Merge pull request #199 from visualfc/index

ssa: checkIndex for index/indexAddr

.gitmodules

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-[submodule "x/llama2/llama2.c"]
+[submodule "c/llama2/llama2.c"]
-	path = x/llama2/llama2.c
+	path = c/llama2/llama2.c
 	url = https://github.com/karpathy/llama2.c.git

README.md

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ To run these demos (If you haven't installed `llgo` yet, please refer to [How to
 
 ```sh
 export LLGOROOT=`pwd`
-cd <demo-directory>  # eg. cd _demo/genints
+cd <demo-directory>  # eg. cd _demo/hello
 llgo run .
 ```
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ See [github.com/goplus/llgo/c](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/c) for
 
 You can import a Python library in LLGo!
 
-And you can import any Python library into `llgo` through a program called `llpyg`. The currently imported libraries include:
+And you can import any Python library into `llgo` through a program called `llpyg` (see [Development tools](#development-tools)). The currently imported libraries include:
 
 * [sys](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/sys)
 * [os](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/py/os)
@@ -150,15 +150,15 @@ LLGo can easily import any libraries from the C ecosystem. Currently, this impor
 
 The currently imported libraries include:
 
-* [llama2.c](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/x/llama2)
+* [llama2.c](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/c/llama2)
-* [cjson](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/x/cjson)
+* [cjson](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/c/cjson)
-* [sqlite](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite)
+* [sqlite](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/c/sqlite)
 
 Here are some examples related to them:
 
 * [llama2-c](_demo/llama2-c): inference Llama 2 (It's the first llgo AI example)
-* [mkjson](x/cjson/_demo/mkjson/mkjson.go): create a json object and print it
+* [mkjson](c/cjson/_demo/mkjson/mkjson.go): create a json object and print it
-* [sqlite](x/sqlite/_demo/sqlitedemo/demo.go): a basic sqlite demo
+* [sqlitedemo](c/sqlite/_demo/sqlitedemo/demo.go): a basic sqlite demo
 
 
 ## Go syntax support
@@ -213,3 +213,27 @@ go install -v ./...
 ### on Windows
 
 TODO
+
+
+## Development tools
+
+* [pydump](chore/_xtool/pydump): It's the first program compiled by `llgo` (NOT `go`) in a production environment. It outputs symbol information (functions, variables, and constants) from a Python library in JSON format, preparing for the generation of corresponding packages in `llgo`.
+* [llpyg](chore/llpyg): It is used to automatically convert Python libraries into Go packages that `llgo` can import. It depends on `pydump` to accomplish the task.
+* [llgen](chore/llgen): It is used to compile Go packages into LLVM IR files (*.ll).
+* [ssadump](chore/ssadump): It is a Go SSA builder and interpreter.
+
+How do I generate these tools?
+
+```sh
+go install -v ./...  # compile all tools except pydump
+cd chore/_xtool
+llgo install ./...   # compile pydump
+```
+
+## Key modules
+
+Below are the key modules for understanding the implementation principles of `llgo`:
+
+* [llgo/ssa](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa): It generates LLVM IR files (LLVM SSA) using the semantics (interfaces) of Go SSA. Although `LLVM SSA` and `Go SSA` are both IR languages, they work at completely different levels. `LLVM SSA` is closer to machine code, which abstracts different instruction sets. While `Go SSA` is closer to a high-level language. We can think of it as the instruction set of the `Go computer`. `llgo/ssa` is not just limited to the `llgo` compiler. If we view it as the high-level expressive power of `LLVM`, you'll find it very useful. Prior to `llgo/ssa`, you had to operate `LLVM` using machine code semantics. But now, with the advanced SSA form (in the semantics of Go SSA), you can conveniently utilize `LLVM`.
+* [llgo/cl](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/cl): It is the core of the llgo compiler. It converts a Go package into LLVM IR files. It depends on `llgo/ssa`.
+* [llgo/internal/build](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/build): It strings together the entire compilation process of `llgo`. It depends on `llgo/ssa` and `llgo/cl`.

_demo/llama2-c/run.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/llama2"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c/llama2"
 )
 
 func main() {

c/c.go

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ type (
 	LongLong  = int64
 	UlongLong = uint64
 	Float     = float32
+	Double    = float64
 	Pointer   = unsafe.Pointer
 	FilePtr   = unsafe.Pointer
 )

c/cjson/_demo/mkjson/mkjson.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/cjson"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c/cjson"
 )
 
 func main() {

c/cjson/cjson.go

@@ -96,6 +96,11 @@ func (o *JSON) SetItem(key *c.Char, item *JSON) c.Int { return 0 }
 // llgo:link (*JSON).CStr C.cJSON_PrintUnformatted
 func (o *JSON) CStr() *c.Char { return nil }
 
+// Same as CStr. Provided for Go+.
+//
+// llgo:link (*JSON).Cstr C.cJSON_PrintUnformatted
+func (o *JSON) Cstr() *c.Char { return nil }
+
 // Render a JSON entity to text for transfer/storage.
 //
 // llgo:link (*JSON).Print C.cJSON_Print

c/llama2/llama2.go

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package llama2
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+const (
+	LLGoPackage = "link"
+)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// llgo:type C
+type TokenIndex struct {
+	Str *c.Char
+	Id  c.Int
+}
+
+// llgo:type C
+type Tokenizer struct {
+	Vocab          **c.Char
+	VocabScores    *c.Float
+	SortedVocab    *TokenIndex
+	VocabSize      c.Int
+	MaxTokenLength c.Uint
+	BytePieces     [512]uint8 // stores all single-byte strings
+}
+
+//go:linkname BuildTokenizer C.build_tokenizer
+func BuildTokenizer(t *Tokenizer, tokenizerPath *c.Char, vocabSize c.Int)
+
+//go:linkname FreeTokenizer C.free_tokenizer
+func FreeTokenizer(t *Tokenizer)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// llgo:type C
+type Config struct {
+	Dim       c.Int // transformer dimension
+	HiddenDim c.Int // for ffn layers
+	NLayers   c.Int // number of layers
+	NHeads    c.Int // number of query heads
+	NKVHeads  c.Int // number of key/value heads (can be < query heads because of multiquery)
+	VocabSize c.Int // vocabulary size, usually 256 (byte-level)
+	SeqLen    c.Int // max sequence length
+}
+
+// llgo:type C
+type TransformerWeights struct {
+	// token embedding table
+	TokenEmbeddingTable *c.Float // (vocab_size, dim)
+	// weights for rmsnorms
+	RmsAttWeight *c.Float // (layer, dim) rmsnorm weights
+	RmsFfnWeight *c.Float // (layer, dim)
+	// weights for matmuls. note dim == n_heads * head_size
+	Wq *c.Float // (layer, dim, n_heads * head_size)
+	Wk *c.Float // (layer, dim, n_kv_heads * head_size)
+	Wv *c.Float // (layer, dim, n_kv_heads * head_size)
+	Wo *c.Float // (layer, n_heads * head_size, dim)
+	// weights for ffn
+	W1 *c.Float // (layer, hidden_dim, dim)
+	W2 *c.Float // (layer, dim, hidden_dim)
+	W3 *c.Float // (layer, hidden_dim, dim)
+	// final rmsnorm
+	RmsFinalWeight *c.Float // (dim,)
+	// (optional) classifier weights for the logits, on the last layer
+	Wcls *c.Float
+}
+
+// llgo:type C
+type RunState struct {
+	// current wave of activations
+	X      *c.Float // activation at current time stamp (dim,)
+	Xb     *c.Float // same, but inside a residual branch (dim,)
+	Xb2    *c.Float // an additional buffer just for convenience (dim,)
+	Hb     *c.Float // buffer for hidden dimension in the ffn (hidden_dim,)
+	Hb2    *c.Float // buffer for hidden dimension in the ffn (hidden_dim,)
+	Q      *c.Float // query (dim,)
+	K      *c.Float // key (dim,)
+	V      *c.Float // value (dim,)
+	Att    *c.Float // buffer for scores/attention values (n_heads, seq_len)
+	Logits *c.Float // output logits
+	// kv cache
+	KeyCache   *c.Float // (layer, seq_len, dim)
+	ValueCache *c.Float // (layer, seq_len, dim)
+}
+
+// llgo:type C
+type Transformer struct {
+	Config  Config             // the hyperparameters of the architecture (the blueprint)
+	Weights TransformerWeights // the weights of the model
+	State   RunState           // buffers for the "wave" of activations in the forward pass
+
+	// some more state needed to properly clean up the memory mapping (sigh)
+	Fd       c.Int    // file descriptor for memory mapping
+	Data     *c.Float // memory mapped data pointer
+	FileSize uintptr  // size of the checkpoint file in bytes
+}
+
+//go:linkname BuildTransformer C.build_transformer
+func BuildTransformer(t *Transformer, checkpointPath *c.Char)
+
+//go:linkname FreeTransformer C.free_transformer
+func FreeTransformer(t *Transformer)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// llgo:type C
+type ProbIndex struct {
+	Prob  c.Float
+	Index c.Int
+} // struct used when sorting probabilities during top-p sampling
+
+// llgo:type C
+type Sampler struct {
+	VocabSize   c.Int
+	Probindex   *ProbIndex // buffer used in top-p sampling
+	Temperature c.Float
+	Topp        c.Float
+	RngState    uint64
+}
+
+//go:linkname BuildSampler C.build_sampler
+func BuildSampler(sampler *Sampler, vocabSize c.Int, temperature c.Float, topp c.Float, rngSeed uint64)
+
+//go:linkname FreeSampler C.free_sampler
+func FreeSampler(sampler *Sampler)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//go:linkname Generate C.generate
+func Generate(
+	transformer *Transformer, tokenizer *Tokenizer, sampler *Sampler,
+	prompt *c.Char, steps c.Int)
+
+//go:linkname Chat C.chat
+func Chat(
+	transformer *Transformer, tokenizer *Tokenizer, sampler *Sampler,
+	cliUserPrompt *c.Char, cliSystemPrompt *c.Char, steps c.Int)
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

c/llama2/llgo.cfg

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "cl": [
         "clang -emit-llvm -S -o llgo_autogen.ll -c llama2/run.c",
-        "zip llgo_autogen.lla llgo_autogen.ll"
+        "rm llgo_autogen.lla; zip llgo_autogen.lla llgo_autogen.ll"
     ]
 }

c/sqlite/_demo/sqlitedemo/demo.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c/sqlite"
 )
 
 func main() {

c/sqlite/sqlite.go

@@ -22,12 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
 )
 
-type (
-	Char    = c.Char
-	Int     = c.Int
-	Pointer = c.Pointer
-)
-
 const (
 	LLGoPackage = "link: sqlite3"
 )
@@ -44,7 +38,7 @@ type Stmt struct {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-type Errno Int
+type Errno c.Int
 
 const (
 	OK Errno = 0 // Successful result
@@ -83,10 +77,10 @@ const (
 )
 
 // llgo:link (Errno).Errstr C.sqlite3_errstr
-func (err Errno) Errstr() *Char { return nil }
+func (err Errno) Errstr() *c.Char { return nil }
 
 // llgo:link (*Sqlite3).Errmsg C.sqlite3_errmsg
-func (db *Sqlite3) Errmsg() *Char { return nil }
+func (db *Sqlite3) Errmsg() *c.Char { return nil }
 
 // llgo:link (*Sqlite3).Errcode C.sqlite3_errcode
 func (db *Sqlite3) Errcode() Errno { return 0 }
@@ -97,13 +91,13 @@ func (db *Sqlite3) ExtendedErrcode() Errno { return 0 }
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 //go:linkname doOpen C.sqlite3_open
-func doOpen(filename *Char, ppDb **Sqlite3) Errno
+func doOpen(filename *c.Char, ppDb **Sqlite3) Errno
 
 //go:linkname doOpenV2 C.sqlite3_open_v2
-func doOpenV2(filename *Char, ppDb **Sqlite3, flags OpenFlags, zVfs *Char) Errno
+func doOpenV2(filename *c.Char, ppDb **Sqlite3, flags OpenFlags, zVfs *c.Char) Errno
 
 // OpenFlags represents SQLite open flags.
-type OpenFlags Int
+type OpenFlags c.Int
 
 const (
 	OpenReadOnly      OpenFlags = 0x00000001
@@ -132,7 +126,7 @@ const (
 
 // Opening A New Database Connection
 // filename: Database filename (UTF-8)
-func Open(filename *Char) (db *Sqlite3, err Errno) {
+func Open(filename *c.Char) (db *Sqlite3, err Errno) {
 	err = doOpen(filename, &db)
 	return
 }
@@ -140,7 +134,7 @@ func Open(filename *Char) (db *Sqlite3, err Errno) {
 // Opening A New Database Connection
 // filename: Database filename (UTF-8)
 // zVfs: Name of VFS module to use
-func OpenV2(filename *Char, flags OpenFlags, zVfs *Char) (db *Sqlite3, err Errno) {
+func OpenV2(filename *c.Char, flags OpenFlags, zVfs *c.Char) (db *Sqlite3, err Errno) {
 	err = doOpenV2(filename, &db, flags, zVfs)
 	return
 }
@@ -158,22 +152,22 @@ func (db *Sqlite3) CloseV2() Errno { return 0 }
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // llgo:link (*Sqlite3).doPrepare C.sqlite3_prepare
-func (*Sqlite3) doPrepare(*Char, Int, **Stmt, **Char) Errno {
+func (*Sqlite3) doPrepare(*c.Char, c.Int, **Stmt, **c.Char) Errno {
 	return 0
 }
 
 // llgo:link (*Sqlite3).doPrepareV2 C.sqlite3_prepare_v2
-func (*Sqlite3) doPrepareV2(*Char, Int, **Stmt, **Char) Errno {
+func (*Sqlite3) doPrepareV2(*c.Char, c.Int, **Stmt, **c.Char) Errno {
 	return 0
 }
 
 // llgo:link (*Sqlite3).doPrepareV3 C.sqlite3_prepare_v3
-func (*Sqlite3) doPrepareV3(*Char, Int, PrepareFlags, **Stmt, **Char) Errno {
+func (*Sqlite3) doPrepareV3(*c.Char, c.Int, PrepareFlags, **Stmt, **c.Char) Errno {
 	return 0
 }
 
 // PrepareFlags represents SQLite prepare flags.
-type PrepareFlags Int
+type PrepareFlags c.Int
 
 const (
 	PreparePersistent PrepareFlags = 0x01
@@ -183,17 +177,17 @@ const (
 
 // Compiling An SQL Statement
 // tail: Pointer to unused portion of sql
-func (db *Sqlite3) Prepare(sql string, tail **Char) (stmt *Stmt, err Errno) {
+func (db *Sqlite3) Prepare(sql string, tail **c.Char) (stmt *Stmt, err Errno) {
 	err = db.doPrepare(c.GoStringData(sql), c.Int(len(sql)), &stmt, tail)
 	return
 }
 
-func (db *Sqlite3) PrepareV2(sql string, tail **Char) (stmt *Stmt, err Errno) {
+func (db *Sqlite3) PrepareV2(sql string, tail **c.Char) (stmt *Stmt, err Errno) {
 	err = db.doPrepareV2(c.GoStringData(sql), c.Int(len(sql)), &stmt, tail)
 	return
 }
 
-func (db *Sqlite3) PrepareV3(sql string, flags PrepareFlags, tail **Char) (stmt *Stmt, err Errno) {
+func (db *Sqlite3) PrepareV3(sql string, flags PrepareFlags, tail **c.Char) (stmt *Stmt, err Errno) {
 	err = db.doPrepareV3(c.GoStringData(sql), c.Int(len(sql)), flags, &stmt, tail)
 	return
 }
@@ -206,10 +200,10 @@ func (stmt *Stmt) Close() Errno { return 0 }
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // llgo:link (*Stmt).BindInt C.sqlite3_bind_int
-func (*Stmt) BindInt(idx Int, val Int) Errno { return 0 }
+func (*Stmt) BindInt(idx c.Int, val c.Int) Errno { return 0 }
 
 // llgo:link (*Stmt).BindInt64 C.sqlite3_bind_int64
-func (*Stmt) BindInt64(idx Int, val int64) Errno { return 0 }
+func (*Stmt) BindInt64(idx c.Int, val int64) Errno { return 0 }
 
 /*
 const (
@@ -219,7 +213,9 @@ const (
 */
 
 // llgo:link (*Stmt).BindText C.sqlite3_bind_text
-func (*Stmt) BindText(idx Int, val *Char, nByte Int, destructor func(Pointer)) Errno { return 0 }
+func (*Stmt) BindText(idx c.Int, val *c.Char, nByte c.Int, destructor func(c.Pointer)) Errno {
+	return 0
+}
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -238,19 +234,19 @@ func (*Stmt) Step() Errno { return 0 }
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // llgo:link (*Stmt).ColumnCount C.sqlite3_column_count
-func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnCount() Int { return 0 }
+func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnCount() c.Int { return 0 }
 
 // llgo:link (*Stmt).ColumnName C.sqlite3_column_name
-func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnName(idx Int) *Char { return nil }
+func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnName(idx c.Int) *c.Char { return nil }
 
 // llgo:link (*Stmt).ColumnInt C.sqlite3_column_int
-func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnInt(idx Int) Int { return 0 }
+func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnInt(idx c.Int) c.Int { return 0 }
 
 // llgo:link (*Stmt).ColumnInt64 C.sqlite3_column_int64
-func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnInt64(idx Int) int64 { return 0 }
+func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnInt64(idx c.Int) int64 { return 0 }
 
 // llgo:link (*Stmt).ColumnText C.sqlite3_column_text
-func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnText(idx Int) *Char { return nil }
+func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnText(idx c.Int) *c.Char { return nil }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -258,8 +254,8 @@ func (stmt *Stmt) ColumnText(idx Int) *Char { return nil }
 //
 // llgo:link (*Sqlite3).Exec C.sqlite3_exec
 func (*Sqlite3) Exec(
-	sql *Char, callback func(arg Pointer, resultCols Int, colVals, colNames **Char) Int,
+	sql *c.Char, callback func(arg c.Pointer, resultCols c.Int, colVals, colNames **c.Char) c.Int,
-	arg Pointer, errmsg **Char) Errno {
+	arg c.Pointer, errmsg **c.Char) Errno {
 	return 0
 }
 

chore/_xtool/pydump/pydump.go

@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c/cjson"
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/inspect"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/cjson"
 )
 
 func main() {

chore/llpyg/llpyg.go

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/gogen"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/chore/llpyg/pysig"
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
 )
 
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ type symbol struct {
 	Type string `json:"type"`
 	Doc  string `json:"doc"`
 	Sig  string `json:"sig"`
+	URL  string `json:"url"`
 }
 
 type module struct {
@@ -44,6 +46,29 @@ type module struct {
 	Items []*symbol `json:"items"`
 }
 
+func pydump(pyLib string) (mod module) {
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	cmd := exec.Command("pydump", pyLib)
+	cmd.Stdout = &out
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	cmd.Run()
+
+	json.Unmarshal(out.Bytes(), &mod)
+	return
+}
+
+func pysigfetch(pyLib string, names []string) (mod module) {
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	cmd := exec.Command("pysigfetch", pyLib, "-")
+	cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader(strings.Join(names, " "))
+	cmd.Stdout = &out
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	cmd.Run()
+
+	json.Unmarshal(out.Bytes(), &mod)
+	return
+}
+
 func main() {
 	if len(os.Args) < 2 {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "Usage: llpyg <pythonLibPath>")
@@ -51,25 +76,17 @@ func main() {
 	}
 	pyLib := os.Args[1]
 
-	var out bytes.Buffer
+	mod := pydump(pyLib)
-	pydump := exec.Command("pydump", pyLib)
+	if mod.Name != pyLib {
-	pydump.Stdout = &out
-	pydump.Run()
-
-	var mod module
-	json.Unmarshal(out.Bytes(), &mod)
-
-	modName := mod.Name
-	if modName == "" {
 		log.Printf("import module %s failed\n", pyLib)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
-	pkg := gogen.NewPackage("", modName, nil)
+	pkg := gogen.NewPackage("", pyLib, nil)
 	pkg.Import("unsafe").MarkForceUsed(pkg)       // import _ "unsafe"
 	py := pkg.Import("github.com/goplus/llgo/py") // import "github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
 
 	f := func(cb *gogen.CodeBuilder) int {
-		cb.Val("py." + modName)
+		cb.Val("py." + mod.Name)
 		return 1
 	}
 	defs := pkg.NewConstDefs(pkg.Types.Scope())
@@ -79,20 +96,22 @@ func main() {
 	objPtr := types.NewPointer(obj)
 	ret := types.NewTuple(pkg.NewParam(0, "", objPtr))
 
-	ctx := &context{pkg, obj, objPtr, ret, py}
+	ctx := &context{pkg, obj, objPtr, ret, nil, py}
-	for _, sym := range mod.Items {
+	ctx.genMod(pkg, &mod)
-		switch sym.Type {
+	skips := ctx.skips
-		case "builtin_function_or_method", "function", "ufunc", "method-wrapper":
+	if n := len(skips); n > 0 {
-			ctx.genFunc(pkg, sym)
+		log.Printf("==> There are %d signatures not found, fetch from doc site\n", n)
-		case "str", "float", "bool", "type", "dict", "tuple", "list", "object",
+		mod = pysigfetch(pyLib, skips)
-			"module", "int", "set", "frozenset", "flags", "bool_": // skip
+		ctx.skips = skips[:0]
-		default:
+		ctx.genMod(pkg, &mod)
-			t := sym.Type
+		if len(mod.Items) > 0 {
-			if len(t) > 0 && (t[0] >= 'a' && t[0] <= 'z') && !strings.HasSuffix(t, "_info") {
+			skips = ctx.skips
-				log.Panicln("unsupport type:", sym.Type)
+		}
-			}
+		if n := len(skips); n > 0 {
+			log.Printf("==> Skip %d symbols:\n%v\n", n, skips)
 		}
 	}
+
 	pkg.WriteTo(os.Stdout)
 }
 
@@ -101,67 +120,83 @@ type context struct {
 	obj    *types.Named
 	objPtr *types.Pointer
 	ret    *types.Tuple
+	skips  []string
 	py     gogen.PkgRef
 }
 
+func (ctx *context) genMod(pkg *gogen.Package, mod *module) {
+	for _, sym := range mod.Items {
+		switch sym.Type {
+		case "builtin_function_or_method", "function", "ufunc", "method-wrapper":
+			ctx.genFunc(pkg, sym)
+		case "str", "float", "bool", "type", "dict", "tuple", "list", "object", "module",
+			"int", "set", "frozenset", "flags", "bool_", "pybind11_type", "layout",
+			"memory_format", "qscheme", "dtype", "tensortype": // skip
+		case "": // pysigfetch: page not found
+			ctx.skips = append(ctx.skips, sym.Name)
+		default:
+			t := sym.Type
+			if len(t) > 0 && (t[0] >= 'a' && t[0] <= 'z') && !strings.HasSuffix(t, "_info") {
+				log.Panicln("unsupport type:", sym.Type)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (ctx *context) genFunc(pkg *gogen.Package, sym *symbol) {
 	name, symSig := sym.Name, sym.Sig
 	if len(name) == 0 || name[0] == '_' {
 		return
 	}
-	params, variadic, skip := ctx.genParams(pkg, symSig)
+	if symSig == "<NULL>" {
-	if skip {
+		ctx.skips = append(ctx.skips, name)
-		// TODO(xsw): don't skip any func
-		log.Println("skip func:", name, symSig)
 		return
 	}
+	params, variadic := ctx.genParams(pkg, symSig)
 	name = genName(name, -1)
 	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, ctx.ret, variadic)
 	fn := pkg.NewFuncDecl(token.NoPos, name, sig)
 	list := ctx.genDoc(sym.Doc)
-	list = append(list, emptyCommentLine)
+	if sym.URL != "" {
+		if len(list) > 0 {
+			list = append(list, emptyCommentLine)
+		}
+		list = append(list, genSee(sym.URL))
+	}
+	if len(list) > 0 {
+		list = append(list, emptyCommentLine)
+	}
 	list = append(list, ctx.genLinkname(name, sym))
 	fn.SetComments(pkg, &ast.CommentGroup{List: list})
 	// fn.BodyStart(pkg).End()
 }
 
-func (ctx *context) genParams(pkg *gogen.Package, sig string) (*types.Tuple, bool, bool) {
+func (ctx *context) genParams(pkg *gogen.Package, sig string) (*types.Tuple, bool) {
-	if sig == "<NULL>" {
+	args := pysig.Parse(sig)
-		return nil, false, true
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return nil, false
 	}
-	sig = strings.TrimSuffix(strings.TrimPrefix(sig, "("), ")")
+	n := len(args)
-	if sig == "" { // empty params
-		return nil, false, false
-	}
-	parts := strings.Split(sig, ",")
-	n := len(parts)
 	objPtr := ctx.objPtr
 	list := make([]*types.Var, 0, n)
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		part := strings.TrimSpace(parts[i])
+		name := args[i].Name
-		if part == "/" {
+		if name == "/" {
 			continue
 		}
-		if part == "*" {
+		if name == "*" || name == "\\*" {
 			break
 		}
-		if strings.HasPrefix(part, "*") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(name, "*") {
-			if part[1] != '*' {
+			if name[1] != '*' {
 				list = append(list, ssa.VArg())
-				return types.NewTuple(list...), true, false
+				return types.NewTuple(list...), true
 			}
-			return types.NewTuple(list...), false, false
+			return types.NewTuple(list...), false
 		}
-		pos := strings.IndexByte(part, '=')
+		list = append(list, pkg.NewParam(0, genName(name, 0), objPtr))
-		if pos >= 0 {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(part[pos+1:], "<") { // skip complex default value
-				return nil, false, true
-			}
-			part = part[:pos]
-		}
-		list = append(list, pkg.NewParam(0, genName(part, 0), objPtr))
 	}
-	return types.NewTuple(list...), false, false
+	return types.NewTuple(list...), false
 }
 
 func genName(name string, idxDontTitle int) string {
@@ -176,7 +211,7 @@ func genName(name string, idxDontTitle int) string {
 	}
 	name = strings.Join(parts, "")
 	switch name {
-	case "default", "func", "":
+	case "default", "func", "var", "":
 		name += "_"
 	}
 	return name
@@ -187,14 +222,21 @@ func (ctx *context) genLinkname(name string, sym *symbol) *ast.Comment {
 }
 
 func (ctx *context) genDoc(doc string) []*ast.Comment {
+	if doc == "" {
+		return make([]*ast.Comment, 0, 4)
+	}
 	lines := strings.Split(doc, "\n")
-	list := make([]*ast.Comment, len(lines), len(lines)+2)
+	list := make([]*ast.Comment, len(lines), len(lines)+4)
 	for i, line := range lines {
 		list[i] = &ast.Comment{Text: "// " + line}
 	}
 	return list
 }
 
+func genSee(url string) *ast.Comment {
+	return &ast.Comment{Text: "// See " + url}
+}
+
 var (
 	emptyCommentLine = &ast.Comment{Text: "//"}
 )

chore/llpyg/pysig/parse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package pysig
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type Arg struct {
+	Name   string
+	Type   string
+	DefVal string
+}
+
+// Parse parses a Python function signature.
+func Parse(sig string) (args []*Arg) {
+	sig = strings.TrimPrefix(sig, "(")
+	for {
+		pos := strings.IndexAny(sig, ",:=)")
+		if pos <= 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		arg := &Arg{Name: strings.TrimSpace(sig[:pos])}
+		args = append(args, arg)
+		c := sig[pos]
+		sig = sig[pos+1:]
+		switch c {
+		case ',':
+			continue
+		case ':':
+			arg.Type, sig = parseType(sig)
+			if strings.HasPrefix(sig, "=") {
+				arg.DefVal, sig = parseDefVal(sig[1:])
+			}
+		case '=':
+			arg.DefVal, sig = parseDefVal(sig)
+		case ')':
+			return
+		}
+		sig = strings.TrimPrefix(sig, ",")
+	}
+}
+
+const (
+	allSpecials = "([<'\""
+)
+
+var pairStops = map[byte]string{
+	'(':  ")" + allSpecials,
+	'[':  "]" + allSpecials,
+	'<':  ">" + allSpecials,
+	'\'': "'" + allSpecials,
+	'"':  "\"",
+}
+
+func parseText(sig string, stops string) (left string) {
+	for {
+		pos := strings.IndexAny(sig, stops)
+		if pos < 0 {
+			return sig
+		}
+		if c := sig[pos]; c != stops[0] {
+			if pstop, ok := pairStops[c]; ok {
+				sig = strings.TrimPrefix(parseText(sig[pos+1:], pstop), pstop[:1])
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		return sig[pos:]
+	}
+}
+
+// stops: "=,)"
+func parseType(sig string) (string, string) {
+	left := parseText(sig, "=,)"+allSpecials)
+	return resultOf(sig, left), left
+}
+
+// stops: ",)"
+func parseDefVal(sig string) (string, string) {
+	left := parseText(sig, ",)"+allSpecials)
+	return resultOf(sig, left), left
+}
+
+func resultOf(sig, left string) string {
+	return strings.TrimSpace(sig[:len(sig)-len(left)])
+}

chore/llpyg/pysig/parse_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package pysig
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
+	type testCase struct {
+		sig  string
+		args []*Arg
+	}
+	cases := []testCase{
+		{"(start=None, *, unit: 'str | None' = None) -> 'TimedeltaIndex'", []*Arg{
+			{Name: "start", DefVal: "None"},
+			{Name: "*"},
+			{Name: "unit", Type: "'str | None'", DefVal: "None"},
+		}},
+		{"()", nil},
+		{"(a =", []*Arg{{Name: "a"}}},
+		{"(a) -> int", []*Arg{{Name: "a"}}},
+		{"(a: int)", []*Arg{{Name: "a", Type: "int"}}},
+		{"(a: int = 1, b: float)", []*Arg{{Name: "a", Type: "int", DefVal: "1"}, {Name: "b", Type: "float"}}},
+		{"(a = <1>, b = 2.0)", []*Arg{{Name: "a", DefVal: "<1>"}, {Name: "b", DefVal: "2.0"}}},
+		{"(a: 'Suffixes' = ('_x', '_y'))", []*Arg{{Name: "a", Type: "'Suffixes'", DefVal: "('_x', '_y')"}}},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		args := Parse(c.sig)
+		if len(args) != len(c.args) {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: len(args) = %v, want %v", c.sig, len(args), len(c.args))
+		}
+		for i, arg := range args {
+			want := c.args[i]
+			if arg.Name != want.Name || arg.Type != want.Type || arg.DefVal != want.DefVal {
+				t.Fatalf("%s: args[%v] = %v, want %v", c.sig, i, arg, want)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

cl/_testdata/fncall/out.ll

@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call i64 @main.max(i64 1, i64 2)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 define i64 @main.max(i64 %0, i64 %1) {

cl/_testdata/importpkg/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-@main.hello = global ptr null
+@main.hello = global [7 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/stdio.Max"(i64 2, i64 100)
   call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.hello)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/stdio.init"()

cl/_testdata/method/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-@main.format = global ptr null
+@main.format = global [10 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call i64 @"(main.T).Add"(i64 1, i64 2)
   call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.format, i64 %2)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testdata/print/out.ll

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3, %_llgo_1,
   store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %74, ptr %72, align 8
   %75 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %26, i64 16, i64 16, i64 0, i64 16, i64 16)
   call void @main.println(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %75)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
   br i1 true, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ _llgo_15:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_13
   br i1 %40, label %_llgo_16, label %_llgo_17
 
 _llgo_16:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_15
-  %41 = sext i8 %39 to i64
+  %41 = zext i8 %39 to i64
   call void @main.printuint(i64 %41)
   br label %_llgo_1
 
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ _llgo_17:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_15
   br i1 %46, label %_llgo_18, label %_llgo_19
 
 _llgo_18:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_17
-  %47 = sext i16 %45 to i64
+  %47 = zext i16 %45 to i64
   call void @main.printuint(i64 %47)
   br label %_llgo_1
 
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ _llgo_19:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_17
   br i1 %52, label %_llgo_20, label %_llgo_21
 
 _llgo_20:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_19
-  %53 = sext i32 %51 to i64
+  %53 = zext i32 %51 to i64
   call void @main.printuint(i64 %53)
   br label %_llgo_1
 
@@ -555,64 +555,66 @@ _llgo_24:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_22
   br label %_llgo_12
 
 _llgo_25:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_27
-  %43 = fptosi double %59 to i64
+  %43 = fptosi double %60 to i64
-  %44 = add i64 %60, 2
+  %44 = add i64 %61, 2
   %45 = add i64 %43, 48
   %46 = trunc i64 %45 to i8
-  %47 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 %44
+  %47 = icmp slt i64 %44, 0
-  store i8 %46, ptr %47, align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %47)
-  %48 = sitofp i64 %43 to double
+  %48 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 %44
-  %49 = fsub double %59, %48
+  store i8 %46, ptr %48, align 1
-  %50 = fmul double %49, 1.000000e+01
+  %49 = sitofp i64 %43 to double
-  %51 = add i64 %60, 1
+  %50 = fsub double %60, %49
+  %51 = fmul double %50, 1.000000e+01
+  %52 = add i64 %61, 1
   br label %_llgo_27
 
 _llgo_26:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_27
-  %52 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 2
+  %53 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 2
-  %53 = load i8, ptr %52, align 1
+  %54 = load i8, ptr %53, align 1
-  %54 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 1
+  %55 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 1
-  store i8 %53, ptr %54, align 1
+  store i8 %54, ptr %55, align 1
-  %55 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 2
+  %56 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 2
-  store i8 46, ptr %55, align 1
+  store i8 46, ptr %56, align 1
-  %56 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 9
+  %57 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 9
-  store i8 101, ptr %56, align 1
+  store i8 101, ptr %57, align 1
-  %57 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 10
+  %58 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 10
-  store i8 43, ptr %57, align 1
+  store i8 43, ptr %58, align 1
-  %58 = icmp slt i64 %19, 0
+  %59 = icmp slt i64 %19, 0
-  br i1 %58, label %_llgo_28, label %_llgo_29
+  br i1 %59, label %_llgo_28, label %_llgo_29
 
 _llgo_27:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_25, %_llgo_12
-  %59 = phi double [ %18, %_llgo_12 ], [ %50, %_llgo_25 ]
+  %60 = phi double [ %18, %_llgo_12 ], [ %51, %_llgo_25 ]
-  %60 = phi i64 [ 0, %_llgo_12 ], [ %51, %_llgo_25 ]
+  %61 = phi i64 [ 0, %_llgo_12 ], [ %52, %_llgo_25 ]
-  %61 = icmp slt i64 %60, 7
+  %62 = icmp slt i64 %61, 7
-  br i1 %61, label %_llgo_25, label %_llgo_26
+  br i1 %62, label %_llgo_25, label %_llgo_26
 
 _llgo_28:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_26
-  %62 = sub i64 0, %19
+  %63 = sub i64 0, %19
-  %63 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 10
+  %64 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 10
-  store i8 45, ptr %63, align 1
+  store i8 45, ptr %64, align 1
   br label %_llgo_29
 
 _llgo_29:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_28, %_llgo_26
-  %64 = phi i64 [ %19, %_llgo_26 ], [ %62, %_llgo_28 ]
+  %65 = phi i64 [ %19, %_llgo_26 ], [ %63, %_llgo_28 ]
-  %65 = sdiv i64 %64, 100
+  %66 = sdiv i64 %65, 100
-  %66 = trunc i64 %65 to i8
+  %67 = trunc i64 %66 to i8
-  %67 = add i8 %66, 48
+  %68 = add i8 %67, 48
-  %68 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 11
+  %69 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 11
-  store i8 %67, ptr %68, align 1
+  store i8 %68, ptr %69, align 1
-  %69 = sdiv i64 %64, 10
+  %70 = sdiv i64 %65, 10
-  %70 = trunc i64 %69 to i8
+  %71 = trunc i64 %70 to i8
-  %71 = urem i8 %70, 10
+  %72 = urem i8 %71, 10
-  %72 = add i8 %71, 48
+  %73 = add i8 %72, 48
-  %73 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 12
+  %74 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 12
-  store i8 %72, ptr %73, align 1
+  store i8 %73, ptr %74, align 1
-  %74 = srem i64 %64, 10
+  %75 = srem i64 %65, 10
-  %75 = trunc i64 %74 to i8
+  %76 = trunc i64 %75 to i8
-  %76 = add i8 %75, 48
+  %77 = add i8 %76, 48
-  %77 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 13
+  %78 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %11, i64 13
-  store i8 %76, ptr %77, align 1
+  store i8 %77, ptr %78, align 1
-  %78 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %11, i64 1, i64 14, i64 0, i64 14, i64 14)
+  %79 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %11, i64 1, i64 14, i64 0, i64 14, i64 14)
-  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %78)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %79)
   ret void
 }
 
@@ -622,43 +624,49 @@ _llgo_0:
   br label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
-  %2 = urem i64 %14, 16
+  %2 = urem i64 %17, 16
   %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @10, i64 16)
   %4 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %3, 0
   %5 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %4, i64 %2
   %6 = load i8, ptr %5, align 1
-  %7 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %15
+  %7 = icmp slt i64 %18, 0
-  store i8 %6, ptr %7, align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %7)
-  %8 = icmp ult i64 %14, 16
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %18
-  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_4
+  store i8 %6, ptr %8, align 1
+  %9 = icmp ult i64 %17, 16
+  br i1 %9, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_4
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_3
-  %9 = sub i64 %15, 1
+  %10 = sub i64 %18, 1
-  %10 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %9
+  %11 = icmp slt i64 %10, 0
-  store i8 120, ptr %10, align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %11)
-  %11 = sub i64 %9, 1
+  %12 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %10
-  %12 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %11
+  store i8 120, ptr %12, align 1
-  store i8 48, ptr %12, align 1
+  %13 = sub i64 %10, 1
-  %13 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %1, i64 1, i64 100, i64 %11, i64 100, i64 100)
+  %14 = icmp slt i64 %13, 0
-  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %13)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %14)
+  %15 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %13
+  store i8 48, ptr %15, align 1
+  %16 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %1, i64 1, i64 100, i64 %13, i64 100, i64 100)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %16)
   ret void
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_0
-  %14 = phi i64 [ %0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %17, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %17 = phi i64 [ %0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %20, %_llgo_4 ]
-  %15 = phi i64 [ 99, %_llgo_0 ], [ %18, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %18 = phi i64 [ 99, %_llgo_0 ], [ %21, %_llgo_4 ]
-  %16 = icmp sgt i64 %15, 0
+  %19 = icmp sgt i64 %18, 0
-  br i1 %16, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+  br i1 %19, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_1
-  %17 = udiv i64 %14, 16
+  %20 = udiv i64 %17, 16
-  %18 = sub i64 %15, 1
+  %21 = sub i64 %18, 1
   br label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %19 = sub i64 100, %15
+  %22 = sub i64 100, %18
-  %20 = load i64, ptr @main.minhexdigits, align 4
+  %23 = load i64, ptr @main.minhexdigits, align 4
-  %21 = icmp sge i64 %19, %20
+  %24 = icmp sge i64 %22, %23
-  br i1 %21, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_4
+  br i1 %24, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_4
 }
 
 define void @main.printint(i64 %0) {
@@ -690,23 +698,25 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %4, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %5 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
+  %5 = icmp slt i64 %3, 0
-  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %5, i64 %3
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %5)
-  %7 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %6, align 8
+  %6 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
-  %8 = icmp ne i64 %3, 0
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %6, i64 %3
-  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_4, label %_llgo_5
+  %8 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %7, align 8
+  %9 = icmp ne i64 %3, 0
+  br i1 %9, label %_llgo_4, label %_llgo_5
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
   call void @main.printnl()
   ret void
 
 _llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
-  %9 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @12, i64 1)
+  %10 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @12, i64 1)
-  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %9)
+  call void @main.printstring(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %10)
   br label %_llgo_5
 
 _llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_2
-  call void @main.printany(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %7)
+  call void @main.printany(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %8)
   br label %_llgo_1
 }
 
@@ -737,28 +747,30 @@ _llgo_0:
   br label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
-  %2 = urem i64 %8, 10
+  %2 = urem i64 %9, 10
   %3 = add i64 %2, 48
   %4 = trunc i64 %3 to i8
-  %5 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %9
+  %5 = icmp slt i64 %10, 0
-  store i8 %4, ptr %5, align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %5)
-  %6 = icmp ult i64 %8, 10
+  %6 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %1, i64 %10
-  br i1 %6, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_4
+  store i8 %4, ptr %6, align 1
+  %7 = icmp ult i64 %9, 10
+  br i1 %7, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_4
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3, %_llgo_1
-  %7 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %1, i64 1, i64 100, i64 %9, i64 100, i64 100)
+  %8 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %1, i64 1, i64 100, i64 %10, i64 100, i64 100)
-  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
+  call void @main.gwrite(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %8)
   ret void
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4, %_llgo_0
-  %8 = phi i64 [ %0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %11, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %9 = phi i64 [ %0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %12, %_llgo_4 ]
-  %9 = phi i64 [ 99, %_llgo_0 ], [ %12, %_llgo_4 ]
+  %10 = phi i64 [ 99, %_llgo_0 ], [ %13, %_llgo_4 ]
-  %10 = icmp sgt i64 %9, 0
+  %11 = icmp sgt i64 %10, 0
-  br i1 %10, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+  br i1 %11, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %11 = udiv i64 %8, 10
+  %12 = udiv i64 %9, 10
-  %12 = sub i64 %9, 1
+  %13 = sub i64 %10, 1
   br label %_llgo_3
 }
 
@@ -800,3 +812,5 @@ declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llg
 declare { i64, i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)
 
 declare { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i1 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CheckI2String"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1)

cl/_testdata/printf/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-@main.hello = global ptr null
+@main.hello = global [7 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.hello)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testdata/printval/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-@main.format = global ptr null
+@main.format = global [10 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.format, i64 100)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testdata/ptrmthd/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-@main.format = global ptr null
+@main.format = global [10 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   call void @"(*main.T).Print"(ptr @main.format, i64 100)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testdata/uint/out.ll

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call i32 @main.f(i32 100)
   %3 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %2)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testdata/untyped/out.ll

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
   br label %_llgo_2
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testdata/utf8/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	var str = "中abcd"
+	for i := 0; i < len(str); {
+		r, n := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(str[i:])
+		i += n
+		println(r)
+	}
+	println(index(2) == 3)
+}
+
+var array = [...]uint8{
+	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
+}
+
+func index(n int8) uint8 {
+	return array[n]
+}

cl/_testdata/utf8/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+
+@main.array = global [8 x i8] undef
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argc = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argv = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"\E4\B8\ADabcd\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"\E4\B8\ADabcd\00", align 1
+
+define i8 @main.index(i8 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = icmp slt i8 %0, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %1)
+  %2 = zext i8 %0 to i64
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr @main.array, i64 %2
+  %4 = load i8, ptr %3, align 1
+  ret i8 %4
+}
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  call void @"unicode/utf8.init"()
+  store i8 1, ptr @main.array, align 1
+  store i8 2, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i8, ptr @main.array, i64 1), align 1
+  store i8 3, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i8, ptr @main.array, i64 2), align 1
+  store i8 4, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i8, ptr @main.array, i64 3), align 1
+  store i8 5, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i8, ptr @main.array, i64 4), align 1
+  store i8 6, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i8, ptr @main.array, i64 5), align 1
+  store i8 7, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i8, ptr @main.array, i64 6), align 1
+  store i8 8, ptr getelementptr inbounds (i8, ptr @main.array, i64 7), align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
+  store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %2 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 7)
+  %3 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, 1
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2, i64 %14, i64 %3)
+  %5 = call { i32, i64 } @"unicode/utf8.DecodeRuneInString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %4)
+  %6 = extractvalue { i32, i64 } %5, 0
+  %7 = extractvalue { i32, i64 } %5, 1
+  %8 = add i64 %14, %7
+  %9 = sext i32 %6 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %9)
+  %10 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %10)
+  br label %_llgo_3
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
+  %11 = call i8 @main.index(i8 2)
+  %12 = icmp eq i8 %11, 3
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintBool"(i1 %12)
+  %13 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %13)
+  ret i32 0
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  %14 = phi i64 [ 0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %8, %_llgo_1 ]
+  %15 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 7)
+  %16 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %15, 1
+  %17 = icmp slt i64 %14, %16
+  br i1 %17, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1)
+
+declare void @"unicode/utf8.init"()
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i64, i64)
+
+declare { i32, i64 } @"unicode/utf8.DecodeRuneInString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintBool"(i1)

cl/_testdata/vargs/out.ll

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %11, ptr %9, align 8
   %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %2, i64 16, i64 3, i64 0, i64 3, i64 3)
   call void @main.test(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %12)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 define void @main.test(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
@@ -58,12 +58,14 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %4, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %5 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
+  %5 = icmp slt i64 %3, 0
-  %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %5, i64 %3
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %5)
-  %7 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %6, align 8
+  %6 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
-  %8 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 2)
+  %7 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %6, i64 %3
-  %9 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.I2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %7, ptr %8)
+  %8 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %7, align 8
-  %10 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %9)
+  %9 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 2)
+  %10 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.I2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %8, ptr %9)
+  %11 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %10)
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
@@ -80,6 +82,8 @@ declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llg
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1)
+
 declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.I2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)
 
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testdata/varinit/out.ll

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %3 = add i64 %2, 1
   store i64 %3, ptr @main.a, align 4
   %4 = load i64, ptr @main.a, align 4
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testlibc/argv/out.ll

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
   br label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   %7 = phi i32 [ 0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %6, %_llgo_1 ]

cl/_testlibc/sqlite/in.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c/sqlite"
 )
 
 func main() {

cl/_testlibc/sqlite/out.ll

@@ -35,18 +35,18 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
-  %2 = call { ptr, i32 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite.OpenV2"(ptr @1, i32 130, ptr null)
+  %2 = call { ptr, i32 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/c/sqlite.OpenV2"(ptr @1, i32 130, ptr null)
   %3 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %2, 0
   %4 = extractvalue { ptr, i32 } %2, 1
   call void @main.check(i32 %4)
   %5 = call i32 @sqlite3_close(ptr %3)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare ptr @sqlite3_errstr(i32)
@@ -57,6 +57,6 @@ declare void @exit(i32)
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
-declare { ptr, i32 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite.OpenV2"(ptr, i32, ptr)
+declare { ptr, i32 } @"github.com/goplus/llgo/c/sqlite.OpenV2"(ptr, i32, ptr)
 
 declare i32 @sqlite3_close(ptr)

cl/_testpy/callpy/out.ll

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @Py_Initialize()
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %8 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, double %7)
   %9 = call ptr @PyUnicode_AsUTF8(ptr %6)
   %10 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, ptr %9)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()

cl/_testpy/gcd/out.ll

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @Py_Initialize()
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %6 = call ptr (ptr, ...) @PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(ptr %5, ptr %2, ptr %3, ptr %4, ptr null)
   %7 = call i32 @PyLong_AsLong(ptr %6)
   %8 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %7)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()

cl/_testpy/matrix/out.ll

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @Py_Initialize()
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %60 = call ptr @PyObject_Str(ptr %53)
   %61 = call ptr @PyUnicode_AsUTF8(ptr %60)
   %62 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, ptr %61)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/numpy.init"()

cl/_testpy/pi/out.ll

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @Py_Initialize()
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %3 = call ptr @PyObject_GetAttrString(ptr %2, ptr @1)
   %4 = call double @PyFloat_AsDouble(ptr %3)
   %5 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, double %4)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()

cl/_testpy/pow/out.ll

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   call void @Py_Initialize()
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %5 = call ptr (ptr, ...) @PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(ptr %4, ptr %2, ptr %3, ptr null)
   %6 = call double @PyFloat_AsDouble(ptr %5)
   %7 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, double %6)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/py/math.init"()

cl/_testrt/alloca/out.ll

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %2 = alloca i8, i64 4, align 1
   %3 = call ptr @memcpy(ptr %2, ptr @0, i64 4)
   %4 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, ptr %2)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/allocstr/out.ll

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %5 = alloca i8, i64 %4, align 1
   %6 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %5, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %2)
   %7 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr %6)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)

cl/_testrt/any/out.ll

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %3 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %2, i64 100)
   %4 = call i64 @main.incVal(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %3)
   %5 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %4)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.I2Int"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr)

cl/_testrt/builtin/in.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime/c"
+	"unsafe"
 )
 
 var a int64 = 1<<63 - 1
@@ -11,47 +11,19 @@ var n uint64 = 1<<64 - 1
 func main() {
 	var s = []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
 	var a = [...]int{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	d := make([]byte, 4, 10)
+	println(s, len(s), cap(s))
+	println(d, len(d), cap(d))
+	println(len(a), cap(a), cap(&a), len(&a))
+	println(len([]int{1, 2, 3, 4}), len([4]int{1, 2, 3, 4}))
+	println(len(s[1:]), cap(s[1:]), len(s[1:2]), cap(s[1:2]), len(s[1:2:2]), cap(s[1:2:2]))
+	println(len(a[1:]), cap(a[1:]), len(a[1:2]), cap(a[1:2]), len(a[1:2:2]), cap(a[1:2:2]))
 
-	out(len(s))
+	println("hello", "hello"[1:], "hello"[1:2], len("hello"[5:]))
-	out(len([]int{1, 2, 3, 4}))
+	println(append(s, 5, 6, 7, 8))
-	out(len(a))
-	out(len(&a))
-	out(len([4]int{1, 2, 3, 4}))
-
-	out(cap(s))
-	out(cap(a))
-	out(cap(&a))
-
-	out(len(s[1:]))
-	out(cap(s[1:]))
-	out(len(s[1:2]))
-	out(cap(s[1:2]))
-	out(len(s[1:2:2]))
-	out(cap(s[1:2:2]))
-
-	out(len(a[1:]))
-	out(cap(a[1:]))
-	out(len(a[1:2]))
-	out(cap(a[1:2]))
-	out(len(a[1:2:2]))
-	out(cap(a[1:2:2]))
-
-	string_len("hello")
-	string_len("hello"[1:])
-	string_len("hello"[1:2])
-	string_len("hello"[5:])
-
-	s = append(s, 5, 6, 7, 8)
-	out(len(s))
 	data := []byte{'a', 'b', 'c'}
 	data = append(data, "def"...)
-	out(len(data))
+	println(data)
-}
+	var i any = 100
-
+	println(true, 100, -100, uint(255), int32(-100), 100.5, i, &i, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&i)))
-func string_len(s string) {
-	out(len(s))
-}
-
-func out(n int) {
-	c.Printf(c.Str("%d\n"), n)
 }

cl/_testrt/builtin/out.ll

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ source_filename = "main"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" = type { ptr, ptr }
 
 @main.a = global ptr null
 @main.b = global ptr null
@@ -10,12 +11,50 @@ source_filename = "main"
 @main.n = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
-@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
-@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
-@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
-@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
-@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"def\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
-@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@8 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@9 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@10 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@11 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@12 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@13 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@14 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@15 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@16 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@17 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@18 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@19 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@20 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@21 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@22 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@23 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@24 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@25 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@26 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@27 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"hello\00", align 1
+@28 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@29 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@30 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@31 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@32 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@33 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"def\00", align 1
+@34 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@35 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@36 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@37 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@38 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@39 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@40 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@41 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@42 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c" \00", align 1
+@43 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
 
 define void @main.init() {
 _llgo_0:
@@ -33,7 +72,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -58,133 +97,220 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i64 2, ptr %10, align 4
   store i64 3, ptr %11, align 4
   store i64 4, ptr %12, align 4
-  %13 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 1
+  %13 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 10)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %13)
+  %14 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %13, i64 1, i64 10, i64 0, i64 4, i64 10)
-  %14 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %15 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 1
-  %15 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %14, i64 0
+  %16 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
-  store i64 1, ptr %15, align 4
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
-  %16 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %14, i64 1
+  %17 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 1)
-  store i64 2, ptr %16, align 4
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17)
-  %17 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %14, i64 2
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %15)
-  store i64 3, ptr %17, align 4
+  %18 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 1)
-  %18 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %14, i64 3
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %18)
-  store i64 4, ptr %18, align 4
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %16)
-  %19 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %14, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %19 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 1)
-  %20 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %19, 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %19)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %20)
+  %20 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %14, 1
-  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  %21 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %14, 2
-  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %14)
-  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  %22 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 1)
-  %21 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %22)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %21)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %20)
-  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  %23 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 1)
-  call void @main.out(i64 4)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %23)
-  %22 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %21)
-  %23 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %24 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @5, i64 1)
-  %24 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %24)
-  %25 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %24, i64 8, i64 %22, i64 1, i64 %23, i64 %22)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 4)
-  %26 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %25, 1
+  %25 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @6, i64 1)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %26)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %25)
-  %27 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 4)
-  %28 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %26 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @7, i64 1)
-  %29 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %26)
-  %30 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %29, i64 8, i64 %27, i64 1, i64 %28, i64 %27)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 4)
-  %31 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %30, 2
+  %27 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @8, i64 1)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %31)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %27)
-  %32 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 4)
-  %33 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
+  %28 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @9, i64 1)
-  %34 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %33, i64 8, i64 %32, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %32)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %28)
+  %29 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %30 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %29, i64 0
+  store i64 1, ptr %30, align 4
+  %31 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %29, i64 1
+  store i64 2, ptr %31, align 4
+  %32 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %29, i64 2
+  store i64 3, ptr %32, align 4
+  %33 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %29, i64 3
+  store i64 4, ptr %33, align 4
+  %34 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %29, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
   %35 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %34, 1
-  call void @main.out(i64 %35)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %35)
-  %36 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %36 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @10, i64 1)
-  %37 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %36)
-  %38 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %37, i64 8, i64 %36, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %36)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 4)
-  %39 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %38, 2
+  %37 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @11, i64 1)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %39)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %37)
-  %40 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
+  %38 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
-  %41 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
+  %39 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
-  %42 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %41, i64 8, i64 %40, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %40 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
-  %43 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %42, 1
+  %41 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %40, i64 8, i64 %38, i64 1, i64 %39, i64 %38)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %43)
+  %42 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %41, 1
+  %43 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
   %44 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
   %45 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
-  %46 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %45, i64 8, i64 %44, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %46 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %45, i64 8, i64 %43, i64 1, i64 %44, i64 %43)
   %47 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %46, 2
-  call void @main.out(i64 %47)
+  %48 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
-  %48 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %49 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
-  %49 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %48, 1
+  %50 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %49, i64 8, i64 %48, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %48)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %49)
+  %51 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %50, 1
-  %50 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %52 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
-  %51 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %50, 2
+  %53 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
-  call void @main.out(i64 %51)
+  %54 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %53, i64 8, i64 %52, i64 1, i64 2, i64 %52)
-  %52 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
-  %53 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %52, 1
-  call void @main.out(i64 %53)
-  %54 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
   %55 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %54, 2
-  call void @main.out(i64 %55)
+  %56 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
-  %56 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %57 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
-  %57 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %56, 1
+  %58 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %57, i64 8, i64 %56, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %57)
+  %59 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %58, 1
-  %58 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
+  %60 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 2
-  %59 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %58, 2
+  %61 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, 0
-  call void @main.out(i64 %59)
+  %62 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %61, i64 8, i64 %60, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
-  %60 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 5)
+  %63 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %62, 2
-  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %60)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %42)
-  %61 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 5)
+  %64 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @12, i64 1)
-  %62 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61, 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %64)
-  %63 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %61, i64 1, i64 %62)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %47)
-  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %63)
+  %65 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @13, i64 1)
-  %64 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 5)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %65)
-  %65 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %64, i64 1, i64 2)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %51)
-  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %65)
+  %66 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @14, i64 1)
-  %66 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 5)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66)
-  %67 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66, 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %55)
-  %68 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %66, i64 5, i64 %67)
+  %67 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @15, i64 1)
-  call void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %68)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %67)
-  %69 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %59)
-  %70 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %69, i64 0
+  %68 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @16, i64 1)
-  store i64 5, ptr %70, align 4
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %68)
-  %71 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %69, i64 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %63)
-  store i64 6, ptr %71, align 4
+  %69 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @17, i64 1)
-  %72 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %69, i64 2
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %69)
-  store i64 7, ptr %72, align 4
+  %70 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %73 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %69, i64 3
+  %71 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %70, 1
-  store i64 8, ptr %73, align 4
+  %72 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 4, i64 4)
-  %74 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %69, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %73 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %72, 2
-  %75 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %74, 0
+  %74 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
-  %76 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %74, 1
+  %75 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %74, 1
-  %77 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceAppend"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, ptr %75, i64 %76, i64 8)
+  %76 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 4)
-  %78 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %77, 1
+  %77 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %76, 2
-  call void @main.out(i64 %78)
+  %78 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
-  %79 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 3)
+  %79 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %78, 1
-  %80 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %79, i64 0
+  %80 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %8, i64 8, i64 4, i64 1, i64 2, i64 2)
-  store i8 97, ptr %80, align 1
+  %81 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %80, 2
-  %81 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %79, i64 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %71)
-  store i8 98, ptr %81, align 1
+  %82 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @18, i64 1)
-  %82 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %79, i64 2
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %82)
-  store i8 99, ptr %82, align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %73)
-  %83 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %79, i64 1, i64 3, i64 0, i64 3, i64 3)
+  %83 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @19, i64 1)
-  %84 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 3)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %83)
-  %85 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %84, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %75)
-  %86 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %84, 1
+  %84 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @20, i64 1)
-  %87 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceAppend"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %83, ptr %85, i64 %86, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %84)
-  %88 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %87, 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %77)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %88)
+  %85 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @21, i64 1)
-  ret void
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %85)
-}
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %79)
-
+  %86 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @22, i64 1)
-define void @main.out(i64 %0) {
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %86)
-_llgo_0:
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %81)
-  %1 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @5, i64 %0)
+  %87 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @23, i64 1)
-  ret void
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %87)
-}
+  %88 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @24, i64 5)
-
+  %89 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %88, 1
-define void @main.string_len(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0) {
+  %90 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %88, i64 1, i64 %89)
-_llgo_0:
+  %91 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @25, i64 5)
-  %1 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %0, 1
+  %92 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %91, i64 1, i64 2)
-  call void @main.out(i64 %1)
+  %93 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @26, i64 5)
-  ret void
+  %94 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %93, 1
+  %95 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %93, i64 5, i64 %94)
+  %96 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %95, 1
+  %97 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @27, i64 5)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %97)
+  %98 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @28, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %98)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %90)
+  %99 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @29, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %99)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %92)
+  %100 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @30, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %100)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %96)
+  %101 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @31, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %101)
+  %102 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 32)
+  %103 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %102, i64 0
+  store i64 5, ptr %103, align 4
+  %104 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %102, i64 1
+  store i64 6, ptr %104, align 4
+  %105 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %102, i64 2
+  store i64 7, ptr %105, align 4
+  %106 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %102, i64 3
+  store i64 8, ptr %106, align 4
+  %107 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %102, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
+  %108 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %107, 0
+  %109 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %107, 1
+  %110 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceAppend"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7, ptr %108, i64 %109, i64 8)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %110)
+  %111 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @32, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %111)
+  %112 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 3)
+  %113 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %112, i64 0
+  store i8 97, ptr %113, align 1
+  %114 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %112, i64 1
+  store i8 98, ptr %114, align 1
+  %115 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %112, i64 2
+  store i8 99, ptr %115, align 1
+  %116 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %112, i64 1, i64 3, i64 0, i64 3, i64 3)
+  %117 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @33, i64 3)
+  %118 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %117, 0
+  %119 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %117, 1
+  %120 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceAppend"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %116, ptr %118, i64 %119, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %120)
+  %121 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @34, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %121)
+  %122 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 16)
+  %123 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 2)
+  %124 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr %123, i64 100)
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %124, ptr %122, align 8
+  %125 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface", ptr %122, align 8
+  %126 = ptrtoint ptr %122 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintBool"(i1 true)
+  %127 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @35, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %127)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 100)
+  %128 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @36, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %128)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 -100)
+  %129 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @37, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %129)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintUint"(i64 255)
+  %130 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @38, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %130)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 -100)
+  %131 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @39, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %131)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintFloat"(double 1.005000e+02)
+  %132 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @40, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %132)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintIface"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" %125)
+  %133 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @41, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %133)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintPointer"(ptr %122)
+  %134 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @42, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %134)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintUint"(i64 %126)
+  %135 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @43, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %135)
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
@@ -193,10 +319,28 @@ declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
 
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64)
+
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewStringSlice"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", i64, i64)
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.SliceAppend"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice", ptr, i64, i64)
 
-declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64)
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeAnyInt"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintBool"(i1)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintUint"(i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintFloat"(double)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintIface"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface")
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintPointer"(ptr)

cl/_testrt/callback/out.ll

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   store ptr null, ptr %8, align 8
   %9 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %6, align 8
   call void @main.callback(ptr @1, { ptr, ptr } %9)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 define void @main.print(ptr %0) {

cl/_testrt/cast/out.ll

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
 
 define void @main.cvtUinptr(i32 %0, i64 %1) {
 _llgo_0:
-  %2 = sext i32 %0 to i64
+  %2 = zext i32 %0 to i64
   %3 = icmp ne i64 %2, %1
   br i1 %3, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
 
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.cvt32to64(i32 0, i64 0)
   call void @main.cvt32to64(i32 2147483647, i64 2147483647)
   call void @main.cvtUinptr(i32 1024, i64 1024)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)

cl/_testrt/closure/out.ll

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %13 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %12, 1
   %14 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %12, 0
   call void %14(ptr %13)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/concat/out.ll

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ _llgo_0:
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
-  %5 = phi ptr [ %3, %_llgo_0 ], [ %18, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %5 = phi ptr [ %3, %_llgo_0 ], [ %19, %_llgo_2 ]
-  %6 = phi i64 [ %4, %_llgo_0 ], [ %19, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %6 = phi i64 [ %4, %_llgo_0 ], [ %20, %_llgo_2 ]
   %7 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %12, %_llgo_2 ]
   %8 = alloca %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", align 8
   %9 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %8, i32 0, i32 0
@@ -39,12 +39,14 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %13, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %14 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
+  %14 = icmp slt i64 %12, 0
-  %15 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %14, i64 %12
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %14)
-  %16 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %15, align 8
+  %15 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
-  %17 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %16)
+  %16 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %15, i64 %12
-  %18 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17, 0
+  %17 = load %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", ptr %16, align 8
-  %19 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17, 1
+  %18 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %11, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %17)
+  %19 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %18, 0
+  %20 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %18, 1
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -97,9 +99,11 @@ _llgo_0:
   %14 = alloca i8, i64 %13, align 1
   %15 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.CStrCopy"(ptr %14, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %10)
   %16 = call i32 (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %11, ptr @6, ptr %15)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1)
+
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.StringCat"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)

cl/_testrt/cstr/out.ll

@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/cvar/out.ll

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = load { [16 x i8], [2 x ptr] }, ptr @_bar_x, align 8
   %3 = load { [16 x i8] }, ptr @_bar_y, align 1
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/fprintf/out.ll

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = load ptr, ptr @__stderrp, align 8
   call void (ptr, ptr, ...) @fprintf(ptr %2, ptr @0, i64 100)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/gblarray/out.ll

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ source_filename = "main"
 
 %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type" = type { i64, i64, i32, i8, i8, i8, i8, { ptr, ptr }, ptr, i32, i32 }
 
-@main.basicTypes = global ptr null
+@main.basicTypes = global [25 x ptr] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
-@main.sizeBasicTypes = global ptr null
+@main.sizeBasicTypes = global [25 x i64] undef
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
 @0 = private unnamed_addr constant [20 x i8] c"Kind: %d, Size: %d\0A\00", align 1
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %6 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/abi.Type", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
   %7 = load i64, ptr %6, align 4
   %8 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %5, i64 %7)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)

cl/_testrt/gotypes/out.ll

@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
   call void @main.init()
   call void @main.foo(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.iface" zeroinitializer)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/hello/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-@main.format = global ptr null
+@main.format = global [10 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call i32 @strlen(ptr @main.format)
   call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.format, i32 %2)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/index/out.ll

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %70 = getelementptr inbounds i8, ptr %69, i64 1
   %71 = load i8, ptr %70, align 1
   %72 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @6, i8 %71)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/intgen/out.ll

@@ -29,9 +29,11 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
   %9 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 1
   %10 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %1, 0
   %11 = call i32 %10(ptr %9)
-  %12 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4, 0
+  %12 = icmp slt i64 %7, 0
-  %13 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %12, i64 %7
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %12)
-  store i32 %11, ptr %13, align 4
+  %13 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %4, 0
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %13, i64 %7
+  store i32 %11, ptr %14, align 4
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -86,79 +88,87 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %10, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %11 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %6, 0
+  %11 = icmp slt i64 %9, 0
-  %12 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %11, i64 %9
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %11)
-  %13 = load i32, ptr %12, align 4
+  %12 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %6, 0
-  %14 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %13)
+  %13 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %12, i64 %9
+  %14 = load i32, ptr %13, align 4
+  %15 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i32 %14)
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %15 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 4)
+  %16 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 4)
-  store i32 1, ptr %15, align 4
+  store i32 1, ptr %16, align 4
-  %16 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %17 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
-  %17 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %16, i32 0, i32 0
+  %18 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %17, i32 0, i32 0
-  store ptr %15, ptr %17, align 8
+  store ptr %16, ptr %18, align 8
-  %18 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %19 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
-  %19 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %18, i32 0, i32 0
+  %20 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %19, i32 0, i32 0
-  store ptr @"main.main$1", ptr %19, align 8
+  store ptr @"main.main$1", ptr %20, align 8
-  %20 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %18, i32 0, i32 1
+  %21 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %19, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %16, ptr %20, align 8
+  store ptr %17, ptr %21, align 8
-  %21 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %18, align 8
+  %22 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %19, align 8
-  %22 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %21)
+  %23 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %22)
-  %23 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %22, 1
+  %24 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %23, 1
   br label %_llgo_4
 
 _llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_3
-  %24 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_3 ], [ %25, %_llgo_5 ]
+  %25 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_3 ], [ %26, %_llgo_5 ]
-  %25 = add i64 %24, 1
+  %26 = add i64 %25, 1
-  %26 = icmp slt i64 %25, %23
+  %27 = icmp slt i64 %26, %24
-  br i1 %26, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_6
+  br i1 %27, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_6
 
 _llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
-  %27 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %22, 0
+  %28 = icmp slt i64 %26, 0
-  %28 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %27, i64 %25
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %28)
-  %29 = load i32, ptr %28, align 4
+  %29 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %23, 0
-  %30 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i32 %29)
+  %30 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %29, i64 %26
+  %31 = load i32, ptr %30, align 4
+  %32 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @1, i32 %31)
   br label %_llgo_4
 
 _llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
-  %31 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 4)
+  %33 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 4)
-  %32 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %31, i32 0, i32 0
+  %34 = getelementptr inbounds %main.generator, ptr %33, i32 0, i32 0
-  store i32 1, ptr %32, align 4
+  store i32 1, ptr %34, align 4
-  %33 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %35 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
-  %34 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %33, i32 0, i32 0
+  %36 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr }, ptr %35, i32 0, i32 0
-  store ptr %31, ptr %34, align 8
+  store ptr %33, ptr %36, align 8
-  %35 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
+  %37 = alloca { ptr, ptr }, align 8
-  %36 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %35, i32 0, i32 0
+  %38 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %37, i32 0, i32 0
-  store ptr @"main.next$bound", ptr %36, align 8
+  store ptr @"main.next$bound", ptr %38, align 8
-  %37 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %35, i32 0, i32 1
+  %39 = getelementptr inbounds { ptr, ptr }, ptr %37, i32 0, i32 1
-  store ptr %33, ptr %37, align 8
+  store ptr %35, ptr %39, align 8
-  %38 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %35, align 8
+  %40 = load { ptr, ptr }, ptr %37, align 8
-  %39 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %38)
+  %41 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @main.genInts(i64 5, { ptr, ptr } %40)
-  %40 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %39, 1
+  %42 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %41, 1
   br label %_llgo_7
 
 _llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_8, %_llgo_6
-  %41 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_6 ], [ %42, %_llgo_8 ]
+  %43 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_6 ], [ %44, %_llgo_8 ]
-  %42 = add i64 %41, 1
+  %44 = add i64 %43, 1
-  %43 = icmp slt i64 %42, %40
+  %45 = icmp slt i64 %44, %42
-  br i1 %43, label %_llgo_8, label %_llgo_9
+  br i1 %45, label %_llgo_8, label %_llgo_9
 
 _llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
-  %44 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %39, 0
+  %46 = icmp slt i64 %44, 0
-  %45 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %44, i64 %42
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %46)
-  %46 = load i32, ptr %45, align 4
+  %47 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %41, 0
-  %47 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i32 %46)
+  %48 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %47, i64 %44
+  %49 = load i32, ptr %48, align 4
+  %50 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i32 %49)
   br label %_llgo_7
 
 _llgo_9:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice"(ptr, i64, i64)
 
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1)
+
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
 
 declare i32 @rand()

cl/_testrt/linkname/out.ll

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr @0, ptr @1, ptr @2, ptr @3)
   call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr @4, ptr @5, ptr @6, ptr @7)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/internal/linktarget.F"(ptr, ptr, ptr, ptr)

cl/_testrt/map/out.ll

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.MakeSmallMap"()
   %3 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, <null operand!>)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/mask/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package main
+
+func main() {
+	println(mask(1))
+	println(mask_shl(127, 5))
+	println(mask_shl8(127, 5))
+	println(mask_shl8u(127, 5))
+	println(mask_shl8(127, 16))
+	println(mask_shl8u(127, 16))
+	println(mask_shr(127, 5))
+	println(mask_shr8(127, 5))
+	println(mask_shr8u(127, 5))
+	println(mask_shr8(127, 16))
+}
+
+func mask(x int8) int32 {
+	return int32(x) << 31 >> 31
+}
+
+func mask_shl8(x int8, y int) int8 {
+	return x << y
+}
+
+func mask_shl8u(x uint8, y int) uint8 {
+	return x << y
+}
+
+func mask_shl(x int, y int) int {
+	return x << y
+}
+
+func mask_shr8(x int8, y int) int8 {
+	return x >> y
+}
+
+func mask_shr8u(x uint8, y int) uint8 {
+	return x >> y
+}
+
+func mask_shr(x int, y int) int {
+	return x >> y
+}

cl/_testrt/mask/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+; ModuleID = 'main'
+source_filename = "main"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+
+@"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argc = global ptr null
+@__llgo_argv = global ptr null
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@8 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+@9 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"\0A\00", align 1
+
+define void @main.init() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"main.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
+  store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+  call void @main.init()
+  %2 = call i32 @main.mask(i8 1)
+  %3 = sext i32 %2 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %3)
+  %4 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @0, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %4)
+  %5 = call i64 @main.mask_shl(i64 127, i64 5)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %5)
+  %6 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @1, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %6)
+  %7 = call i8 @main.mask_shl8(i8 127, i64 5)
+  %8 = sext i8 %7 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %8)
+  %9 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @2, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %9)
+  %10 = call i8 @main.mask_shl8u(i8 127, i64 5)
+  %11 = zext i8 %10 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintUint"(i64 %11)
+  %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @3, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %12)
+  %13 = call i8 @main.mask_shl8(i8 127, i64 16)
+  %14 = sext i8 %13 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %14)
+  %15 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @4, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %15)
+  %16 = call i8 @main.mask_shl8u(i8 127, i64 16)
+  %17 = zext i8 %16 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintUint"(i64 %17)
+  %18 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @5, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %18)
+  %19 = call i64 @main.mask_shr(i64 127, i64 5)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %19)
+  %20 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @6, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %20)
+  %21 = call i8 @main.mask_shr8(i8 127, i64 5)
+  %22 = sext i8 %21 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %22)
+  %23 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @7, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %23)
+  %24 = call i8 @main.mask_shr8u(i8 127, i64 5)
+  %25 = zext i8 %24 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintUint"(i64 %25)
+  %26 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @8, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %26)
+  %27 = call i8 @main.mask_shr8(i8 127, i64 16)
+  %28 = sext i8 %27 to i64
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %28)
+  %29 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr @9, i64 1)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" %29)
+  ret i32 0
+}
+
+define i32 @main.mask(i8 %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = sext i8 %0 to i32
+  %2 = shl i32 %1, 31
+  %3 = select i1 false, i32 0, i32 %2
+  %4 = ashr i32 %3, 31
+  ret i32 %4
+}
+
+define i64 @main.mask_shl(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = icmp slt i64 %1, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertNegativeShift"(i1 %2)
+  %3 = icmp uge i64 %1, 64
+  %4 = shl i64 %0, %1
+  %5 = select i1 %3, i64 0, i64 %4
+  ret i64 %5
+}
+
+define i8 @main.mask_shl8(i8 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = icmp slt i64 %1, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertNegativeShift"(i1 %2)
+  %3 = trunc i64 %1 to i8
+  %4 = icmp uge i8 %3, 8
+  %5 = shl i8 %0, %3
+  %6 = select i1 %4, i8 0, i8 %5
+  ret i8 %6
+}
+
+define i8 @main.mask_shl8u(i8 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = icmp slt i64 %1, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertNegativeShift"(i1 %2)
+  %3 = trunc i64 %1 to i8
+  %4 = icmp uge i8 %3, 8
+  %5 = shl i8 %0, %3
+  %6 = select i1 %4, i8 0, i8 %5
+  ret i8 %6
+}
+
+define i64 @main.mask_shr(i64 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = icmp slt i64 %1, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertNegativeShift"(i1 %2)
+  %3 = icmp uge i64 %1, 64
+  %4 = select i1 %3, i64 63, i64 %1
+  %5 = ashr i64 %0, %4
+  ret i64 %5
+}
+
+define i8 @main.mask_shr8(i8 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = icmp slt i64 %1, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertNegativeShift"(i1 %2)
+  %3 = trunc i64 %1 to i8
+  %4 = icmp uge i8 %3, 8
+  %5 = select i1 %4, i8 7, i8 %3
+  %6 = ashr i8 %0, %5
+  ret i8 %6
+}
+
+define i8 @main.mask_shr8u(i8 %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = icmp slt i64 %1, 0
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertNegativeShift"(i1 %2)
+  %3 = trunc i64 %1 to i8
+  %4 = icmp uge i8 %3, 8
+  %5 = lshr i8 %0, %3
+  %6 = select i1 %4, i8 0, i8 %5
+  ret i8 %6
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.String" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewString"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.PrintUint"(i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertNegativeShift"(i1)

cl/_testrt/named/out.ll

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %77 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %75, 0
   %78 = call i64 %77(ptr %76, i64 -3)
   %79 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %46, i64 %53, i64 %57, i64 %63, i64 %69, i64 %78)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/panic/out.ll

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8

cl/_testrt/qsort/out.ll

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -48,13 +48,15 @@ _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
   br i1 %12, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %13 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %2, i64 %11
+  %13 = icmp slt i64 %11, 0
-  %14 = load i64, ptr %13, align 4
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %13)
-  %15 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %14)
+  %14 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %2, i64 %11
+  %15 = load i64, ptr %14, align 4
+  %16 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %15)
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()
@@ -72,4 +74,6 @@ _llgo_0:
   ret i32 %5
 }
 
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1)
+
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/result/out.ll

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %17 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %15, 0
   %18 = call i64 %17(ptr %16, i64 100, i64 200)
   %19 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @2, i64 %18, i64 %14)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 define i64 @"main.add$1"(i64 %0, i64 %1) {

cl/_testrt/strlen/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-@main.format = global ptr null
+@main.format = global [10 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   %2 = call i32 @strlen(ptr @main.format)
   call void (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @main.format, i32 %2)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/_testrt/struct/out.ll

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ source_filename = "main"
 
 %main.Foo = type { i32, i1 }
 
-@main.format = global ptr null
+@main.format = global [10 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i1 true, ptr %5, align 1
   %6 = load %main.Foo, ptr %3, align 4
   call void @"(main.Foo).Print"(%main.Foo %6)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Zeroinit"(ptr, i64)

cl/_testrt/sum/out.ll

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   %7 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr %2, i64 8, i64 4, i64 0, i64 4, i64 4)
   %8 = call i64 @main.sum(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %7)
   %9 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0, i64 %8)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 define i64 @main.sum(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0) {
@@ -48,17 +48,19 @@ _llgo_0:
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2, %_llgo_0
-  %2 = phi i64 [ 0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %9, %_llgo_2 ]
+  %2 = phi i64 [ 0, %_llgo_0 ], [ %10, %_llgo_2 ]
   %3 = phi i64 [ -1, %_llgo_0 ], [ %4, %_llgo_2 ]
   %4 = add i64 %3, 1
   %5 = icmp slt i64 %4, %1
   br i1 %5, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_3
 
 _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
-  %6 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
+  %6 = icmp slt i64 %4, 0
-  %7 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %6, i64 %4
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1 %6)
-  %8 = load i64, ptr %7, align 4
+  %7 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" %0, 0
-  %9 = add i64 %2, %8
+  %8 = getelementptr inbounds i64, ptr %7, i64 %4
+  %9 = load i64, ptr %8, align 4
+  %10 = add i64 %2, %9
   br label %_llgo_1
 
 _llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1
@@ -72,3 +74,5 @@ declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
 declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.Slice" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.NewSlice3"(ptr, i64, i64, i64, i64, i64)
 
 declare i32 @printf(ptr, ...)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.AssertIndexRange"(i1)

cl/_testrt/typalias/out.ll

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 ; ModuleID = 'main'
 source_filename = "main"
 
-@main.format = global ptr null
+@main.format = global [10 x i8] undef
 @"main.init$guard" = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argc = global ptr null
 @__llgo_argv = global ptr null
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   store i32 100, ptr %3, align 4
   store i1 true, ptr %4, align 1
   call void @main.Print(ptr %2)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @printf(ptr, ...)

cl/_testrt/unreachable/out.ll

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ _llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
   ret void
 }
 
-define void @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
+define i32 @main(i32 %0, ptr %1) {
 _llgo_0:
   store i32 %0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
   store ptr %1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ _llgo_0:
   call void @main.init()
   call void @main.foo()
   %2 = call i32 (ptr, ...) @printf(ptr @0)
-  ret void
+  ret i32 0
 }
 
 declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/runtime.init"()

cl/compile.go

@@ -152,6 +152,10 @@ type context struct {
 	phis   []func()
 }
 
+func (p *context) inMain(instr ssa.Instruction) bool {
+	return instr.Parent().Name() == "main"
+}
+
 func (p *context) compileType(pkg llssa.Package, t *ssa.Type) {
 	tn := t.Object().(*types.TypeName)
 	if tn.IsAlias() { // don't need to compile alias type
@@ -246,10 +250,13 @@ func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, f *ssa.Function) (llssa.Fun
 			argc := types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkgTypes, "", types.Typ[types.Int32])
 			argv := types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkgTypes, "", argvTy)
 			params := types.NewTuple(argc, argv)
-			sig = types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, nil, false)
+			ret := types.NewParam(token.NoPos, pkgTypes, "", p.prog.CInt().RawType())
+			results := types.NewTuple(ret)
+			sig = types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, results, false)
 		}
 		fn = pkg.NewFuncEx(name, sig, llssa.Background(ftype), hasCtx)
 	}
+
 	if nblk := len(f.Blocks); nblk > 0 {
 		fn.MakeBlocks(nblk) // to set fn.HasBody() = true
 		p.inits = append(p.inits, func() {
@@ -779,6 +786,10 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 				results[i] = p.compileValue(b, r)
 			}
 		}
+		if p.inMain(instr) {
+			results = make([]llssa.Expr, 1)
+			results[0] = p.prog.IntVal(0, p.prog.CInt())
+		}
 		b.Return(results...)
 	case *ssa.If:
 		fn := p.fn

cl/compile_test.go

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestFromTestdata(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSqlite(t *testing.T) {
-	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/x/sqlite", "../x/sqlite/llgo_autogen.ll")
+	cltest.Pkg(t, "github.com/goplus/llgo/c/sqlite", "../c/sqlite/llgo_autogen.ll")
 }
 
 func TestFromTestpymath(t *testing.T) {

internal/build/build.go

@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func buildAllPkgs(prog llssa.Program, initial []*packages.Package, mode Mode, ve
 				dir, lib := filepath.Split(linkFile)
 				command := " -l " + lib
 				if dir != "" {
-					command += " -L " + dir
+					command += " -L " + dir[:len(dir)-1]
 				}
 				if isSingleLinkFile(pkg.ExportFile) {
 					pkg.ExportFile = command + " " + pkg.ExportFile
@@ -371,6 +371,7 @@ var (
 		"-x":         false, // -x: print the commands
 		"-tags":      true,  // -tags 'tag,list': a space-separated list of build tags to consider satisfied during the build
 		"-pkgdir":    true,  // -pkgdir dir: install and load all packages from dir instead of the usual locations
+		"-ldflags":   true,  // --ldflags 'flag list': arguments to pass on each go tool link invocation
 	}
 )
 
@@ -403,7 +404,11 @@ func SkipFlagArgs(args []string) int {
 }
 
 func checkFlag(arg string, i *int, verbose *bool, swflags map[string]bool) {
-	if hasarg, ok := swflags[arg]; ok {
+	if pos := strings.IndexByte(arg, '='); pos > 0 {
+		if verbose != nil && arg == "-v=true" {
+			*verbose = true
+		}
+	} else if hasarg, ok := swflags[arg]; ok {
 		if hasarg {
 			*i++
 		} else if verbose != nil && arg == "-v" {

internal/runtime/error.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package runtime
+
+type errorString string
+
+func (e errorString) RuntimeError() {}
+
+func (e errorString) Error() string {
+	return "runtime error: " + string(e)
+}
+
+func AssertRuntimeError(b bool, msg string) {
+	if b {
+		panic(errorString(msg).Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func AssertNegativeShift(b bool) {
+	if b {
+		panic(errorString("negative shift amount").Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func AssertIndexRange(b bool) {
+	if b {
+		panic(errorString("index out of range").Error())
+	}
+}

internal/runtime/print.go

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
+)
+
+// The compiler knows that a print of a value of this type
+// should use printhex instead of printuint (decimal).
+func bytes(s string) (ret []byte) {
+	rp := (*Slice)(unsafe.Pointer(&ret))
+	sp := (*String)(unsafe.Pointer(&s))
+	rp.data = sp.data
+	rp.len = sp.len
+	rp.cap = sp.len
+	return
+}
+
+func gwrite(b []byte) {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, v := range b {
+		c.Fprintf(c.Stderr, c.Str("%c"), v)
+	}
+}
+
+func PrintBool(v bool) {
+	if v {
+		PrintString("true")
+	} else {
+		PrintString("false")
+	}
+}
+
+func PrintFloat(v float64) {
+	switch {
+	case v != v:
+		PrintString("NaN")
+		return
+	case v+v == v && v > 0:
+		PrintString("+Inf")
+		return
+	case v+v == v && v < 0:
+		PrintString("-Inf")
+		return
+	}
+
+	const n = 7 // digits printed
+	var buf [n + 7]byte
+	buf[0] = '+'
+	e := 0 // exp
+	if v == 0 {
+		if 1/v < 0 {
+			buf[0] = '-'
+		}
+	} else {
+		if v < 0 {
+			v = -v
+			buf[0] = '-'
+		}
+
+		// normalize
+		for v >= 10 {
+			e++
+			v /= 10
+		}
+		for v < 1 {
+			e--
+			v *= 10
+		}
+
+		// round
+		h := 5.0
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			h /= 10
+		}
+		v += h
+		if v >= 10 {
+			e++
+			v /= 10
+		}
+	}
+
+	// format +d.dddd+edd
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		s := int(v)
+		buf[i+2] = byte(s + '0')
+		v -= float64(s)
+		v *= 10
+	}
+	buf[1] = buf[2]
+	buf[2] = '.'
+
+	buf[n+2] = 'e'
+	buf[n+3] = '+'
+	if e < 0 {
+		e = -e
+		buf[n+3] = '-'
+	}
+
+	buf[n+4] = byte(e/100) + '0'
+	buf[n+5] = byte(e/10)%10 + '0'
+	buf[n+6] = byte(e%10) + '0'
+	gwrite(buf[:])
+}
+
+// func PrintComplex(c complex128) {
+// 	print("(", real(c), imag(c), "i)")
+// }
+
+func PrintUint(v uint64) {
+	var buf [100]byte
+	i := len(buf)
+	for i--; i > 0; i-- {
+		buf[i] = byte(v%10 + '0')
+		if v < 10 {
+			break
+		}
+		v /= 10
+	}
+	gwrite(buf[i:])
+}
+
+func PrintInt(v int64) {
+	if v < 0 {
+		PrintString("-")
+		v = -v
+	}
+	PrintUint(uint64(v))
+}
+
+func PrintHex(v uint64) {
+	const dig = "0123456789abcdef"
+	var buf [100]byte
+	i := len(buf)
+	for i--; i > 0; i-- {
+		buf[i] = dig[v%16]
+		if v < 16 && len(buf)-i >= 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		v /= 16
+	}
+	i--
+	buf[i] = 'x'
+	i--
+	buf[i] = '0'
+	gwrite(buf[i:])
+}
+
+func PrintPointer(p unsafe.Pointer) {
+	PrintHex(uint64(uintptr(p)))
+}
+
+func PrintString(s string) {
+	gwrite(bytes(s))
+}
+
+func PrintSlice(s Slice) {
+	sp := (*Slice)(unsafe.Pointer(&s))
+	print("[", s.len, "/", s.cap, "]")
+	PrintPointer(sp.data)
+}
+
+func PrintIface(i iface) {
+	print("(", i.tab, ",", i.data, ")")
+}

py/numpy/gen.go

@@ -111,6 +111,102 @@ func ShowConfig(mode *py.Object) *py.Object
 //go:linkname Isfortran py.isfortran
 func Isfortran(a *py.Object) *py.Object
 
+// Return an array representing the indices of a grid.
+//
+// Compute an array where the subarrays contain index values 0, 1, ...
+// varying only along the corresponding axis.
+//
+// Parameters
+// ----------
+// dimensions : sequence of ints
+//
+//	The shape of the grid.
+//
+// dtype : dtype, optional
+//
+//	Data type of the result.
+//
+// sparse : boolean, optional
+//
+//	Return a sparse representation of the grid instead of a dense
+//	representation. Default is False.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.17
+//
+// Returns
+// -------
+// grid : one ndarray or tuple of ndarrays
+//
+//	If sparse is False:
+//	    Returns one array of grid indices,
+//	    ``grid.shape = (len(dimensions),) + tuple(dimensions)``.
+//	If sparse is True:
+//	    Returns a tuple of arrays, with
+//	    ``grid[i].shape = (1, ..., 1, dimensions[i], 1, ..., 1)`` with
+//	    dimensions[i] in the ith place
+//
+// See Also
+// --------
+// mgrid, ogrid, meshgrid
+//
+// Notes
+// -----
+// The output shape in the dense case is obtained by prepending the number
+// of dimensions in front of the tuple of dimensions, i.e. if `dimensions`
+// is a tuple “(r0, ..., rN-1)“ of length “N“, the output shape is
+// “(N, r0, ..., rN-1)“.
+//
+// The subarrays “grid[k]“ contains the N-D array of indices along the
+// “k-th“ axis. Explicitly::
+//
+//	grid[k, i0, i1, ..., iN-1] = ik
+//
+// Examples
+// --------
+// >>> grid = np.indices((2, 3))
+// >>> grid.shape
+// (2, 2, 3)
+// >>> grid[0]        # row indices
+// array([[0, 0, 0],
+//
+//	[1, 1, 1]])
+//
+// >>> grid[1]        # column indices
+// array([[0, 1, 2],
+//
+//	[0, 1, 2]])
+//
+// The indices can be used as an index into an array.
+//
+// >>> x = np.arange(20).reshape(5, 4)
+// >>> row, col = np.indices((2, 3))
+// >>> x[row, col]
+// array([[0, 1, 2],
+//
+//	[4, 5, 6]])
+//
+// Note that it would be more straightforward in the above example to
+// extract the required elements directly with “x[:2, :3]“.
+//
+// If sparse is set to true, the grid will be returned in a sparse
+// representation.
+//
+// >>> i, j = np.indices((2, 3), sparse=True)
+// >>> i.shape
+// (2, 1)
+// >>> j.shape
+// (1, 3)
+// >>> i        # row indices
+// array([[0],
+//
+//	[1]])
+//
+// >>> j        # column indices
+// array([[0, 1, 2]])
+//
+//go:linkname Indices py.indices
+func Indices(dimensions *py.Object, dtype *py.Object, sparse *py.Object) *py.Object
+
 // Construct an array by executing a function over each coordinate.
 //
 // The resulting array therefore has a value “fn(x, y, z)“ at
@@ -3458,67 +3554,6 @@ func Frexp(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
 //go:linkname Gcd py.gcd
 func Gcd(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
 
-// greater_equal(x1, x2, /, out=None, *, where=True, casting='same_kind', order='K', dtype=None, subok=True[, signature, extobj])
-//
-// Return the truth value of (x1 >= x2) element-wise.
-//
-// Parameters
-// ----------
-// x1, x2 : array_like
-//
-//	Input arrays.
-//	If ``x1.shape != x2.shape``, they must be broadcastable to a common
-//	shape (which becomes the shape of the output).
-//
-// out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional
-//
-//	A location into which the result is stored. If provided, it must have
-//	a shape that the inputs broadcast to. If not provided or None,
-//	a freshly-allocated array is returned. A tuple (possible only as a
-//	keyword argument) must have length equal to the number of outputs.
-//
-// where : array_like, optional
-//
-//	This condition is broadcast over the input. At locations where the
-//	condition is True, the `out` array will be set to the ufunc result.
-//	Elsewhere, the `out` array will retain its original value.
-//	Note that if an uninitialized `out` array is created via the default
-//	``out=None``, locations within it where the condition is False will
-//	remain uninitialized.
-//
-// **kwargs
-//
-//	For other keyword-only arguments, see the
-//	:ref:`ufunc docs <ufuncs.kwargs>`.
-//
-// Returns
-// -------
-// out : bool or ndarray of bool
-//
-//	Output array, element-wise comparison of `x1` and `x2`.
-//	Typically of type bool, unless ``dtype=object`` is passed.
-//	This is a scalar if both `x1` and `x2` are scalars.
-//
-// See Also
-// --------
-// greater, less, less_equal, equal, not_equal
-//
-// Examples
-// --------
-// >>> np.greater_equal([4, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2])
-// array([ True, True, False])
-//
-// The “>=“ operator can be used as a shorthand for “np.greater_equal“
-// on ndarrays.
-//
-// >>> a = np.array([4, 2, 1])
-// >>> b = np.array([2, 2, 2])
-// >>> a >= b
-// array([ True,  True, False])
-//
-//go:linkname GreaterEqual py.greater_equal
-func GreaterEqual(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
-
 // heaviside(x1, x2, /, out=None, *, where=True, casting='same_kind', order='K', dtype=None, subok=True[, signature, extobj])
 //
 // Compute the Heaviside step function.
@@ -6204,6 +6239,70 @@ func RightShift(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
 //go:linkname Rint py.rint
 func Rint(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
 
+// sign(x, /, out=None, *, where=True, casting='same_kind', order='K', dtype=None, subok=True[, signature, extobj])
+//
+// Returns an element-wise indication of the sign of a number.
+//
+// The `sign` function returns “-1 if x < 0, 0 if x==0, 1 if x > 0“.  nan
+// is returned for nan inputs.
+//
+// For complex inputs, the `sign` function returns
+// “sign(x.real) + 0j if x.real != 0 else sign(x.imag) + 0j“.
+//
+// complex(nan, 0) is returned for complex nan inputs.
+//
+// Parameters
+// ----------
+// x : array_like
+//
+//	Input values.
+//
+// out : ndarray, None, or tuple of ndarray and None, optional
+//
+//	A location into which the result is stored. If provided, it must have
+//	a shape that the inputs broadcast to. If not provided or None,
+//	a freshly-allocated array is returned. A tuple (possible only as a
+//	keyword argument) must have length equal to the number of outputs.
+//
+// where : array_like, optional
+//
+//	This condition is broadcast over the input. At locations where the
+//	condition is True, the `out` array will be set to the ufunc result.
+//	Elsewhere, the `out` array will retain its original value.
+//	Note that if an uninitialized `out` array is created via the default
+//	``out=None``, locations within it where the condition is False will
+//	remain uninitialized.
+//
+// **kwargs
+//
+//	For other keyword-only arguments, see the
+//	:ref:`ufunc docs <ufuncs.kwargs>`.
+//
+// Returns
+// -------
+// y : ndarray
+//
+//	The sign of `x`.
+//	This is a scalar if `x` is a scalar.
+//
+// Notes
+// -----
+// There is more than one definition of sign in common use for complex
+// numbers.  The definition used here is equivalent to :math:`x/\sqrt{x*x}`
+// which is different from a common alternative, :math:`x/|x|`.
+//
+// Examples
+// --------
+// >>> np.sign([-5., 4.5])
+// array([-1.,  1.])
+// >>> np.sign(0)
+// 0
+// >>> np.sign(5-2j)
+// (1+0j)
+//
+//go:linkname Sign py.sign
+func Sign(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
+
 // signbit(x, /, out=None, *, where=True, casting='same_kind', order='K', dtype=None, subok=True[, signature, extobj])
 //
 // Returns element-wise True where signbit is set (less than zero).
@@ -9017,6 +9116,130 @@ func GetArrayWrap(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
 //go:linkname BroadcastShapes py.broadcast_shapes
 func BroadcastShapes(__llgo_va_list ...interface{}) *py.Object
 
+// Return a 2-D array with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
+//
+// Parameters
+// ----------
+// N : int
+//
+//	Number of rows in the output.
+//
+// M : int, optional
+//
+//	Number of columns in the output. If None, defaults to `N`.
+//
+// k : int, optional
+//
+//	Index of the diagonal: 0 (the default) refers to the main diagonal,
+//	a positive value refers to an upper diagonal, and a negative value
+//	to a lower diagonal.
+//
+// dtype : data-type, optional
+//
+//	Data-type of the returned array.
+//
+// order : {'C', 'F'}, optional
+//
+//	Whether the output should be stored in row-major (C-style) or
+//	column-major (Fortran-style) order in memory.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.14.0
+//
+// like : array_like, optional
+//
+//	Reference object to allow the creation of arrays which are not
+//	NumPy arrays. If an array-like passed in as ``like`` supports
+//	the ``__array_function__`` protocol, the result will be defined
+//	by it. In this case, it ensures the creation of an array object
+//	compatible with that passed in via this argument.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+//
+// Returns
+// -------
+// I : ndarray of shape (N,M)
+//
+//	An array where all elements are equal to zero, except for the `k`-th
+//	diagonal, whose values are equal to one.
+//
+// See Also
+// --------
+// identity : (almost) equivalent function
+// diag : diagonal 2-D array from a 1-D array specified by the user.
+//
+// Examples
+// --------
+// >>> np.eye(2, dtype=int)
+// array([[1, 0],
+//
+//	[0, 1]])
+//
+// >>> np.eye(3, k=1)
+// array([[0.,  1.,  0.],
+//
+//	[0.,  0.,  1.],
+//	[0.,  0.,  0.]])
+//
+//go:linkname Eye py.eye
+func Eye(N *py.Object, M *py.Object, k *py.Object, dtype *py.Object, order *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// An array with ones at and below the given diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
+//
+// Parameters
+// ----------
+// N : int
+//
+//	Number of rows in the array.
+//
+// M : int, optional
+//
+//	Number of columns in the array.
+//	By default, `M` is taken equal to `N`.
+//
+// k : int, optional
+//
+//	The sub-diagonal at and below which the array is filled.
+//	`k` = 0 is the main diagonal, while `k` < 0 is below it,
+//	and `k` > 0 is above.  The default is 0.
+//
+// dtype : dtype, optional
+//
+//	Data type of the returned array.  The default is float.
+//
+// like : array_like, optional
+//
+//	Reference object to allow the creation of arrays which are not
+//	NumPy arrays. If an array-like passed in as ``like`` supports
+//	the ``__array_function__`` protocol, the result will be defined
+//	by it. In this case, it ensures the creation of an array object
+//	compatible with that passed in via this argument.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+//
+// Returns
+// -------
+// tri : ndarray of shape (N, M)
+//
+//	Array with its lower triangle filled with ones and zero elsewhere;
+//	in other words ``T[i,j] == 1`` for ``j <= i + k``, 0 otherwise.
+//
+// Examples
+// --------
+// >>> np.tri(3, 5, 2, dtype=int)
+// array([[1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
+//
+//	[1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
+//	[1, 1, 1, 1, 1]])
+//
+// >>> np.tri(3, 5, -1)
+// array([[0.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
+//
+//	[1.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
+//	[1.,  1.,  0.,  0.,  0.]])
+//
+//go:linkname Tri py.tri
+func Tri(N *py.Object, M *py.Object, k *py.Object, dtype *py.Object) *py.Object
+
 // Return the indices to access (n, n) arrays, given a masking function.
 //
 // Assume `mask_func` is a function that, for a square array a of size
@@ -9502,6 +9725,49 @@ func GetInclude() *py.Object
 //go:linkname Info py.info
 func Info(object *py.Object, maxwidth *py.Object, output *py.Object, toplevel *py.Object) *py.Object
 
+// Print or write to a file the source code for a NumPy object.
+//
+// The source code is only returned for objects written in Python. Many
+// functions and classes are defined in C and will therefore not return
+// useful information.
+//
+// Parameters
+// ----------
+// object : numpy object
+//
+//	Input object. This can be any object (function, class, module,
+//	...).
+//
+// output : file object, optional
+//
+//	If `output` not supplied then source code is printed to screen
+//	(sys.stdout).  File object must be created with either write 'w' or
+//	append 'a' modes.
+//
+// See Also
+// --------
+// lookfor, info
+//
+// Examples
+// --------
+// >>> np.source(np.interp)                        #doctest: +SKIP
+// In file: /usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.py
+// def interp(x, xp, fp, left=None, right=None):
+//
+//	""".... (full docstring printed)"""
+//	if isinstance(x, (float, int, number)):
+//	    return compiled_interp([x], xp, fp, left, right).item()
+//	else:
+//	    return compiled_interp(x, xp, fp, left, right)
+//
+// The source code is only returned for objects written in Python.
+//
+// >>> np.source(np.array)                         #doctest: +SKIP
+// Not available for this object.
+//
+//go:linkname Source py.source
+func Source(object *py.Object, output *py.Object) *py.Object
+
 // Print the NumPy arrays in the given dictionary.
 //
 // If there is no dictionary passed in or `vardict` is None then returns
@@ -9718,6 +9984,538 @@ func SafeEval(source *py.Object) *py.Object
 //go:linkname ShowRuntime py.show_runtime
 func ShowRuntime() *py.Object
 
+// Load data from a text file.
+//
+// Parameters
+// ----------
+// fname : file, str, pathlib.Path, list of str, generator
+//
+//	File, filename, list, or generator to read.  If the filename
+//	extension is ``.gz`` or ``.bz2``, the file is first decompressed. Note
+//	that generators must return bytes or strings. The strings
+//	in a list or produced by a generator are treated as lines.
+//
+// dtype : data-type, optional
+//
+//	Data-type of the resulting array; default: float.  If this is a
+//	structured data-type, the resulting array will be 1-dimensional, and
+//	each row will be interpreted as an element of the array.  In this
+//	case, the number of columns used must match the number of fields in
+//	the data-type.
+//
+// comments : str or sequence of str or None, optional
+//
+//	The characters or list of characters used to indicate the start of a
+//	comment. None implies no comments. For backwards compatibility, byte
+//	strings will be decoded as 'latin1'. The default is '#'.
+//
+// delimiter : str, optional
+//
+//	The character used to separate the values. For backwards compatibility,
+//	byte strings will be decoded as 'latin1'. The default is whitespace.
+//
+//	.. versionchanged:: 1.23.0
+//	   Only single character delimiters are supported. Newline characters
+//	   cannot be used as the delimiter.
+//
+// converters : dict or callable, optional
+//
+//	Converter functions to customize value parsing. If `converters` is
+//	callable, the function is applied to all columns, else it must be a
+//	dict that maps column number to a parser function.
+//	See examples for further details.
+//	Default: None.
+//
+//	.. versionchanged:: 1.23.0
+//	   The ability to pass a single callable to be applied to all columns
+//	   was added.
+//
+// skiprows : int, optional
+//
+//	Skip the first `skiprows` lines, including comments; default: 0.
+//
+// usecols : int or sequence, optional
+//
+//	Which columns to read, with 0 being the first. For example,
+//	``usecols = (1,4,5)`` will extract the 2nd, 5th and 6th columns.
+//	The default, None, results in all columns being read.
+//
+//	.. versionchanged:: 1.11.0
+//	    When a single column has to be read it is possible to use
+//	    an integer instead of a tuple. E.g ``usecols = 3`` reads the
+//	    fourth column the same way as ``usecols = (3,)`` would.
+//
+// unpack : bool, optional
+//
+//	If True, the returned array is transposed, so that arguments may be
+//	unpacked using ``x, y, z = loadtxt(...)``.  When used with a
+//	structured data-type, arrays are returned for each field.
+//	Default is False.
+//
+// ndmin : int, optional
+//
+//	The returned array will have at least `ndmin` dimensions.
+//	Otherwise mono-dimensional axes will be squeezed.
+//	Legal values: 0 (default), 1 or 2.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.6.0
+//
+// encoding : str, optional
+//
+//	Encoding used to decode the inputfile. Does not apply to input streams.
+//	The special value 'bytes' enables backward compatibility workarounds
+//	that ensures you receive byte arrays as results if possible and passes
+//	'latin1' encoded strings to converters. Override this value to receive
+//	unicode arrays and pass strings as input to converters.  If set to None
+//	the system default is used. The default value is 'bytes'.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.14.0
+//
+// max_rows : int, optional
+//
+//	Read `max_rows` rows of content after `skiprows` lines. The default is
+//	to read all the rows. Note that empty rows containing no data such as
+//	empty lines and comment lines are not counted towards `max_rows`,
+//	while such lines are counted in `skiprows`.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.16.0
+//
+//	.. versionchanged:: 1.23.0
+//	    Lines containing no data, including comment lines (e.g., lines
+//	    starting with '#' or as specified via `comments`) are not counted
+//	    towards `max_rows`.
+//
+// quotechar : unicode character or None, optional
+//
+//	The character used to denote the start and end of a quoted item.
+//	Occurrences of the delimiter or comment characters are ignored within
+//	a quoted item. The default value is ``quotechar=None``, which means
+//	quoting support is disabled.
+//
+//	If two consecutive instances of `quotechar` are found within a quoted
+//	field, the first is treated as an escape character. See examples.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.23.0
+//
+// like : array_like, optional
+//
+//	Reference object to allow the creation of arrays which are not
+//	NumPy arrays. If an array-like passed in as ``like`` supports
+//	the ``__array_function__`` protocol, the result will be defined
+//	by it. In this case, it ensures the creation of an array object
+//	compatible with that passed in via this argument.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+//
+// Returns
+// -------
+// out : ndarray
+//
+//	Data read from the text file.
+//
+// See Also
+// --------
+// load, fromstring, fromregex
+// genfromtxt : Load data with missing values handled as specified.
+// scipy.io.loadmat : reads MATLAB data files
+//
+// Notes
+// -----
+// This function aims to be a fast reader for simply formatted files.  The
+// `genfromtxt` function provides more sophisticated handling of, e.g.,
+// lines with missing values.
+//
+// Each row in the input text file must have the same number of values to be
+// able to read all values. If all rows do not have same number of values, a
+// subset of up to n columns (where n is the least number of values present
+// in all rows) can be read by specifying the columns via `usecols`.
+//
+// .. versionadded:: 1.10.0
+//
+// The strings produced by the Python float.hex method can be used as
+// input for floats.
+//
+// Examples
+// --------
+// >>> from io import StringIO   # StringIO behaves like a file object
+// >>> c = StringIO("0 1\n2 3")
+// >>> np.loadtxt(c)
+// array([[0., 1.],
+//
+//	[2., 3.]])
+//
+// >>> d = StringIO("M 21 72\nF 35 58")
+// >>> np.loadtxt(d, dtype={'names': ('gender', 'age', 'weight'),
+// ...                      'formats': ('S1', 'i4', 'f4')})
+// array([(b'M', 21, 72.), (b'F', 35, 58.)],
+//
+//	dtype=[('gender', 'S1'), ('age', '<i4'), ('weight', '<f4')])
+//
+// >>> c = StringIO("1,0,2\n3,0,4")
+// >>> x, y = np.loadtxt(c, delimiter=',', usecols=(0, 2), unpack=True)
+// >>> x
+// array([1., 3.])
+// >>> y
+// array([2., 4.])
+//
+// The `converters` argument is used to specify functions to preprocess the
+// text prior to parsing. `converters` can be a dictionary that maps
+// preprocessing functions to each column:
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO("1.618, 2.296\n3.141, 4.669\n")
+// >>> conv = {
+// ...     0: lambda x: np.floor(float(x)),  # conversion fn for column 0
+// ...     1: lambda x: np.ceil(float(x)),  # conversion fn for column 1
+// ... }
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, delimiter=",", converters=conv)
+// array([[1., 3.],
+//
+//	[3., 5.]])
+//
+// `converters` can be a callable instead of a dictionary, in which case it
+// is applied to all columns:
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO("0xDE 0xAD\n0xC0 0xDE")
+// >>> import functools
+// >>> conv = functools.partial(int, base=16)
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, converters=conv)
+// array([[222., 173.],
+//
+//	[192., 222.]])
+//
+// This example shows how `converters` can be used to convert a field
+// with a trailing minus sign into a negative number.
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO('10.01 31.25-\n19.22 64.31\n17.57- 63.94')
+// >>> def conv(fld):
+// ...     return -float(fld[:-1]) if fld.endswith(b'-') else float(fld)
+// ...
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, converters=conv)
+// array([[ 10.01, -31.25],
+//
+//	[ 19.22,  64.31],
+//	[-17.57,  63.94]])
+//
+// Using a callable as the converter can be particularly useful for handling
+// values with different formatting, e.g. floats with underscores:
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO("1 2.7 100_000")
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, converters=float)
+// array([1.e+00, 2.7e+00, 1.e+05])
+//
+// This idea can be extended to automatically handle values specified in
+// many different formats:
+//
+// >>> def conv(val):
+// ...     try:
+// ...         return float(val)
+// ...     except ValueError:
+// ...         return float.fromhex(val)
+// >>> s = StringIO("1, 2.5, 3_000, 0b4, 0x1.4000000000000p+2")
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, delimiter=",", converters=conv, encoding=None)
+// array([1.0e+00, 2.5e+00, 3.0e+03, 1.8e+02, 5.0e+00])
+//
+// Note that with the default “encoding="bytes"“, the inputs to the
+// converter function are latin-1 encoded byte strings. To deactivate the
+// implicit encoding prior to conversion, use “encoding=None“
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO('10.01 31.25-\n19.22 64.31\n17.57- 63.94')
+// >>> conv = lambda x: -float(x[:-1]) if x.endswith('-') else float(x)
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, converters=conv, encoding=None)
+// array([[ 10.01, -31.25],
+//
+//	[ 19.22,  64.31],
+//	[-17.57,  63.94]])
+//
+// Support for quoted fields is enabled with the `quotechar` parameter.
+// Comment and delimiter characters are ignored when they appear within a
+// quoted item delineated by `quotechar`:
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO('"alpha, #42", 10.0\n"beta, #64", 2.0\n')
+// >>> dtype = np.dtype([("label", "U12"), ("value", float)])
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, dtype=dtype, delimiter=",", quotechar='"')
+// array([('alpha, #42', 10.), ('beta, #64',  2.)],
+//
+//	dtype=[('label', '<U12'), ('value', '<f8')])
+//
+// Quoted fields can be separated by multiple whitespace characters:
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO('"alpha, #42"       10.0\n"beta, #64" 2.0\n')
+// >>> dtype = np.dtype([("label", "U12"), ("value", float)])
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, dtype=dtype, delimiter=None, quotechar='"')
+// array([('alpha, #42', 10.), ('beta, #64',  2.)],
+//
+//	dtype=[('label', '<U12'), ('value', '<f8')])
+//
+// Two consecutive quote characters within a quoted field are treated as a
+// single escaped character:
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO('"Hello, my name is ""Monty""!"')
+// >>> np.loadtxt(s, dtype="U", delimiter=",", quotechar='"')
+// array('Hello, my name is "Monty"!', dtype='<U26')
+//
+// Read subset of columns when all rows do not contain equal number of values:
+//
+// >>> d = StringIO("1 2\n2 4\n3 9 12\n4 16 20")
+// >>> np.loadtxt(d, usecols=(0, 1))
+// array([[ 1.,  2.],
+//
+//	[ 2.,  4.],
+//	[ 3.,  9.],
+//	[ 4., 16.]])
+//
+//go:linkname Loadtxt py.loadtxt
+func Loadtxt(fname *py.Object, dtype *py.Object, comments *py.Object, delimiter *py.Object, converters *py.Object, skiprows *py.Object, usecols *py.Object, unpack *py.Object, ndmin *py.Object, encoding *py.Object, maxRows *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// Load data from a text file, with missing values handled as specified.
+//
+// Each line past the first `skip_header` lines is split at the `delimiter`
+// character, and characters following the `comments` character are discarded.
+//
+// Parameters
+// ----------
+// fname : file, str, pathlib.Path, list of str, generator
+//
+//	File, filename, list, or generator to read.  If the filename
+//	extension is ``.gz`` or ``.bz2``, the file is first decompressed. Note
+//	that generators must return bytes or strings. The strings
+//	in a list or produced by a generator are treated as lines.
+//
+// dtype : dtype, optional
+//
+//	Data type of the resulting array.
+//	If None, the dtypes will be determined by the contents of each
+//	column, individually.
+//
+// comments : str, optional
+//
+//	The character used to indicate the start of a comment.
+//	All the characters occurring on a line after a comment are discarded.
+//
+// delimiter : str, int, or sequence, optional
+//
+//	The string used to separate values.  By default, any consecutive
+//	whitespaces act as delimiter.  An integer or sequence of integers
+//	can also be provided as width(s) of each field.
+//
+// skiprows : int, optional
+//
+//	`skiprows` was removed in numpy 1.10. Please use `skip_header` instead.
+//
+// skip_header : int, optional
+//
+//	The number of lines to skip at the beginning of the file.
+//
+// skip_footer : int, optional
+//
+//	The number of lines to skip at the end of the file.
+//
+// converters : variable, optional
+//
+//	The set of functions that convert the data of a column to a value.
+//	The converters can also be used to provide a default value
+//	for missing data: ``converters = {3: lambda s: float(s or 0)}``.
+//
+// missing : variable, optional
+//
+//	`missing` was removed in numpy 1.10. Please use `missing_values`
+//	instead.
+//
+// missing_values : variable, optional
+//
+//	The set of strings corresponding to missing data.
+//
+// filling_values : variable, optional
+//
+//	The set of values to be used as default when the data are missing.
+//
+// usecols : sequence, optional
+//
+//	Which columns to read, with 0 being the first.  For example,
+//	``usecols = (1, 4, 5)`` will extract the 2nd, 5th and 6th columns.
+//
+// names : {None, True, str, sequence}, optional
+//
+//	If `names` is True, the field names are read from the first line after
+//	the first `skip_header` lines. This line can optionally be preceded
+//	by a comment delimiter. If `names` is a sequence or a single-string of
+//	comma-separated names, the names will be used to define the field names
+//	in a structured dtype. If `names` is None, the names of the dtype
+//	fields will be used, if any.
+//
+// excludelist : sequence, optional
+//
+//	A list of names to exclude. This list is appended to the default list
+//	['return','file','print']. Excluded names are appended with an
+//	underscore: for example, `file` would become `file_`.
+//
+// deletechars : str, optional
+//
+//	A string combining invalid characters that must be deleted from the
+//	names.
+//
+// defaultfmt : str, optional
+//
+//	A format used to define default field names, such as "f%i" or "f_%02i".
+//
+// autostrip : bool, optional
+//
+//	Whether to automatically strip white spaces from the variables.
+//
+// replace_space : char, optional
+//
+//	Character(s) used in replacement of white spaces in the variable
+//	names. By default, use a '_'.
+//
+// case_sensitive : {True, False, 'upper', 'lower'}, optional
+//
+//	If True, field names are case sensitive.
+//	If False or 'upper', field names are converted to upper case.
+//	If 'lower', field names are converted to lower case.
+//
+// unpack : bool, optional
+//
+//	If True, the returned array is transposed, so that arguments may be
+//	unpacked using ``x, y, z = genfromtxt(...)``.  When used with a
+//	structured data-type, arrays are returned for each field.
+//	Default is False.
+//
+// usemask : bool, optional
+//
+//	If True, return a masked array.
+//	If False, return a regular array.
+//
+// loose : bool, optional
+//
+//	If True, do not raise errors for invalid values.
+//
+// invalid_raise : bool, optional
+//
+//	If True, an exception is raised if an inconsistency is detected in the
+//	number of columns.
+//	If False, a warning is emitted and the offending lines are skipped.
+//
+// max_rows : int,  optional
+//
+//	The maximum number of rows to read. Must not be used with skip_footer
+//	at the same time.  If given, the value must be at least 1. Default is
+//	to read the entire file.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.10.0
+//
+// encoding : str, optional
+//
+//	Encoding used to decode the inputfile. Does not apply when `fname` is
+//	a file object.  The special value 'bytes' enables backward compatibility
+//	workarounds that ensure that you receive byte arrays when possible
+//	and passes latin1 encoded strings to converters. Override this value to
+//	receive unicode arrays and pass strings as input to converters.  If set
+//	to None the system default is used. The default value is 'bytes'.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.14.0
+//
+// ndmin : int, optional
+//
+//	Same parameter as `loadtxt`
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.23.0
+//
+// like : array_like, optional
+//
+//	Reference object to allow the creation of arrays which are not
+//	NumPy arrays. If an array-like passed in as ``like`` supports
+//	the ``__array_function__`` protocol, the result will be defined
+//	by it. In this case, it ensures the creation of an array object
+//	compatible with that passed in via this argument.
+//
+//	.. versionadded:: 1.20.0
+//
+// Returns
+// -------
+// out : ndarray
+//
+//	Data read from the text file. If `usemask` is True, this is a
+//	masked array.
+//
+// See Also
+// --------
+// numpy.loadtxt : equivalent function when no data is missing.
+//
+// Notes
+// -----
+//   - When spaces are used as delimiters, or when no delimiter has been given
+//     as input, there should not be any missing data between two fields.
+//   - When the variables are named (either by a flexible dtype or with `names`),
+//     there must not be any header in the file (else a ValueError
+//     exception is raised).
+//   - Individual values are not stripped of spaces by default.
+//     When using a custom converter, make sure the function does remove spaces.
+//
+// References
+// ----------
+// .. [1] NumPy User Guide, section `I/O with NumPy
+//
+//	<https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/user/basics.io.genfromtxt.html>`_.
+//
+// Examples
+// --------
+// >>> from io import StringIO
+// >>> import numpy as np
+//
+// # Comma delimited file with mixed dtype
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO(u"1,1.3,abcde")
+// >>> data = np.genfromtxt(s, dtype=[('myint','i8'),('myfloat','f8'),
+// ... ('mystring','S5')], delimiter=",")
+// >>> data
+// array((1, 1.3, b'abcde'),
+//
+//	dtype=[('myint', '<i8'), ('myfloat', '<f8'), ('mystring', 'S5')])
+//
+// Using dtype = None
+//
+// >>> _ = s.seek(0) # needed for StringIO example only
+// >>> data = np.genfromtxt(s, dtype=None,
+// ... names = ['myint','myfloat','mystring'], delimiter=",")
+// >>> data
+// array((1, 1.3, b'abcde'),
+//
+//	dtype=[('myint', '<i8'), ('myfloat', '<f8'), ('mystring', 'S5')])
+//
+// # Specifying dtype and names
+//
+// >>> _ = s.seek(0)
+// >>> data = np.genfromtxt(s, dtype="i8,f8,S5",
+// ... names=['myint','myfloat','mystring'], delimiter=",")
+// >>> data
+// array((1, 1.3, b'abcde'),
+//
+//	dtype=[('myint', '<i8'), ('myfloat', '<f8'), ('mystring', 'S5')])
+//
+// # An example with fixed-width columns
+//
+// >>> s = StringIO(u"11.3abcde")
+// >>> data = np.genfromtxt(s, dtype=None, names=['intvar','fltvar','strvar'],
+// ...     delimiter=[1,3,5])
+// >>> data
+// array((1, 1.3, b'abcde'),
+//
+//	dtype=[('intvar', '<i8'), ('fltvar', '<f8'), ('strvar', 'S5')])
+//
+// # An example to show comments
+//
+// >>> f = StringIO(”'
+// ... text,# of chars
+// ... hello world,11
+// ... numpy,5”')
+// >>> np.genfromtxt(f, dtype='S12,S12', delimiter=',')
+// array([(b'text', b”), (b'hello world', b'11'), (b'numpy', b'5')],
+//
+//	dtype=[('f0', 'S12'), ('f1', 'S12')])
+//
+//go:linkname Genfromtxt py.genfromtxt
+func Genfromtxt(fname *py.Object, dtype *py.Object, comments *py.Object, delimiter *py.Object, skipHeader *py.Object, skipFooter *py.Object, converters *py.Object, missingValues *py.Object, fillingValues *py.Object, usecols *py.Object, names *py.Object, excludelist *py.Object, deletechars *py.Object, replaceSpace *py.Object, autostrip *py.Object, caseSensitive *py.Object, defaultfmt *py.Object, unpack *py.Object, usemask *py.Object, loose *py.Object, invalidRaise *py.Object, maxRows *py.Object, encoding *py.Object) *py.Object
+
 // Load ASCII data from a file and return it in a record array.
 //
 // If “usemask=False“ a standard `recarray` is returned,

py/numpy/numpy.go

@@ -42,15 +42,6 @@ func Arange(start, stop, step, dtype *py.Object) *py.Object
 //go:linkname Empty py.empty
 func Empty(shape, dtype, order *py.Object) *py.Object
 
-// Return a 2-D array with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
-//
-//	numpy.eye(N, M=None, k=0, dtype=<class 'float'>, order='C', *, like=None)
-//
-// See https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.eye.html#numpy-eye
-//
-//go:linkname Eye py.eye
-func Eye(N, M, k, dtype, order *py.Object) *py.Object
-
 // Return a new array of given shape and type, filled with zeros.
 //
 //	numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=float, order='C', *, like=None)

py/pandas/pandas.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package pandas
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/py"
+)
+
+// https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/index.html
+
+// read_excel(io, sheet_name=0, *, header=0, names=None, index_col=None, usecols=None,
+// dtype=None, engine=None, converters=None, true_values=None, false_values=None,
+// skiprows=None, nrows=None, na_values=None, keep_default_na=True, na_filter=True,
+// verbose=False, parse_dates=False, date_parser=_NoDefault.no_default, date_format=None,
+// thousands=None, decimal='.', comment=None, skipfooter=0, storage_options=None,
+// dtype_backend=_NoDefault.no_default, engine_kwargs=None)
+//
+// See https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.read_excel.html
+//
+//go:linkname ReadExcel py.read_excel
+func ReadExcel(io, sheetName *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// See https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.read_csv.html
+//
+//go:linkname ReadCsv py.read_csv
+func ReadCsv(filepathOrBuffer *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// eval(expr, parser='pandas', engine=None, local_dict=None, global_dict=None, resolvers=(),
+// level=0, target=None, inplace=False)
+//
+// See https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.eval.html#pandas.eval
+//
+//go:linkname Eval py.eval
+func Eval(expr, parser, engine, localDict, globalDict, resolvers, level, target, inplace *py.Object) *py.Object
+
+// show_versions(as_json=False)
+//
+// See https://pandas.pydata.org/docs/reference/api/pandas.show_versions.html
+//
+//go:linkname ShowVersions py.show_versions
+func ShowVersions(asJson *py.Object) *py.Object

py/torch/doc.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+==> Skip 303 symbols:
+[classproperty get_file_path prepare_multiprocessing_environment set_autocast_enabled is_autocast_enabled clear_autocast_cache set_autocast_cpu_enabled is_autocast_cpu_enabled set_autocast_cpu_dtype get_autocast_cpu_dtype set_autocast_gpu_dtype get_autocast_gpu_dtype set_autocast_xla_enabled is_autocast_xla_enabled set_autocast_xla_dtype get_autocast_xla_dtype set_autocast_ipu_enabled is_autocast_ipu_enabled set_autocast_ipu_dtype get_autocast_ipu_dtype autocast_increment_nesting autocast_decrement_nesting is_autocast_cache_enabled set_autocast_cache_enabled set_anomaly_enabled is_anomaly_enabled is_anomaly_check_nan_enabled parse_ir parse_schema unify_type_list fork wait parse_type_comment merge_type_from_type_comment import_ir_module import_ir_module_from_buffer vitals_enabled set_vital read_vitals init_num_threads sym_sqrt obj candidate typename abs_ acos_ acosh_ adaptive_avg_pool1d adaptive_max_pool1d addmv_ affine_grid_generator alias_copy align_tensors alpha_dropout alpha_dropout_ arccos_ arccosh_ arcsin_ arcsinh_ arctan_ arctanh_ as_strided_ as_strided_copy as_strided_scatter asin_ asinh_ atan_ atanh_ avg_pool1d batch_norm batch_norm_backward_elemt batch_norm_backward_reduce batch_norm_elemt batch_norm_gather_stats batch_norm_gather_stats_with_counts batch_norm_stats batch_norm_update_stats bilinear binary_cross_entropy_with_logits binomial ccol_indices_copy ceil_ celu celu_ channel_shuffle choose_qparams_optimized clamp_ clamp_max clamp_max_ clamp_min clamp_min_ clip_ col_indices_copy conj_physical_ constant_pad_nd conv1d conv2d conv3d conv_tbc conv_transpose1d conv_transpose2d conv_transpose3d convolution cos_ cosh_ cosine_embedding_loss cosine_similarity crow_indices_copy ctc_loss cudnn_affine_grid_generator cudnn_batch_norm cudnn_convolution cudnn_convolution_add_relu cudnn_convolution_relu cudnn_convolution_transpose cudnn_grid_sampler cudnn_is_acceptable deg2rad_ detach detach_ detach_copy diagonal_copy dropout dropout_ dsmm embedding embedding_bag embedding_renorm_ empty_permuted empty_quantized erf_ erfc_ exp2_ exp_ expand_copy expm1_ fbgemm_linear_fp16_weight fbgemm_linear_fp16_weight_fp32_activation fbgemm_linear_int8_weight fbgemm_linear_int8_weight_fp32_activation fbgemm_linear_quantize_weight fbgemm_pack_gemm_matrix_fp16 fbgemm_pack_quantized_matrix feature_alpha_dropout feature_alpha_dropout_ feature_dropout feature_dropout_ fill fill_ fix_ floor_ frac_ frobenius_norm fused_moving_avg_obs_fake_quant gcd_ get_device grid_sampler grid_sampler_2d grid_sampler_3d group_norm gru gru_cell hardshrink hinge_embedding_loss hsmm i0_ index_fill index_put index_put_ indices_copy instance_norm int_repr is_distributed is_inference is_neg is_same_size is_signed is_vulkan_available kl_div layer_norm lcm_ ldexp_ log10_ log1p_ log2_ log_ log_softmax logit_ lstm lstm_cell margin_ranking_loss masked_fill masked_scatter max_pool1d max_pool1d_with_indices max_pool2d max_pool3d miopen_batch_norm miopen_convolution miopen_convolution_add_relu miopen_convolution_relu miopen_convolution_transpose miopen_depthwise_convolution miopen_rnn mkldnn_adaptive_avg_pool2d mkldnn_convolution mkldnn_linear_backward_weights mkldnn_max_pool2d mkldnn_max_pool3d mkldnn_rnn_layer nan_to_num_ native_batch_norm native_channel_shuffle native_dropout native_group_norm native_layer_norm native_norm neg_ negative_ nonzero_static norm_except_dim nuclear_norm pairwise_distance pdist permute_copy pixel_shuffle pixel_unshuffle poisson_nll_loss prelu put q_per_channel_axis q_per_channel_scales q_per_channel_zero_points q_scale q_zero_point quantize_per_tensor_dynamic quantized_gru_cell quantized_lstm_cell quantized_max_pool3d quantized_rnn_relu_cell quantized_rnn_tanh_cell rad2deg_ reciprocal_ relu relu_ resize_as_ resize_as_sparse_ rnn_relu rnn_relu_cell rnn_tanh rnn_tanh_cell round_ row_indices_copy rrelu rrelu_ rsqrt_ rsub saddmm scalar_tensor segment_reduce select_copy selu selu_ sigmoid_ sin_ sinc_ sinh_ slice_copy split_copy split_with_sizes split_with_sizes_copy spmm sqrt_ square_ squeeze_copy sym_constrain_range sym_constrain_range_for_size t_copy tan_ tanh_ threshold threshold_ transpose_copy triplet_margin_loss trunc_ unbind_copy unfold_copy unsafe_chunk unsafe_split unsafe_split_with_sizes unsqueeze_copy values_copy view_as_complex_copy view_as_real_copy view_copy xlogy_ zero_ to_dlpack matrix_rank eig solve lstsq symeig]

py/unicode.go

@@ -45,3 +45,8 @@ func (u *Object) CStrAndLen() (*c.Char, uintptr) { return nil, 0 }
 //
 // llgo:link (*Object).CStr C.PyUnicode_AsUTF8
 func (u *Object) CStr() *c.Char { return nil }
+
+// Same as CStr. Provided for Go+.
+//
+// llgo:link (*Object).Cstr C.PyUnicode_AsUTF8
+func (u *Object) Cstr() *c.Char { return nil }

ssa/decl.go

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ type NamedConst = *aNamedConst
 
 type aGlobal struct {
 	Expr
+	array bool
 }
 
 // A Global is a named Value holding the address of a package-level
@@ -72,8 +73,17 @@ func (p Package) NewVar(name string, typ types.Type, bg Background) Global {
 		return v
 	}
 	t := p.Prog.Type(typ, bg)
-	gbl := llvm.AddGlobal(p.mod, t.ll, name)
+	var gbl llvm.Value
-	ret := &aGlobal{Expr{gbl, t}}
+	var array bool
+	if t.kind == vkPtr && p.Prog.Elem(t).kind == vkArray {
+		typ := p.Prog.Elem(t).ll
+		gbl = llvm.AddGlobal(p.mod, typ, name)
+		gbl.SetInitializer(llvm.Undef(typ))
+		array = true
+	} else {
+		gbl = llvm.AddGlobal(p.mod, t.ll, name)
+	}
+	ret := &aGlobal{Expr{gbl, t}, array}
 	p.vars[name] = ret
 	return ret
 }
@@ -85,6 +95,9 @@ func (p Package) VarOf(name string) Global {
 
 // Init initializes the global variable with the given value.
 func (g Global) Init(v Expr) {
+	if g.array && v.kind == vkPtr {
+		return
+	}
 	g.impl.SetInitializer(v.impl)
 }
 

ssa/expr.go

@@ -320,15 +320,36 @@ func (b Builder) BinOp(op token.Token, x, y Expr) Expr {
 			}
 		}
 	case isLogicOp(op): // op: & | ^ << >> &^
-		if op == token.AND_NOT {
+		switch op {
+		case token.AND_NOT:
 			return Expr{b.impl.CreateAnd(x.impl, b.impl.CreateNot(y.impl, ""), ""), x.Type}
+		case token.SHL, token.SHR:
+			if needsNegativeCheck(y) {
+				check := Expr{b.impl.CreateICmp(llvm.IntSLT, y.impl, llvm.ConstInt(y.ll, 0, false), ""), b.Prog.Bool()}
+				b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("AssertNegativeShift"), check)
+			}
+			xsize, ysize := b.Prog.SizeOf(x.Type), b.Prog.SizeOf(y.Type)
+			if xsize != ysize {
+				y = b.Convert(x.Type, y)
+			}
+			overflows := b.impl.CreateICmp(llvm.IntUGE, y.impl, llvm.ConstInt(y.ll, xsize*8, false), "")
+			xzero := llvm.ConstInt(x.ll, 0, false)
+			if op == token.SHL {
+				rhs := b.impl.CreateShl(x.impl, y.impl, "")
+				return Expr{b.impl.CreateSelect(overflows, xzero, rhs, ""), x.Type}
+			} else {
+				if x.kind == vkSigned {
+					rhs := b.impl.CreateSelect(overflows, llvm.ConstInt(y.ll, 8*xsize-1, false), y.impl, "")
+					return Expr{b.impl.CreateAShr(x.impl, rhs, ""), x.Type}
+				} else {
+					rsh := b.impl.CreateLShr(x.impl, y.impl, "")
+					return Expr{b.impl.CreateSelect(overflows, xzero, rsh, ""), x.Type}
+				}
+			}
+		default:
+			llop := logicOpToLLVM[op-logicOpBase]
+			return Expr{llvm.CreateBinOp(b.impl, llop, x.impl, y.impl), x.Type}
 		}
-		kind := x.kind
-		llop := logicOpToLLVM[op-logicOpBase]
-		if op == token.SHR && kind == vkUnsigned {
-			llop = llvm.LShr // Logical Shift Right
-		}
-		return Expr{llvm.CreateBinOp(b.impl, llop, x.impl, y.impl), x.Type}
 	case isPredOp(op): // op: == != < <= < >=
 		tret := b.Prog.Bool()
 		kind := x.kind
@@ -702,6 +723,7 @@ func (b Builder) IndexAddr(x, idx Expr) Expr {
 	if debugInstr {
 		log.Printf("IndexAddr %v, %v\n", x.impl, idx.impl)
 	}
+	idx = b.checkIndex(idx)
 	prog := b.Prog
 	telem := prog.Index(x.Type)
 	pt := prog.Pointer(telem)
@@ -716,6 +738,30 @@ func (b Builder) IndexAddr(x, idx Expr) Expr {
 	return Expr{llvm.CreateInBoundsGEP(b.impl, telem.ll, x.impl, indices), pt}
 }
 
+func needsNegativeCheck(x Expr) bool {
+	if x.kind == vkSigned {
+		if rv := x.impl.IsAConstantInt(); !rv.IsNil() && rv.SExtValue() >= 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// check index >= 0 and size to uint
+func (b Builder) checkIndex(idx Expr) Expr {
+	if needsNegativeCheck(idx) {
+		check := Expr{b.impl.CreateICmp(llvm.IntSLT, idx.impl, llvm.ConstInt(idx.ll, 0, false), ""), b.Prog.Bool()}
+		b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("AssertIndexRange"), check)
+	}
+	typ := b.Prog.Uint()
+	if b.Prog.SizeOf(idx.Type) < b.Prog.SizeOf(typ) {
+		idx.Type = typ
+		idx.impl = castUintptr(b, idx.impl, typ)
+	}
+	return idx
+}
+
 // The Index instruction yields element Index of collection X, an array,
 // string or type parameter containing an array, a string, a pointer to an,
 // array or a slice.
@@ -747,6 +793,7 @@ func (b Builder) Index(x, idx Expr, addr func(Expr) Expr) Expr {
 			b.Store(ptr, x)
 		}
 	}
+	idx = b.checkIndex(idx)
 	pt := prog.Pointer(telem)
 	indices := []llvm.Value{idx.impl}
 	buf := Expr{llvm.CreateInBoundsGEP(b.impl, telem.ll, ptr.impl, indices), pt}
@@ -1038,7 +1085,7 @@ func (b Builder) Convert(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	case *types.Basic:
 		switch typ.Kind() {
 		case types.Uintptr:
-			ret.impl = castInt(b.impl, x.impl, t.ll)
+			ret.impl = castUintptr(b, x.impl, t)
 			return
 		case types.UnsafePointer:
 			ret.impl = castPtr(b.impl, x.impl, t.ll)
@@ -1046,19 +1093,10 @@ func (b Builder) Convert(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 		}
 		switch xtyp := x.RawType().Underlying().(type) {
 		case *types.Basic:
-			size := b.Prog.SizeOf(t)
-			xsize := b.Prog.SizeOf(x.Type)
 			if typ.Info()&types.IsInteger != 0 {
 				// int <- int/float
 				if xtyp.Info()&types.IsInteger != 0 {
-					// if xsize > size {
+					ret.impl = castInt(b, x.impl, t)
-					// 	ret.impl = b.impl.CreateTrunc(x.impl, t.ll, "")
-					// } else if typ.Info()&types.IsUnsigned != 0 {
-					// 	ret.impl = b.impl.CreateZExt(x.impl, t.ll, "")
-					// } else {
-					// 	ret.impl = b.impl.CreateSExt(x.impl, t.ll, "")
-					// }
-					ret.impl = castInt(b.impl, x.impl, t.ll)
 					return
 				} else if xtyp.Info()&types.IsFloat != 0 {
 					if typ.Info()&types.IsUnsigned != 0 {
@@ -1078,11 +1116,7 @@ func (b Builder) Convert(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 					}
 					return
 				} else if xtyp.Info()&types.IsFloat != 0 {
-					if xsize > size {
+					ret.impl = castFloat(b, x.impl, t)
-						ret.impl = b.impl.CreateFPTrunc(x.impl, t.ll, "")
-					} else {
-						ret.impl = b.impl.CreateFPExt(x.impl, t.ll, "")
-					}
 					return
 				}
 			}
@@ -1094,15 +1128,33 @@ func (b Builder) Convert(t Type, x Expr) (ret Expr) {
 	panic("todo")
 }
 
-func castInt(b llvm.Builder, x llvm.Value, t llvm.Type) llvm.Value {
+func castUintptr(b Builder, x llvm.Value, typ Type) llvm.Value {
-	xt := x.Type()
+	if x.Type().TypeKind() == llvm.PointerTypeKind {
-	if xt.TypeKind() == llvm.PointerTypeKind {
+		return llvm.CreatePtrToInt(b.impl, x, typ.ll)
-		return llvm.CreatePtrToInt(b, x, t)
 	}
-	if xt.IntTypeWidth() <= t.IntTypeWidth() {
+	return castInt(b, x, typ)
-		return llvm.CreateIntCast(b, x, t)
+}
+
+func castInt(b Builder, x llvm.Value, typ Type) llvm.Value {
+	xsize := b.Prog.td.TypeAllocSize(x.Type())
+	size := b.Prog.td.TypeAllocSize(typ.ll)
+	if xsize > size {
+		return b.impl.CreateTrunc(x, typ.ll, "")
+	} else if typ.kind == vkUnsigned {
+		return b.impl.CreateZExt(x, typ.ll, "")
+	} else {
+		return b.impl.CreateSExt(x, typ.ll, "")
+	}
+}
+
+func castFloat(b Builder, x llvm.Value, typ Type) llvm.Value {
+	xsize := b.Prog.td.TypeAllocSize(x.Type())
+	size := b.Prog.td.TypeAllocSize(typ.ll)
+	if xsize > size {
+		return b.impl.CreateFPTrunc(x, typ.ll, "")
+	} else {
+		return b.impl.CreateFPExt(x, typ.ll, "")
 	}
-	return llvm.CreateTrunc(b, x, t)
 }
 
 func castPtr(b llvm.Builder, x llvm.Value, t llvm.Type) llvm.Value {
@@ -1224,12 +1276,12 @@ func (b Builder) TypeAssert(x Expr, assertedTyp Type, commaOk bool) (ret Expr) {
 			conv := func(v llvm.Value) llvm.Value {
 				switch kind {
 				case types.Float32:
-					v = castInt(b.impl, v, b.Prog.tyInt32())
+					v = castInt(b, v, b.Prog.Int32())
 					v = b.impl.CreateBitCast(v, assertedTyp.ll, "")
 				case types.Float64:
 					v = b.impl.CreateBitCast(v, assertedTyp.ll, "")
 				default:
-					v = castInt(b.impl, v, assertedTyp.ll)
+					v = castInt(b, v, assertedTyp)
 				}
 				return v
 			}
@@ -1378,7 +1430,7 @@ func (b Builder) BuiltinCall(fn string, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 						src, b.SliceData(elem), b.SliceLen(elem), b.Prog.Val(int(etSize))).impl
 					return
 				case vkString:
-					etSize := b.Prog.SizeOf(b.Prog.Type(types.Typ[types.Byte], InGo))
+					etSize := b.Prog.SizeOf(b.Prog.Byte())
 					ret.Type = src.Type
 					ret.impl = b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("SliceAppend"),
 						src, b.StringData(elem), b.StringLen(elem), b.Prog.Val(int(etSize))).impl
@@ -1386,6 +1438,50 @@ func (b Builder) BuiltinCall(fn string, args ...Expr) (ret Expr) {
 				}
 			}
 		}
+	case "print", "println":
+		ln := fn == "println"
+		ret.Type = b.Prog.Void()
+		for i, arg := range args {
+			if ln && i > 0 {
+				b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("PrintString"), b.Str(" "))
+			}
+			var fn string
+			var typ Type
+			switch arg.kind {
+			case vkBool:
+				fn = "PrintBool"
+			case vkSigned:
+				fn = "PrintInt"
+				typ = b.Prog.Int64()
+			case vkUnsigned:
+				fn = "PrintUint"
+				typ = b.Prog.Uint64()
+			case vkFloat:
+				fn = "PrintFloat"
+				typ = b.Prog.Float64()
+			case vkSlice:
+				fn = "PrintSlice"
+			case vkPtr, vkFuncPtr, vkFuncDecl, vkClosure, vkPyVarRef, vkPyFuncRef:
+				fn = "PrintPointer"
+				typ = b.Prog.VoidPtr()
+			case vkString:
+				fn = "PrintString"
+			case vkInterface:
+				fn = "PrintIface"
+			// case vkComplex:
+			// 	fn = "PrintComplex"
+			default:
+				panic(fmt.Errorf("illegal types for operand: print %v", arg.RawType()))
+			}
+			if typ != nil && typ != arg.Type {
+				arg = b.Convert(typ, arg)
+			}
+			b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc(fn), arg)
+		}
+		if ln {
+			b.InlineCall(b.Func.Pkg.rtFunc("PrintString"), b.Str("\n"))
+		}
+		return
 	}
 	panic("todo")
 }

ssa/package.go

@@ -134,7 +134,13 @@ type aProgram struct {
 	stringTy  Type
 	uintptrTy Type
 	intTy     Type
+	uintTy    Type
 	f64Ty     Type
+	byteTy    Type
+	i32Ty     Type
+	u32Ty     Type
+	i64Ty     Type
+	u64Ty     Type
 	pyObjPtr  Type
 	pyObjPPtr Type
 
@@ -351,6 +357,14 @@ func (p Program) Int() Type {
 	return p.intTy
 }
 
+// Uint returns uint type.
+func (p Program) Uint() Type {
+	if p.uintTy == nil {
+		p.uintTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Uint])
+	}
+	return p.uintTy
+}
+
 // Uintptr returns uintptr type.
 func (p Program) Uintptr() Type {
 	if p.uintptrTy == nil {
@@ -367,6 +381,46 @@ func (p Program) Float64() Type {
 	return p.f64Ty
 }
 
+// Byte returns byte type.
+func (p Program) Byte() Type {
+	if p.byteTy == nil {
+		p.byteTy = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Byte])
+	}
+	return p.byteTy
+}
+
+// Int32 returns int32 type.
+func (p Program) Int32() Type {
+	if p.i32Ty == nil {
+		p.i32Ty = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Int32])
+	}
+	return p.i32Ty
+}
+
+// Uint32 returns uint32 type.
+func (p Program) Uint32() Type {
+	if p.u32Ty == nil {
+		p.u32Ty = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Uint32])
+	}
+	return p.u32Ty
+}
+
+// Int64 returns int64 type.
+func (p Program) Int64() Type {
+	if p.i64Ty == nil {
+		p.i64Ty = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Int64])
+	}
+	return p.i64Ty
+}
+
+// Uint64 returns uint64 type.
+func (p Program) Uint64() Type {
+	if p.u64Ty == nil {
+		p.u64Ty = p.rawType(types.Typ[types.Uint64])
+	}
+	return p.u64Ty
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // A Package is a single analyzed Go package containing Members for

ssa/ssa_test.go

@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ func TestUnOp(t *testing.T) {
 	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
 	ptr := fn.Param(0)
 	val := b.UnOp(token.MUL, ptr)
-	val2 := b.BinOp(token.SHR, val, prog.Val(1))
+	val2 := b.BinOp(token.XOR, val, prog.Val(1))
 	b.Store(ptr, val2)
 	b.Return(val2)
 	assertPkg(t, pkg, `; ModuleID = 'foo/bar'
@@ -455,9 +455,34 @@ source_filename = "foo/bar"
 define i64 @fn(ptr %0) {
 _llgo_0:
   %1 = load i64, ptr %0, align 4
-  %2 = ashr i64 %1, 1
+  %2 = xor i64 %1, 1
   store i64 %2, ptr %0, align 4
   ret i64 %2
 }
 `)
 }
+
+func TestBasicType(t *testing.T) {
+	type typeInfo struct {
+		typ  Type
+		kind types.BasicKind
+	}
+	prog := NewProgram(nil)
+	infos := []*typeInfo{
+		{prog.Bool(), types.Bool},
+		{prog.Byte(), types.Byte},
+		{prog.Int(), types.Int},
+		{prog.Uint(), types.Uint},
+		{prog.Int32(), types.Int32},
+		{prog.Int64(), types.Int64},
+		{prog.Uint32(), types.Uint32},
+		{prog.Uint64(), types.Uint64},
+		{prog.Uintptr(), types.Uintptr},
+		{prog.VoidPtr(), types.UnsafePointer},
+	}
+	for _, info := range infos {
+		if info.typ.RawType() != types.Typ[info.kind] {
+			t.Fatal("bad type", info)
+		}
+	}
+}

ssa/type.go

@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ const (
 	vkPyVarRef
 	vkTuple
 	vkSlice
+	vkArray
+	vkMap
+	vkInterface
 	vkPhisExpr = -1
 )
 
@@ -240,11 +243,11 @@ func (p Program) toType(raw types.Type) Type {
 		elem := p.rawType(t.Elem())
 		return &aType{llvm.PointerType(elem.ll, 0), typ, vkPtr}
 	case *types.Interface:
-		return &aType{p.rtIface(), typ, vkInvalid}
+		return &aType{p.rtIface(), typ, vkInterface}
 	case *types.Slice:
 		return &aType{p.rtSlice(), typ, vkSlice}
 	case *types.Map:
-		return &aType{p.rtMap(), typ, vkInvalid}
+		return &aType{p.rtMap(), typ, vkMap}
 	case *types.Struct:
 		ll, kind := p.toLLVMStruct(t)
 		return &aType{ll, typ, kind}
@@ -254,7 +257,7 @@ func (p Program) toType(raw types.Type) Type {
 		return &aType{p.toLLVMFuncPtr(t), typ, vkFuncPtr}
 	case *types.Array:
 		elem := p.rawType(t.Elem())
-		return &aType{llvm.ArrayType(elem.ll, int(t.Len())), typ, vkInvalid}
+		return &aType{llvm.ArrayType(elem.ll, int(t.Len())), typ, vkArray}
 	case *types.Chan:
 	}
 	panic(fmt.Sprintf("toLLVMType: todo - %T\n", typ))

x/llama2/llama2.go

@@ -1,268 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package llama2
-
-import (
-	_ "unsafe"
-
-	"github.com/goplus/llgo/c"
-)
-
-const (
-	LLGoPackage = "link"
-)
-
-type (
-	Char  = c.Char
-	Int   = c.Int
-	Uint  = c.Uint
-	Float = c.Float
-)
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/*
-
-typedef struct {
-    char *str;
-    int id;
-} TokenIndex;
-
-typedef struct {
-    char** vocab;
-    float* vocab_scores;
-    TokenIndex *sorted_vocab;
-    int vocab_size;
-    unsigned int max_token_length;
-    unsigned char byte_pieces[512]; // stores all single-byte strings
-} Tokenizer;
-
-void build_tokenizer(Tokenizer* t, char* tokenizer_path, int vocab_size);
-void free_tokenizer(Tokenizer* t);
-
-typedef struct {
-    int dim; // transformer dimension
-    int hidden_dim; // for ffn layers
-    int n_layers; // number of layers
-    int n_heads; // number of query heads
-    int n_kv_heads; // number of key/value heads (can be < query heads because of multiquery)
-    int vocab_size; // vocabulary size, usually 256 (byte-level)
-    int seq_len; // max sequence length
-} Config;
-
-typedef struct {
-    // token embedding table
-    float* token_embedding_table;    // (vocab_size, dim)
-    // weights for rmsnorms
-    float* rms_att_weight; // (layer, dim) rmsnorm weights
-    float* rms_ffn_weight; // (layer, dim)
-    // weights for matmuls. note dim == n_heads * head_size
-    float* wq; // (layer, dim, n_heads * head_size)
-    float* wk; // (layer, dim, n_kv_heads * head_size)
-    float* wv; // (layer, dim, n_kv_heads * head_size)
-    float* wo; // (layer, n_heads * head_size, dim)
-    // weights for ffn
-    float* w1; // (layer, hidden_dim, dim)
-    float* w2; // (layer, dim, hidden_dim)
-    float* w3; // (layer, hidden_dim, dim)
-    // final rmsnorm
-    float* rms_final_weight; // (dim,)
-    // (optional) classifier weights for the logits, on the last layer
-    float* wcls;
-} TransformerWeights;
-
-typedef struct {
-    // current wave of activations
-    float *x; // activation at current time stamp (dim,)
-    float *xb; // same, but inside a residual branch (dim,)
-    float *xb2; // an additional buffer just for convenience (dim,)
-    float *hb; // buffer for hidden dimension in the ffn (hidden_dim,)
-    float *hb2; // buffer for hidden dimension in the ffn (hidden_dim,)
-    float *q; // query (dim,)
-    float *k; // key (dim,)
-    float *v; // value (dim,)
-    float *att; // buffer for scores/attention values (n_heads, seq_len)
-    float *logits; // output logits
-    // kv cache
-    float* key_cache;   // (layer, seq_len, dim)
-    float* value_cache; // (layer, seq_len, dim)
-} RunState;
-
-typedef struct {
-    Config config; // the hyperparameters of the architecture (the blueprint)
-    TransformerWeights weights; // the weights of the model
-    RunState state; // buffers for the "wave" of activations in the forward pass
-    // some more state needed to properly clean up the memory mapping (sigh)
-    int fd; // file descriptor for memory mapping
-    float* data; // memory mapped data pointer
-    ssize_t file_size; // size of the checkpoint file in bytes
-} Transformer;
-
-void build_transformer(Transformer *t, char* checkpoint_path);
-void free_transformer(Transformer* t);
-
-typedef struct {
-    float prob;
-    int index;
-} ProbIndex; // struct used when sorting probabilities during top-p sampling
-
-typedef struct {
-    int vocab_size;
-    ProbIndex* probindex; // buffer used in top-p sampling
-    float temperature;
-    float topp;
-    unsigned long long rng_state;
-} Sampler;
-
-void build_sampler(Sampler* sampler, int vocab_size, float temperature, float topp, unsigned long long rng_seed);
-void free_sampler(Sampler* sampler);
-
-void generate(Transformer *transformer, Tokenizer *tokenizer, Sampler *sampler, char *prompt, int steps);
-
-*/
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// llgo:type C
-type TokenIndex struct {
-	Str *Char
-	Id  Int
-}
-
-// llgo:type C
-type Tokenizer struct {
-	Vocab          **Char
-	VocabScores    *Float
-	SortedVocab    *TokenIndex
-	VocabSize      Int
-	MaxTokenLength Uint
-	BytePieces     [512]uint8 // stores all single-byte strings
-}
-
-//go:linkname BuildTokenizer C.build_tokenizer
-func BuildTokenizer(t *Tokenizer, tokenizerPath *Char, vocabSize Int)
-
-//go:linkname FreeTokenizer C.free_tokenizer
-func FreeTokenizer(t *Tokenizer)
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// llgo:type C
-type Config struct {
-	Dim       Int // transformer dimension
-	HiddenDim Int // for ffn layers
-	NLayers   Int // number of layers
-	NHeads    Int // number of query heads
-	NKVHeads  Int // number of key/value heads (can be < query heads because of multiquery)
-	VocabSize Int // vocabulary size, usually 256 (byte-level)
-	SeqLen    Int // max sequence length
-}
-
-// llgo:type C
-type TransformerWeights struct {
-	// token embedding table
-	TokenEmbeddingTable *Float // (vocab_size, dim)
-	// weights for rmsnorms
-	RmsAttWeight *Float // (layer, dim) rmsnorm weights
-	RmsFfnWeight *Float // (layer, dim)
-	// weights for matmuls. note dim == n_heads * head_size
-	Wq *Float // (layer, dim, n_heads * head_size)
-	Wk *Float // (layer, dim, n_kv_heads * head_size)
-	Wv *Float // (layer, dim, n_kv_heads * head_size)
-	Wo *Float // (layer, n_heads * head_size, dim)
-	// weights for ffn
-	W1 *Float // (layer, hidden_dim, dim)
-	W2 *Float // (layer, dim, hidden_dim)
-	W3 *Float // (layer, hidden_dim, dim)
-	// final rmsnorm
-	RmsFinalWeight *Float // (dim,)
-	// (optional) classifier weights for the logits, on the last layer
-	Wcls *Float
-}
-
-// llgo:type C
-type RunState struct {
-	// current wave of activations
-	X      *Float // activation at current time stamp (dim,)
-	Xb     *Float // same, but inside a residual branch (dim,)
-	Xb2    *Float // an additional buffer just for convenience (dim,)
-	Hb     *Float // buffer for hidden dimension in the ffn (hidden_dim,)
-	Hb2    *Float // buffer for hidden dimension in the ffn (hidden_dim,)
-	Q      *Float // query (dim,)
-	K      *Float // key (dim,)
-	V      *Float // value (dim,)
-	Att    *Float // buffer for scores/attention values (n_heads, seq_len)
-	Logits *Float // output logits
-	// kv cache
-	KeyCache   *Float // (layer, seq_len, dim)
-	ValueCache *Float // (layer, seq_len, dim)
-}
-
-// llgo:type C
-type Transformer struct {
-	Config  Config             // the hyperparameters of the architecture (the blueprint)
-	Weights TransformerWeights // the weights of the model
-	State   RunState           // buffers for the "wave" of activations in the forward pass
-
-	// some more state needed to properly clean up the memory mapping (sigh)
-	Fd       Int     // file descriptor for memory mapping
-	Data     *Float  // memory mapped data pointer
-	FileSize uintptr // size of the checkpoint file in bytes
-}
-
-//go:linkname BuildTransformer C.build_transformer
-func BuildTransformer(t *Transformer, checkpointPath *Char)
-
-//go:linkname FreeTransformer C.free_transformer
-func FreeTransformer(t *Transformer)
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// llgo:type C
-type ProbIndex struct {
-	Prob  Float
-	Index Int
-} // struct used when sorting probabilities during top-p sampling
-
-// llgo:type C
-type Sampler struct {
-	VocabSize   Int
-	Probindex   *ProbIndex // buffer used in top-p sampling
-	Temperature Float
-	Topp        Float
-	RngState    uint64
-}
-
-//go:linkname BuildSampler C.build_sampler
-func BuildSampler(sampler *Sampler, vocabSize Int, temperature Float, topp Float, rngSeed uint64)
-
-//go:linkname FreeSampler C.free_sampler
-func FreeSampler(sampler *Sampler)
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-//go:linkname Generate C.generate
-func Generate(
-	transformer *Transformer, tokenizer *Tokenizer, sampler *Sampler,
-	prompt *Char, steps Int)
-
-//go:linkname Chat C.chat
-func Chat(
-	transformer *Transformer, tokenizer *Tokenizer, sampler *Sampler,
-	cliUserPrompt *Char, cliSystemPrompt *Char, steps Int)
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------