma
+func Gamma(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Greatest Common Divisor.
+//
+//go:linkname Gcd py.gcd
+func Gcd(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
+
+// Return True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN, and False otherwise.
+//
+//go:linkname Isfinite py.isfinite
+func Isfinite(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return True if x is a positive or negative infinity, and False otherwise.
+//
+//go:linkname Isinf py.isinf
+func Isinf(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return True if x is a NaN (not a number), and False otherwise.
+//
+//go:linkname Isnan py.isnan
+func Isnan(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the integer part of the square root of the input.
+//
+//go:linkname Isqrt py.isqrt
+func Isqrt(n *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Least Common Multiple.
+//
+//go:linkname Lcm py.lcm
+func Lcm(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
+
+// Return x * (2**i).
+//
+// This is essentially the inverse of frexp().
+//
+//go:linkname Ldexp py.ldexp
+func Ldexp(x *py.Object, i *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Natural logarithm of absolute value of Gamma function at x.
+//
+//go:linkname Lgamma py.lgamma
+func Lgamma(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the base 10 logarithm of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Log10 py.log10
+func Log10(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the base 2 logarithm of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Log2 py.log2
+func Log2(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the fractional and integer parts of x.
+//
+// Both results carry the sign of x and are floats.
+//
+//go:linkname Modf py.modf
+func Modf(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return x**y (x to the power of y).
+//
+//go:linkname Pow py.pow
+func Pow(x *py.Object, y *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Convert angle x from degrees to radians.
+//
+//go:linkname Radians py.radians
+func Radians(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Difference between x and the closest integer multiple of y.
+//
+// Return x - n*y where n*y is the closest integer multiple of y.
+// In the case where x is exactly halfway between two multiples of
+// y, the nearest even value of n is used. The result is always exact.
+//
+//go:linkname Remainder py.remainder
+func Remainder(x *py.Object, y *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the sine of x (measured in radians).
+//
+//go:linkname Sin py.sin
+func Sin(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the hyperbolic sine of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Sinh py.sinh
+func Sinh(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the square root of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Sqrt py.sqrt
+func Sqrt(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the tangent of x (measured in radians).
+//
+//go:linkname Tan py.tan
+func Tan(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the hyperbolic tangent of x.
+//
+//go:linkname Tanh py.tanh
+func Tanh(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the sum of products of values from two iterables p and q.
+//
+// Roughly equivalent to:
+//
+//	sum(itertools.starmap(operator.mul, zip(p, q, strict=True)))
+//
+// For float and mixed int/float inputs, the intermediate products
+// and sums are computed with extended precision.
+//
+//go:linkname Sumprod py.sumprod
+func Sumprod(p *py.Object, q *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Truncates the Real x to the nearest Integral toward 0.
+//
+// Uses the __trunc__ magic method.
+//
+//go:linkname Trunc py.trunc
+func Trunc(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Calculate the product of all the elements in the input iterable.
+//
+// The default start value for the product is 1.
+//
+// When the iterable is empty, return the start value.  This function is
+// intended specifically for use with numeric values and may reject
+// non-numeric types.
+//
+//go:linkname Prod py.prod
+func Prod(iterable *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and with order.
+//
+// Evaluates to n! / (n - k)! when k <= n and evaluates
+// to zero when k > n.
+//
+// If k is not specified or is None, then k defaults to n
+// and the function returns n!.
+//
+// Raises TypeError if either of the arguments are not integers.
+// Raises ValueError if either of the arguments are negative.
+//
+//go:linkname Perm py.perm
+func Perm(n *py.Object, k *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and without order.
+//
+// Evaluates to n! / (k! * (n - k)!) when k <= n and evaluates
+// to zero when k > n.
+//
+// Also called the binomial coefficient because it is equivalent
+// to the coefficient of k-th term in polynomial expansion of the
+// expression (1 + x)**n.
+//
+// Raises TypeError if either of the arguments are not integers.
+// Raises ValueError if either of the arguments are negative.
+//
+//go:linkname Comb py.comb
+func Comb(n *py.Object, k *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the floating-point value the given number of steps after x towards y.
+//
+// If steps is not specified or is None, it defaults to 1.
+//
+// Raises a TypeError, if x or y is not a double, or if steps is not an integer.
+// Raises ValueError if steps is negative.
+//
+//go:linkname Nextafter py.nextafter
+func Nextafter(x *py.Object, y *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the value of the least significant bit of the float x.
+//
+//go:linkname Ulp py.ulp
+func Ulp(x *py.Object) *py.Object

py/math/math.go

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package math
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html
+
+//go:linkname Pi py.pi
+var Pi *py.Object
+
+// With one argument, return the natural logarithm of x (to base e).
+//
+//go:linkname Log py.log
+func Log(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// With two arguments, return the logarithm of x to the given base, calculated
+// as log(x)/log(base).
+//
+//go:linkname LogOf py.log
+func LogOf(x, base *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e). The result is calculated in
+// a way which is accurate for x near zero.
+//
+//go:linkname Log1p py.log1p
+func Log1p(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(sum(x**2 for x in coordinates)). This is the
+// length of the vector from the origin to the point given by the coordinates.
+//
+//go:linkname Hypot py.hypot
+func Hypot(coordinates ...*py.Object) *py.Object

py/module.go

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/import.html
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/module.html
+
+/*
+// llgo:type C
+type ModuleDefBase struct {
+	Unused [8]byte // TODO(xsw)
+}
+
+// llgo:type C
+type ModuleDef struct {
+	Base ModuleDefBase
+	// TODO(xsw)
+}
+*/
+
+// Return the module object corresponding to a module name. The name argument
+// may be of the form package.module. First check the modules dictionary if
+// there’s one there, and if not, create a new one and insert it in the modules
+// dictionary. Return nil with an exception set on failure.
+//
+//go:linkname AddModule C.PyImport_AddModule
+func AddModule(name *c.Char) *Object
+
+// This is a wrapper around py.Import which takes a const char* as an argument
+// instead of an Object.
+//
+//go:linkname ImportModule C.PyImport_ImportModule
+func ImportModule(name *c.Char) *Object
+
+// This is a higher-level interface that calls the current “import hook function” (with
+// an explicit level of 0, meaning absolute import). It invokes the __import__() function
+// from the __builtins__ of the current globals. This means that the import is done using
+// whatever import hooks are installed in the current environment.
+//
+// This function always uses absolute imports.
+//
+//go:linkname Import C.PyImport_Import
+func Import(name *Object) *Object
+
+// Return the dictionary object that implements module’s namespace; this object is the same
+// as the __dict__ attribute of the module object. If module is not a module object (or a
+// subtype of a module object), SystemError is raised and nil is returned.
+//
+// It is recommended extensions use other Module and Object functions rather than directly
+// manipulate a module’s __dict__.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).ModuleGetDict C.PyModule_GetDict
+func (m *Object) ModuleGetDict() *Object { return nil }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).ModuleLoadSyms C.llgoLoadPyModSyms
+func (m *Object) ModuleLoadSyms(__llgo_va_list ...any) {}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

py/module.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+; ModuleID = '_pyg/module.c'
+source_filename = "_pyg/module.c"
+
+%struct.PyObject = type opaque
+
+; Function Attrs: noinline nounwind optnone ssp uwtable(sync)
+define void @llgoLoadPyModSyms(%struct.PyObject* noundef %0, ...) #0 {
+  %2 = alloca %struct.PyObject*, align 8
+  %3 = alloca i8*, align 8
+  %4 = alloca i8*, align 8
+  %5 = alloca i8*, align 8
+  %6 = alloca %struct.PyObject**, align 8
+  %7 = alloca %struct.PyObject**, align 8
+  store %struct.PyObject* %0, %struct.PyObject** %2, align 8
+  %8 = bitcast i8** %3 to i8*
+  call void @llvm.va_start(i8* %8)
+  br label %9
+
+9:                                                ; preds = %26, %1
+  %10 = va_arg i8** %3, i8*
+  store i8* %10, i8** %5, align 8
+  %11 = load i8*, i8** %5, align 8
+  store i8* %11, i8** %4, align 8
+  %12 = load i8*, i8** %4, align 8
+  %13 = icmp eq i8* %12, null
+  br i1 %13, label %14, label %15
+
+14:                                               ; preds = %9
+  br label %27
+
+15:                                               ; preds = %9
+  %16 = va_arg i8** %3, %struct.PyObject**
+  store %struct.PyObject** %16, %struct.PyObject*** %7, align 8
+  %17 = load %struct.PyObject**, %struct.PyObject*** %7, align 8
+  store %struct.PyObject** %17, %struct.PyObject*** %6, align 8
+  %18 = load %struct.PyObject**, %struct.PyObject*** %6, align 8
+  %19 = load %struct.PyObject*, %struct.PyObject** %18, align 8
+  %20 = icmp eq %struct.PyObject* %19, null
+  br i1 %20, label %21, label %26
+
+21:                                               ; preds = %15
+  %22 = load %struct.PyObject*, %struct.PyObject** %2, align 8
+  %23 = load i8*, i8** %4, align 8
+  %24 = call %struct.PyObject* @PyObject_GetAttrString(%struct.PyObject* noundef %22, i8* noundef %23)
+  %25 = load %struct.PyObject**, %struct.PyObject*** %6, align 8
+  store %struct.PyObject* %24, %struct.PyObject** %25, align 8
+  br label %26
+
+26:                                               ; preds = %21, %15
+  br label %9
+
+27:                                               ; preds = %14
+  %28 = bitcast i8** %3 to i8*
+  call void @llvm.va_end(i8* %28)
+  ret void
+}
+
+; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn
+declare void @llvm.va_start(i8*) #1
+
+declare %struct.PyObject* @PyObject_GetAttrString(%struct.PyObject* noundef, i8* noundef) #2
+
+; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn
+declare void @llvm.va_end(i8*) #1
+
+attributes #0 = { noinline nounwind optnone ssp uwtable(sync) "frame-pointer"="non-leaf" "min-legal-vector-width"="0" "no-trapping-math"="true" "probe-stack"="__chkstk_darwin" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="apple-m1" "target-features"="+aes,+crc,+crypto,+dotprod,+fp-armv8,+fp16fml,+fullfp16,+lse,+neon,+ras,+rcpc,+rdm,+sha2,+sha3,+sm4,+v8.5a,+zcm,+zcz" }
+attributes #1 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn }
+attributes #2 = { "frame-pointer"="non-leaf" "no-trapping-math"="true" "probe-stack"="__chkstk_darwin" "stack-protector-buffer-size"="8" "target-cpu"="apple-m1" "target-features"="+aes,+crc,+crypto,+dotprod,+fp-armv8,+fp16fml,+fullfp16,+lse,+neon,+ras,+rcpc,+rdm,+sha2,+sha3,+sm4,+v8.5a,+zcm,+zcz" }
+
+!llvm.module.flags = !{!0, !1, !2, !3, !4, !5, !6, !7, !8}
+!llvm.ident = !{!9}
+
+!0 = !{i32 2, !"SDK Version", [2 x i32] [i32 13, i32 3]}
+!1 = !{i32 1, !"wchar_size", i32 4}
+!2 = !{i32 8, !"branch-target-enforcement", i32 0}
+!3 = !{i32 8, !"sign-return-address", i32 0}
+!4 = !{i32 8, !"sign-return-address-all", i32 0}
+!5 = !{i32 8, !"sign-return-address-with-bkey", i32 0}
+!6 = !{i32 7, !"PIC Level", i32 2}
+!7 = !{i32 7, !"uwtable", i32 1}
+!8 = !{i32 7, !"frame-pointer", i32 1}
+!9 = !{!"Apple clang version 14.0.3 (clang-1403.0.22.14.1)"}

py/numpy/numpy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package numpy
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+// https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/index.html#reference
+
+// Return evenly spaced values within a given interval.
+//
+//	numpy.arange([start, ]stop, [step, ]dtype=None, *, like=None)
+//
+// See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy-arange
+//
+//go:linkname Arange py.arange
+func Arange(start, stop, step, dtype *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return a new array of given shape and type, without initializing entries.
+//
+//	numpy.empty(shape, dtype=float, order='C', *, like=None)
+//
+// See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.empty.html#numpy-empty
+//
+//go:linkname Empty py.empty
+func Empty(shape, dtype, order *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return a 2-D array with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
+//
+//	numpy.eye(N, M=None, k=0, dtype=<class 'float'>, order='C', *, like=None)
+//
+// See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.eye.html#numpy-eye
+//
+//go:linkname Eye py.eye
+func Eye(N, M, k, dtype, order *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return a new array of given shape and type, filled with zeros.
+//
+//	numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=float, order='C', *, like=None)
+//
+// See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.zeros.html#numpy-zeros
+//
+//go:linkname Zeros py.zeros
+func Zeros(shape, dtype, order *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Create an array.
+//
+//	numpy.array(object, dtype=None, *, copy=True, order='K', subok=False, ndmin=0, like=None)
+//
+// See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.array.html#numpy-array
+//
+//go:linkname Array py.array
+func Array(object, dtype *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Convert the input to an array.
+//
+//	numpy.asarray(a, dtype=None, order=None, *, like=None)
+//
+// See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.asarray.html#numpy-asarray
+//
+//go:linkname AsArray py.asarray
+func AsArray(a, dtype, order *py.Object) *py.Object

py/object.go

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/object.html
+
+// Object represents a Python object.
+type Object struct {
+	Unused [8]byte
+}
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).DecRef C.Py_DecRef
+func (o *Object) DecRef() {}
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).Type C.PyObject_Type
+func (o *Object) Type() *Object { return nil }
+
+// Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on
+// success, nil on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression str(o).
+// Called by the str() built-in function and, therefore, by the print() function.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).Str C.PyObject_Str
+func (o *Object) Str() *Object { return nil }
+
+// Returns 1 if the object o is considered to be true, and 0 otherwise. This is equivalent
+// to the Python expression not not o. On failure, return -1.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).IsTrue C.PyObject_IsTrue
+func (o *Object) IsTrue() c.Int { return -1 }
+
+// Returns 0 if the object o is considered to be true, and 1 otherwise. This is equivalent
+// to the Python expression not o. On failure, return -1.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).NotTrue C.PyObject_Not
+func (o *Object) NotTrue() c.Int { return -1 }
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Retrieve an attribute named attrName from object o. Returns the attribute value on success,
+// or nil on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression o.attrName.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).GetAttr C.PyObject_GetAttr
+func (o *Object) GetAttr(attrName *Object) *Object { return nil }
+
+// llgo:link (*Object).GetAttrString C.PyObject_GetAttrString
+func (o *Object) GetAttrString(attrName *c.Char) *Object { return nil }
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

py/os/os.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package os
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+// https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html
+
+// Rename the file or directory src to dst. If dst exists, the operation will
+// fail with an OSError subclass in a number of cases:
+//
+// On Windows, if dst exists a FileExistsError is always raised. The operation
+// may fail if src and dst are on different filesystems. Use shutil.move() to
+// support moves to a different filesystem.
+//
+// On Unix, if src is a file and dst is a directory or vice-versa, an IsADirectoryError
+// or a NotADirectoryError will be raised respectively. If both are directories and dst
+// is empty, dst will be silently replaced. If dst is a non-empty directory, an OSError
+// is raised. If both are files, dst will be replaced silently if the user has permission.
+// The operation may fail on some Unix flavors if src and dst are on different filesystems.
+// If successful, the renaming will be an atomic operation (this is a POSIX requirement).
+//
+//go:linkname Rename py.rename
+func Rename(src, dst *py.Object) *py.Object

py/python.go

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package py
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+const (
+	LLGoPackage = "link: $LLGO_LIB_PYTHON"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//go:linkname SetProgramName C.Py_SetProgramName
+func SetProgramName(name *c.Char)
+
+//go:linkname Initialize C.Py_Initialize
+func Initialize()
+
+// This function works like Initialize() if initsigs is 1.
+// If initsigs is 0, it skips initialization registration of signal handlers,
+// which might be useful when Python is embedded.
+//
+//go:linkname InitializeEx C.Py_InitializeEx
+func InitializeEx(initsigs c.Int)
+
+//go:linkname Finalize C.Py_Finalize
+func Finalize()
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//go:linkname RunSimpleString C.PyRun_SimpleString
+func RunSimpleString(command *c.Char) c.Int
+
+//go:linkname RunSimpleStringFlags C.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags
+func RunSimpleStringFlags(command *c.Char, flags *CompilerFlags) c.Int
+
+//go:linkname RunSimpleFile C.PyRun_SimpleFile
+func RunSimpleFile(fp c.FilePtr, filename *c.Char) c.Int
+
+//go:linkname RunSimpleFileFlags C.PyRun_SimpleFileFlags
+func RunSimpleFileFlags(fp c.FilePtr, filename *c.Char, flags *CompilerFlags) c.Int
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type InputType c.Int
+
+const (
+	SingleInput InputType = 256 // read code from i/o
+	FileInput   InputType = 257 // read code from filename
+	EvalInput   InputType = 258 // read code from string
+	// FuncTypeInput InputType = 345
+)
+
+// llgo:type C
+type CompilerFlags struct {
+	CfFlags c.Int
+}
+
+//go:linkname CompileString C.Py_CompileString
+func CompileString(str, filename *c.Char, start InputType) *Object
+
+//go:linkname CompileStringFlags C.Py_CompileStringFlags
+func CompileStringFlags(str, filename *c.Char, start InputType, flags *CompilerFlags) *Object
+
+//go:linkname CompileStringExFlags C.Py_CompileStringExFlags
+func CompileStringExFlags(str, filename *c.Char, start InputType, flags *CompilerFlags, optimize c.Int) *Object
+
+// Parse and compile the Python source code in str, returning the resulting code object.
+// The start token is given by start; this can be used to constrain the code which can be
+// compiled and should be py.EvalInput, py.FileInput, or py.SingleInput. The filename
+// specified by filename is used to construct the code object and may appear in tracebacks
+// or SyntaxError exception messages. This returns NULL if the code cannot be parsed or
+// compiled.
+//
+// The integer optimize specifies the optimization level of the compiler; a value of -1
+// selects the optimization level of the interpreter as given by -O options. Explicit levels
+// are 0 (no optimization; __debug__ is true), 1 (asserts are removed, __debug__ is false) or
+// 2 (docstrings are removed too).
+//
+//go:linkname CompileStringObject C.Py_CompileStringObject
+func CompileStringObject(str *c.Char, filename *Object, start InputType, flags *CompilerFlags, optimize c.Int) *Object
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// This is a simplified interface to EvalCodeEx, with just the code object, and global and
+// local variables. The other arguments are set to nil.
+//
+//go:linkname EvalCode C.PyEval_EvalCode
+func EvalCode(code, globals, locals *Object) *Object
+
+// Evaluate a precompiled code object, given a particular environment for its evaluation.
+// This environment consists of a dictionary of global variables, a mapping object of local
+// variables, arrays of arguments, keywords and defaults, a dictionary of default values for
+// keyword-only arguments and a closure tuple of cells.
+//
+//go:linkname EvalCodeEx C.PyEval_EvalCodeEx
+func EvalCodeEx(
+	code, globals, locals *Object,
+	args *Object, argcount c.Int, kws *Object, kwcount c.Int,
+	defs *Object, defcount c.Int, kwdefs, closure *Object) *Object
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

py/statistics/gen.go

@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+package statistics
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+const LLGoPackage = "py.statistics"
+
+// Error function at x.
+//
+//go:linkname Erf py.erf
+func Erf(x *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the sample arithmetic mean of data.
+//
+//	>>> mean([1, 2, 3, 4, 4])
+//	2.8
+//
+//	>>> from fractions import Fraction as F
+//	>>> mean([F(3, 7), F(1, 21), F(5, 3), F(1, 3)])
+//	Fraction(13, 21)
+//
+//	>>> from decimal import Decimal as D
+//	>>> mean([D("0.5"), D("0.75"), D("0.625"), D("0.375")])
+//	Decimal('0.5625')
+//
+//	If ``data`` is empty, StatisticsError will be raised.
+//
+//go:linkname Mean py.mean
+func Mean(data *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Convert data to floats and compute the arithmetic mean.
+//
+//	This runs faster than the mean() function and it always returns a float.
+//	If the input dataset is empty, it raises a StatisticsError.
+//
+//	>>> fmean([3.5, 4.0, 5.25])
+//	4.25
+//
+//go:linkname Fmean py.fmean
+func Fmean(data *py.Object, weights *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Convert data to floats and compute the geometric mean.
+//
+//	Raises a StatisticsError if the input dataset is empty,
+//	if it contains a zero, or if it contains a negative value.
+//
+//	No special efforts are made to achieve exact results.
+//	(However, this may change in the future.)
+//
+//	>>> round(geometric_mean([54, 24, 36]), 9)
+//	36.0
+//
+//go:linkname GeometricMean py.geometric_mean
+func GeometricMean(data *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the harmonic mean of data.
+//
+//	The harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the
+//	reciprocals of the data.  It can be used for averaging ratios or
+//	rates, for example speeds.
+//
+//	Suppose a car travels 40 km/hr for 5 km and then speeds-up to
+//	60 km/hr for another 5 km. What is the average speed?
+//
+//	    >>> harmonic_mean([40, 60])
+//	    48.0
+//
+//	Suppose a car travels 40 km/hr for 5 km, and when traffic clears,
+//	speeds-up to 60 km/hr for the remaining 30 km of the journey. What
+//	is the average speed?
+//
+//	    >>> harmonic_mean([40, 60], weights=[5, 30])
+//	    56.0
+//
+//	If ``data`` is empty, or any element is less than zero,
+//	``harmonic_mean`` will raise ``StatisticsError``.
+//
+//go:linkname HarmonicMean py.harmonic_mean
+func HarmonicMean(data *py.Object, weights *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the median (middle value) of numeric data.
+//
+//	When the number of data points is odd, return the middle data point.
+//	When the number of data points is even, the median is interpolated by
+//	taking the average of the two middle values:
+//
+//	>>> median([1, 3, 5])
+//	3
+//	>>> median([1, 3, 5, 7])
+//	4.0
+//
+//go:linkname Median py.median
+func Median(data *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the low median of numeric data.
+//
+//	When the number of data points is odd, the middle value is returned.
+//	When it is even, the smaller of the two middle values is returned.
+//
+//	>>> median_low([1, 3, 5])
+//	3
+//	>>> median_low([1, 3, 5, 7])
+//	3
+//
+//go:linkname MedianLow py.median_low
+func MedianLow(data *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the high median of data.
+//
+//	When the number of data points is odd, the middle value is returned.
+//	When it is even, the larger of the two middle values is returned.
+//
+//	>>> median_high([1, 3, 5])
+//	3
+//	>>> median_high([1, 3, 5, 7])
+//	5
+//
+//go:linkname MedianHigh py.median_high
+func MedianHigh(data *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Estimates the median for numeric data binned around the midpoints
+//
+//	of consecutive, fixed-width intervals.
+//
+//	The *data* can be any iterable of numeric data with each value being
+//	exactly the midpoint of a bin.  At least one value must be present.
+//
+//	The *interval* is width of each bin.
+//
+//	For example, demographic information may have been summarized into
+//	consecutive ten-year age groups with each group being represented
+//	by the 5-year midpoints of the intervals:
+//
+//	    >>> demographics = Counter({
+//	    ...    25: 172,   # 20 to 30 years old
+//	    ...    35: 484,   # 30 to 40 years old
+//	    ...    45: 387,   # 40 to 50 years old
+//	    ...    55:  22,   # 50 to 60 years old
+//	    ...    65:   6,   # 60 to 70 years old
+//	    ... })
+//
+//	The 50th percentile (median) is the 536th person out of the 1071
+//	member cohort.  That person is in the 30 to 40 year old age group.
+//
+//	The regular median() function would assume that everyone in the
+//	tricenarian age group was exactly 35 years old.  A more tenable
+//	assumption is that the 484 members of that age group are evenly
+//	distributed between 30 and 40.  For that, we use median_grouped().
+//
+//	    >>> data = list(demographics.elements())
+//	    >>> median(data)
+//	    35
+//	    >>> round(median_grouped(data, interval=10), 1)
+//	    37.5
+//
+//	The caller is responsible for making sure the data points are separated
+//	by exact multiples of *interval*.  This is essential for getting a
+//	correct result.  The function does not check this precondition.
+//
+//	Inputs may be any numeric type that can be coerced to a float during
+//	the interpolation step.
+//
+//go:linkname MedianGrouped py.median_grouped
+func MedianGrouped(data *py.Object, interval *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the most common data point from discrete or nominal data.
+//
+//	``mode`` assumes discrete data, and returns a single value. This is the
+//	standard treatment of the mode as commonly taught in schools:
+//
+//	    >>> mode([1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4])
+//	    3
+//
+//	This also works with nominal (non-numeric) data:
+//
+//	    >>> mode(["red", "blue", "blue", "red", "green", "red", "red"])
+//	    'red'
+//
+//	If there are multiple modes with same frequency, return the first one
+//	encountered:
+//
+//	    >>> mode(['red', 'red', 'green', 'blue', 'blue'])
+//	    'red'
+//
+//	If *data* is empty, ``mode``, raises StatisticsError.
+//
+//go:linkname Mode py.mode
+func Mode(data *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return a list of the most frequently occurring values.
+//
+//	Will return more than one result if there are multiple modes
+//	or an empty list if *data* is empty.
+//
+//	>>> multimode('aabbbbbbbbcc')
+//	['b']
+//	>>> multimode('aabbbbccddddeeffffgg')
+//	['b', 'd', 'f']
+//	>>> multimode('')
+//	[]
+//
+//go:linkname Multimode py.multimode
+func Multimode(data *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Divide *data* into *n* continuous intervals with equal probability.
+//
+//	Returns a list of (n - 1) cut points separating the intervals.
+//
+//	Set *n* to 4 for quartiles (the default).  Set *n* to 10 for deciles.
+//	Set *n* to 100 for percentiles which gives the 99 cuts points that
+//	separate *data* in to 100 equal sized groups.
+//
+//	The *data* can be any iterable containing sample.
+//	The cut points are linearly interpolated between data points.
+//
+//	If *method* is set to *inclusive*, *data* is treated as population
+//	data.  The minimum value is treated as the 0th percentile and the
+//	maximum value is treated as the 100th percentile.
+//
+//go:linkname Quantiles py.quantiles
+func Quantiles(data *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the sample variance of data.
+//
+//	data should be an iterable of Real-valued numbers, with at least two
+//	values. The optional argument xbar, if given, should be the mean of
+//	the data. If it is missing or None, the mean is automatically calculated.
+//
+//	Use this function when your data is a sample from a population. To
+//	calculate the variance from the entire population, see ``pvariance``.
+//
+//	Examples:
+//
+//	>>> data = [2.75, 1.75, 1.25, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25, 3.5]
+//	>>> variance(data)
+//	1.3720238095238095
+//
+//	If you have already calculated the mean of your data, you can pass it as
+//	the optional second argument ``xbar`` to avoid recalculating it:
+//
+//	>>> m = mean(data)
+//	>>> variance(data, m)
+//	1.3720238095238095
+//
+//	This function does not check that ``xbar`` is actually the mean of
+//	``data``. Giving arbitrary values for ``xbar`` may lead to invalid or
+//	impossible results.
+//
+//	Decimals and Fractions are supported:
+//
+//	>>> from decimal import Decimal as D
+//	>>> variance([D("27.5"), D("30.25"), D("30.25"), D("34.5"), D("41.75")])
+//	Decimal('31.01875')
+//
+//	>>> from fractions import Fraction as F
+//	>>> variance([F(1, 6), F(1, 2), F(5, 3)])
+//	Fraction(67, 108)
+//
+//go:linkname Variance py.variance
+func Variance(data *py.Object, xbar *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the population variance of “data“.
+//
+//	data should be a sequence or iterable of Real-valued numbers, with at least one
+//	value. The optional argument mu, if given, should be the mean of
+//	the data. If it is missing or None, the mean is automatically calculated.
+//
+//	Use this function to calculate the variance from the entire population.
+//	To estimate the variance from a sample, the ``variance`` function is
+//	usually a better choice.
+//
+//	Examples:
+//
+//	>>> data = [0.0, 0.25, 0.25, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.75, 3.25]
+//	>>> pvariance(data)
+//	1.25
+//
+//	If you have already calculated the mean of the data, you can pass it as
+//	the optional second argument to avoid recalculating it:
+//
+//	>>> mu = mean(data)
+//	>>> pvariance(data, mu)
+//	1.25
+//
+//	Decimals and Fractions are supported:
+//
+//	>>> from decimal import Decimal as D
+//	>>> pvariance([D("27.5"), D("30.25"), D("30.25"), D("34.5"), D("41.75")])
+//	Decimal('24.815')
+//
+//	>>> from fractions import Fraction as F
+//	>>> pvariance([F(1, 4), F(5, 4), F(1, 2)])
+//	Fraction(13, 72)
+//
+//go:linkname Pvariance py.pvariance
+func Pvariance(data *py.Object, mu *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the square root of the sample variance.
+//
+//	See ``variance`` for arguments and other details.
+//
+//	>>> stdev([1.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.75, 3.25, 4.75])
+//	1.0810874155219827
+//
+//go:linkname Stdev py.stdev
+func Stdev(data *py.Object, xbar *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the square root of the population variance.
+//
+//	See ``pvariance`` for arguments and other details.
+//
+//	>>> pstdev([1.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.75, 3.25, 4.75])
+//	0.986893273527251
+//
+//go:linkname Pstdev py.pstdev
+func Pstdev(data *py.Object, mu *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Covariance
+//
+//	Return the sample covariance of two inputs *x* and *y*. Covariance
+//	is a measure of the joint variability of two inputs.
+//
+//	>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+//	>>> y = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
+//	>>> covariance(x, y)
+//	0.75
+//	>>> z = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+//	>>> covariance(x, z)
+//	-7.5
+//	>>> covariance(z, x)
+//	-7.5
+//
+//go:linkname Covariance py.covariance
+func Covariance(x *py.Object, y *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Pearson's correlation coefficient
+//
+//	Return the Pearson's correlation coefficient for two inputs. Pearson's
+//	correlation coefficient *r* takes values between -1 and +1. It measures
+//	the strength and direction of a linear relationship.
+//
+//	>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+//	>>> y = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+//	>>> correlation(x, x)
+//	1.0
+//	>>> correlation(x, y)
+//	-1.0
+//
+//	If *method* is "ranked", computes Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
+//	for two inputs.  The data is replaced by ranks.  Ties are averaged
+//	so that equal values receive the same rank.  The resulting coefficient
+//	measures the strength of a monotonic relationship.
+//
+//	Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is appropriate for ordinal
+//	data or for continuous data that doesn't meet the linear proportion
+//	requirement for Pearson's correlation coefficient.
+//
+//go:linkname Correlation py.correlation
+func Correlation(x *py.Object, y *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Slope and intercept for simple linear regression.
+//
+//	Return the slope and intercept of simple linear regression
+//	parameters estimated using ordinary least squares. Simple linear
+//	regression describes relationship between an independent variable
+//	*x* and a dependent variable *y* in terms of a linear function:
+//
+//	    y = slope * x + intercept + noise
+//
+//	where *slope* and *intercept* are the regression parameters that are
+//	estimated, and noise represents the variability of the data that was
+//	not explained by the linear regression (it is equal to the
+//	difference between predicted and actual values of the dependent
+//	variable).
+//
+//	The parameters are returned as a named tuple.
+//
+//	>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+//	>>> noise = NormalDist().samples(5, seed=42)
+//	>>> y = [3 * x[i] + 2 + noise[i] for i in range(5)]
+//	>>> linear_regression(x, y)  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+//	LinearRegression(slope=3.09078914170..., intercept=1.75684970486...)
+//
+//	If *proportional* is true, the independent variable *x* and the
+//	dependent variable *y* are assumed to be directly proportional.
+//	The data is fit to a line passing through the origin.
+//
+//	Since the *intercept* will always be 0.0, the underlying linear
+//	function simplifies to:
+//
+//	    y = slope * x + noise
+//
+//	>>> y = [3 * x[i] + noise[i] for i in range(5)]
+//	>>> linear_regression(x, y, proportional=True)  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+//	LinearRegression(slope=3.02447542484..., intercept=0.0)
+//
+//go:linkname LinearRegression py.linear_regression
+func LinearRegression(x *py.Object, y *py.Object) *py.Object

py/sys/gen.go

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+package sys
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+const LLGoPackage = "py.sys"
+
+// Adds a new audit hook callback.
+//
+//go:linkname Addaudithook py.addaudithook
+func Addaudithook(hook *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in builtins._
+//
+//go:linkname Displayhook py.displayhook
+func Displayhook(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the current exception.
+//
+// Return the most recent exception caught by an except clause
+// in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame, or None
+// if no such exception exists.
+//
+//go:linkname Exception py.exception
+func Exception() *py.Object
+
+// Return current exception information: (type, value, traceback).
+//
+// Return information about the most recent exception caught by an except
+// clause in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame.
+//
+//go:linkname ExcInfo py.exc_info
+func ExcInfo() *py.Object
+
+// Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.
+//
+//go:linkname Excepthook py.excepthook
+func Excepthook(exctype *py.Object, value *py.Object, traceback *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit(status).
+//
+// If the status is omitted or None, it defaults to zero (i.e., success).
+// If the status is an integer, it will be used as the system exit status.
+// If it is another kind of object, it will be printed and the system
+// exit status will be one (i.e., failure).
+//
+//go:linkname Exit py.exit
+func Exit(status *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the current default encoding used by the Unicode implementation.
+//
+//go:linkname Getdefaultencoding py.getdefaultencoding
+func Getdefaultencoding() *py.Object
+
+// Return the current value of the flags that are used for dlopen calls.
+//
+// The flag constants are defined in the os module.
+//
+//go:linkname Getdlopenflags py.getdlopenflags
+func Getdlopenflags() *py.Object
+
+// Return the number of memory blocks currently allocated.
+//
+//go:linkname Getallocatedblocks py.getallocatedblocks
+func Getallocatedblocks() *py.Object
+
+// Return the number of elements of the unicode interned dictionary
+//
+//go:linkname Getunicodeinternedsize py.getunicodeinternedsize
+func Getunicodeinternedsize() *py.Object
+
+// Return the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames to OS filenames.
+//
+//go:linkname Getfilesystemencoding py.getfilesystemencoding
+func Getfilesystemencoding() *py.Object
+
+// Return the error mode used Unicode to OS filename conversion.
+//
+//go:linkname Getfilesystemencodeerrors py.getfilesystemencodeerrors
+func Getfilesystemencodeerrors() *py.Object
+
+// Return the reference count of object.
+//
+// The count returned is generally one higher than you might expect,
+// because it includes the (temporary) reference as an argument to
+// getrefcount().
+//
+//go:linkname Getrefcount py.getrefcount
+func Getrefcount(object *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the current value of the recursion limit.
+//
+// The recursion limit is the maximum depth of the Python interpreter
+// stack.  This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow
+// of the C stack and crashing Python.
+//
+//go:linkname Getrecursionlimit py.getrecursionlimit
+func Getrecursionlimit() *py.Object
+
+// “Intern” the given string.
+//
+// This enters the string in the (global) table of interned strings whose
+// purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups. Return the string itself or
+// the previously interned string object with the same value.
+//
+//go:linkname Intern py.intern
+func Intern(string *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return True if Python is exiting.
+//
+//go:linkname IsFinalizing py.is_finalizing
+func IsFinalizing() *py.Object
+
+// Set the ideal thread switching delay inside the Python interpreter.
+//
+// The actual frequency of switching threads can be lower if the
+// interpreter executes long sequences of uninterruptible code
+// (this is implementation-specific and workload-dependent).
+//
+// The parameter must represent the desired switching delay in seconds
+// A typical value is 0.005 (5 milliseconds).
+//
+//go:linkname Setswitchinterval py.setswitchinterval
+func Setswitchinterval(interval *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the current thread switch interval; see sys.setswitchinterval().
+//
+//go:linkname Getswitchinterval py.getswitchinterval
+func Getswitchinterval() *py.Object
+
+// Set the flags used by the interpreter for dlopen calls.
+//
+// This is used, for example, when the interpreter loads extension
+// modules. Among other things, this will enable a lazy resolving of
+// symbols when importing a module, if called as sys.setdlopenflags(0).
+// To share symbols across extension modules, call as
+// sys.setdlopenflags(os.RTLD_GLOBAL).  Symbolic names for the flag
+// modules can be found in the os module (RTLD_xxx constants, e.g.
+// os.RTLD_LAZY).
+//
+//go:linkname Setdlopenflags py.setdlopenflags
+func Setdlopenflags(flags *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to n.
+//
+// This limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C
+// stack and crashing Python.  The highest possible limit is platform-
+// dependent.
+//
+//go:linkname Setrecursionlimit py.setrecursionlimit
+func Setrecursionlimit(limit *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the global debug tracing function set with sys.settrace.
+//
+// See the debugger chapter in the library manual.
+//
+//go:linkname Gettrace py.gettrace
+func Gettrace() *py.Object
+
+// Call func(*args), while tracing is enabled.
+//
+// The tracing state is saved, and restored afterwards.  This is intended
+// to be called from a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug
+// some other code.
+//
+//go:linkname CallTracing py.call_tracing
+func CallTracing(func_ *py.Object, args *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Enable or disable origin tracking for coroutine objects in this thread.
+//
+// Coroutine objects will track 'depth' frames of traceback information
+// about where they came from, available in their cr_origin attribute.
+//
+// Set a depth of 0 to disable.
+//
+//go:linkname SetCoroutineOriginTrackingDepth py.set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth
+func SetCoroutineOriginTrackingDepth(depth *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Check status of origin tracking for coroutine objects in this thread.
+//
+//go:linkname GetCoroutineOriginTrackingDepth py.get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth
+func GetCoroutineOriginTrackingDepth() *py.Object
+
+// Deactivate the current stack profiler trampoline backend.
+//
+// If no stack profiler is activated, this function has no effect.
+//
+//go:linkname DeactivateStackTrampoline py.deactivate_stack_trampoline
+func DeactivateStackTrampoline() *py.Object
+
+// Return *True* if a stack profiler trampoline is active.
+//
+//go:linkname IsStackTrampolineActive py.is_stack_trampoline_active
+func IsStackTrampolineActive() *py.Object
+
+// Handle an unraisable exception.
+//
+// The unraisable argument has the following attributes:
+//
+// * exc_type: Exception type.
+// * exc_value: Exception value, can be None.
+// * exc_traceback: Exception traceback, can be None.
+// * err_msg: Error message, can be None.
+// * object: Object causing the exception, can be None.
+//
+//go:linkname Unraisablehook py.unraisablehook
+func Unraisablehook(unraisable *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Return the maximum string digits limit for non-binary int<->str conversions.
+//
+//go:linkname GetIntMaxStrDigits py.get_int_max_str_digits
+func GetIntMaxStrDigits() *py.Object
+
+// Set the maximum string digits limit for non-binary int<->str conversions.
+//
+//go:linkname SetIntMaxStrDigits py.set_int_max_str_digits
+func SetIntMaxStrDigits(maxdigits *py.Object) *py.Object