Merge pull request #1415 from goplus/dependabot/github_actions/actions/checkout-6

chore(deps): bump actions/checkout from 5 to 6

.github/actions/setup-deps/action.yml

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ runs:
     - name: Install macOS dependencies
       if: runner.os == 'macOS'
       shell: bash
+      env:
+        HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALLED_DEPENDENTS_CHECK: 1
       run: |
         brew update
         

.github/workflows/doc.yml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 30
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up Node.js
         uses: actions/setup-node@v6
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
           - ubuntu-latest
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up Go
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-go
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ jobs:
           - ubuntu-latest
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v6
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ jobs:
           - ubuntu-latest
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@v6

.github/workflows/fmt.yml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 30
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Set up Go
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-go

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
         llvm: [19]
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Install dependencies
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-deps
         with:

.github/workflows/llgo.yml

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
           wget -P ./_demo/c/llama2-c https://huggingface.co/karpathy/tinyllamas/resolve/main/stories15M.bin
 
       - name: Upload model as artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: llama2-model
           path: ./_demo/c/llama2-c/stories15M.bin
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ jobs:
         go: ["1.21.13", "1.22.12", "1.23.6", "1.24.2"]
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Install dependencies
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-deps
         with:
           llvm-version: ${{matrix.llvm}}
       - name: Download model artifact
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: llama2-model
           path: ./_demo/c/llama2-c/
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
           if ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'macos') }}; then
             DEMO_PKG="cargs_darwin_arm64.zip"
           else
-            DEMO_PKG="cargs_linux_amd64.zip"  
+            DEMO_PKG="cargs_linux_amd64.zip"
           fi
 
           mkdir -p ./_demo/c/cargs/libs
@@ -133,6 +133,13 @@ jobs:
           chmod +x test.sh
           ./test.sh
 
+      - name: Test export with different symbol names on embedded targets
+        run: |
+          echo "Testing //export with different symbol names on embedded targets..."
+          cd _demo/embed/export
+          chmod +x verify_export.sh
+          ./verify_export.sh
+
       - name: _xtool build tests
         run: |
           cd _xtool
@@ -159,7 +166,7 @@ jobs:
         go: ["1.24.2"]
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Install dependencies
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-deps
         with:
@@ -186,11 +193,15 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version: ${{matrix.go}}
-
+      - name: Test Baremetal GC
+        if: ${{!startsWith(matrix.os, 'macos')}}
+        working-directory: runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc
+        run: llgo test -tags testGC .
       - name: run llgo test
         run: |
           llgo test ./...
 
+
   hello:
     continue-on-error: true
     timeout-minutes: 30
@@ -201,7 +212,7 @@ jobs:
         go: ["1.21.13", "1.22.12", "1.23.6", "1.24.2"]
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Install dependencies
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-deps
         with:
@@ -259,7 +270,7 @@ jobs:
         llvm: [19]
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Install dependencies
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-deps
         with:

.github/workflows/release-build.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
       linux-cache-key: ${{ steps.cache-keys.outputs.linux-key }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Calculate cache keys
         id: cache-keys
         run: |
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
     timeout-minutes: 30
     steps:
       - name: Check out code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Check Linux sysroot cache
         id: cache-linux-sysroot
         uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
     needs: [setup, populate-linux-sysroot]
     steps:
       - name: Check out code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Set up Release
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-goreleaser
         with:
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
             release --verbose --skip=publish,nfpm,snapcraft --snapshot --clean
 
       - name: Upload Darwin AMD64 Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: llgo-darwin-amd64
           path: .dist/*darwin-amd64.tar.gz
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ jobs:
           include-hidden-files: true
 
       - name: Upload Darwin ARM64 Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: llgo-darwin-arm64
           path: .dist/*darwin-arm64.tar.gz
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ jobs:
           include-hidden-files: true
 
       - name: Upload Linux AMD64 Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: llgo-linux-amd64
           path: .dist/*linux-amd64.tar.gz
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ jobs:
           include-hidden-files: true
 
       - name: Upload Linux ARM64 Artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: llgo-linux-arm64
           path: .dist/*linux-arm64.tar.gz
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
           include-hidden-files: true
 
       - name: Upload Checksums
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: llgo-checksums
           path: .dist/*checksums.txt
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ jobs:
             go-mod-version: "1.24"
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Install dependencies
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-deps
         with:
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           go-version: ${{ matrix.go-version }}
       - name: Download Platform Artifact
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: llgo-${{ matrix.goos }}-${{ matrix.goarch }}
           path: .
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ jobs:
     if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
     steps:
       - name: Check out code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - name: Set up Release

.github/workflows/targets.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
         llvm: [19]
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Install dependencies
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-deps
         with:

CLAUDE.md

@@ -51,6 +51,56 @@ go test ./...
 
 **Important:** The `LLGO_ROOT` environment variable must be set to the repository root when running llgo commands during development.
 
+### Update out.ll files after modifying compiler IR generation
+
+**CRITICAL:** When you modify the compiler's IR generation logic (especially in `ssa/` or `cl/` packages), you MUST update all out.ll test files under the `cl/` directory.
+
+#### Understanding out.ll files
+
+The `out.ll` files under the `cl/` directory are comparison IR files that serve as reference outputs for the test suite:
+- They are generated by `llgen` from the corresponding `in.go` files in the same directory
+- They reflect the current compiler's LLVM IR representation of the Go source code
+- They are used by tests to verify that the compiler generates correct and consistent IR output
+
+#### Required steps after modifying IR generation logic
+
+1. **Reinstall the tools** to apply your compiler changes:
+   ```bash
+   go install -v ./chore/gentests
+   go install -v ./chore/llgen
+   ```
+
+2. **Regenerate out.ll files**:
+   
+   **For batch updates (recommended)** - Use `gentests` to regenerate all test files:
+   ```bash
+   gentests
+   ```
+   This will automatically regenerate all out.ll files in these directories:
+   - `cl/_testlibc`
+   - `cl/_testlibgo`
+   - `cl/_testrt`
+   - `cl/_testgo`
+   - `cl/_testpy`
+   - `cl/_testdata`
+   
+   **For individual test inspection** - Use `llgen` to regenerate specific test directories:
+   ```bash
+   llgen cl/_testgo/interface
+   llgen cl/_testrt/tpmethod
+   ```
+
+3. **Verify the changes** make sense by reviewing the diff in the out.ll files
+
+4. **Commit the updated out.ll files** along with your compiler changes
+
+#### Why this matters
+
+This process ensures that:
+- The test suite reflects the current compiler behavior
+- Changes to IR generation are properly documented and reviewed
+- Future regressions can be detected by comparing against the reference output
+
 ## Code Quality
 
 Before submitting any code updates, you must run the following formatting and validation commands:

README.md

@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ All Go syntax (including `cgo`) is already supported. Here are some examples:
 
 ### Defer
 
-LLGo `defer` does not support usage in loops. This is not a bug but a feature, because we think that using `defer` in a loop is a very unrecommended practice.
+LLGo now supports `defer` within loops, matching Go's semantics of executing defers in LIFO order for every iteration. The usual caveat from Go still applies: be mindful of loop-heavy defer usage because it allocates per iteration.
 
 
 ### Garbage Collection (GC)

_demo/c/stacksave/stacksave_amd64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//go:build amd64
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+//go:linkname getsp llgo.stackSave
+func getsp() unsafe.Pointer
+
+//go:linkname asmFull llgo.asm
+func asmFull(instruction string, regs map[string]any) uintptr { return 0 }
+
+func main() {
+	sp := asmFull("movq %rsp, {}", nil)
+
+	if sp != uintptr(getsp()) {
+		panic("invalid stack pointer")
+	}
+}

_demo/c/stacksave/stacksave_arm64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//go:build arm64
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+//go:linkname getsp llgo.stackSave
+func getsp() unsafe.Pointer
+
+//go:linkname asmFull llgo.asm
+func asmFull(instruction string, regs map[string]any) uintptr { return 0 }
+
+func main() {
+	sp := asmFull("mov {}, sp", nil)
+
+	if sp != uintptr(getsp()) {
+		panic("invalid stack pointer")
+	}
+}

_demo/embed/export/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/lib/c"
+)
+
+// This demo shows how to use //export with different symbol names on embedded targets.
+//
+// On embedded targets, you can export Go functions with different C symbol names.
+// This is useful for hardware interrupt handlers that require specific names.
+
+// Standard Go export - same name
+//
+//export HelloWorld
+func HelloWorld() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("Hello from "))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("HelloWorld\n"))
+}
+
+// Embedded target export - different name
+// Go function name: interruptLPSPI2
+// Exported C symbol: LPSPI2_IRQHandler
+//
+//export LPSPI2_IRQHandler
+func interruptLPSPI2() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("LPSPI2 interrupt "))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("handler called\n"))
+}
+
+// Embedded target export - different name
+// Go function name: systemTickHandler
+// Exported C symbol: SysTick_Handler
+//
+//export SysTick_Handler
+func systemTickHandler() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("SysTick "))
+	c.Printf(c.Str("handler called\n"))
+}
+
+// Embedded target export - different name
+// Go function name: Add
+// Exported C symbol: AddFunc
+//
+//export AddFunc
+func Add(a, b int) int {
+	result := a + b
+	c.Printf(c.Str("AddFunc(%d, %d) = %d\n"), a, b, result)
+	return result
+}
+
+func main() {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("=== Export Demo ===\n\n"))
+
+	// Call exported functions directly from Go
+	c.Printf(c.Str("Calling HelloWorld:\n"))
+	HelloWorld()
+
+	c.Printf(c.Str("\nSimulating hardware interrupts:\n"))
+	interruptLPSPI2()
+	systemTickHandler()
+
+	c.Printf(c.Str("\nTesting function with return value:\n"))
+	result := Add(10, 20)
+	c.Printf(c.Str("Result: %d\n"), result)
+
+	c.Printf(c.Str("\n=== Demo Complete ===\n"))
+}

_demo/embed/export/verify_export.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+
+echo "Building for embedded target..."
+
+# Build for embedded target as executable
+# Use llgo directly instead of llgo.sh to avoid go.mod version check
+llgo build -o test-verify --target=esp32 .
+
+echo "Checking exported symbols..."
+
+# Get exported symbols
+exported_symbols=$(nm -gU ./test-verify.elf | grep -E "(HelloWorld|LPSPI2_IRQHandler|SysTick_Handler|AddFunc)" | awk '{print $NF}')
+
+echo ""
+echo "Exported symbols:"
+echo "$exported_symbols" | awk '{print "  " $0}'
+echo ""
+
+# Check expected symbols
+expected=("HelloWorld" "LPSPI2_IRQHandler" "SysTick_Handler" "AddFunc")
+missing=""
+
+for symbol in "${expected[@]}"; do
+    if ! echo "$exported_symbols" | grep -q "^$symbol$"; then
+        missing="$missing $symbol"
+    fi
+done
+
+if [ -n "$missing" ]; then
+    echo "❌ Missing symbols:$missing"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "✅ Symbol name mapping verification:"
+echo "  HelloWorld           -> HelloWorld"
+echo "  interruptLPSPI2      -> LPSPI2_IRQHandler"
+echo "  systemTickHandler    -> SysTick_Handler"
+echo "  Add                  -> AddFunc"
+echo ""
+echo "🎉 All export symbols verified successfully!"
+echo ""
+
+echo "Testing that non-embedded target rejects different export names..."
+# Build without --target should fail with panic
+if llgo build -o test-notarget . 2>&1 | grep -q 'export comment has wrong name "LPSPI2_IRQHandler"'; then
+    echo "✅ Correctly rejected different export name on non-embedded target"
+else
+    echo "❌ Should have panicked with 'export comment has wrong name' error"
+    exit 1
+fi
+echo ""
+echo "Note: Different symbol names are only supported on embedded targets."

_demo/go/export/libexport.h.want

@@ -297,6 +297,12 @@ github_com_goplus_llgo_runtime_internal_clite_pthread_init(void) GO_SYMBOL_RENAM
 void
 github_com_goplus_llgo_runtime_internal_clite_pthread_sync_init(void) GO_SYMBOL_RENAME("github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite/pthread/sync.init")
 
+void
+github_com_goplus_llgo_runtime_internal_clite_signal_init(void) GO_SYMBOL_RENAME("github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite/signal.init")
+
+void
+github_com_goplus_llgo_runtime_internal_clite_tls_init(void) GO_SYMBOL_RENAME("github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite/tls.init")
+
 void
 github_com_goplus_llgo_runtime_internal_runtime_goarch_init(void) GO_SYMBOL_RENAME("github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime/goarch.init")
 

_demo/go/gobuild/demo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"go/build"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	fmt.Printf("runtime.Compiler = %q\n", runtime.Compiler)
+
+	// Test 1: Check build.Default context
+	ctx := build.Default
+	fmt.Printf("build.Default.Compiler = %q\n", ctx.Compiler)
+	if ctx.Compiler != "gc" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("expected build.Default.Compiler to be \"gc\", got %q", ctx.Compiler))
+	}
+
+	if len(ctx.ToolTags) == 0 {
+		panic("expected build.Default.ToolTags to be non-empty")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Default.ToolTags = %v\n", ctx.ToolTags)
+
+	if len(ctx.ReleaseTags) == 0 {
+		panic("expected build.Default.ReleaseTags to be non-empty")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Default.ReleaseTags count = %d\n", len(ctx.ReleaseTags))
+
+	// Validate GOOS and GOARCH are set
+	if ctx.GOOS == "" {
+		panic("expected build.Default.GOOS to be non-empty")
+	}
+	if ctx.GOARCH == "" {
+		panic("expected build.Default.GOARCH to be non-empty")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Default.GOOS = %q, GOARCH = %q\n", ctx.GOOS, ctx.GOARCH)
+
+	// Test 2: Import standard library package with FindOnly
+	pkg, err := build.Import("fmt", "", build.FindOnly)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("build.Import(\"fmt\") failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	if pkg.ImportPath != "fmt" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("expected ImportPath \"fmt\", got %q", pkg.ImportPath))
+	}
+	if !pkg.Goroot {
+		panic("expected fmt package to be in GOROOT")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Import(\"fmt\"): ImportPath=%s, Goroot=%v\n", pkg.ImportPath, pkg.Goroot)
+
+	// Test 3: Import nested standard library package
+	osPkg, err := build.Import("os/exec", "", build.FindOnly)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("build.Import(\"os/exec\") failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	if osPkg.ImportPath != "os/exec" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("expected ImportPath \"os/exec\", got %q", osPkg.ImportPath))
+	}
+	if !osPkg.Goroot {
+		panic("expected os/exec package to be in GOROOT")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Import(\"os/exec\"): ImportPath=%s, Goroot=%v\n", osPkg.ImportPath, osPkg.Goroot)
+
+	// Test 4: Import internal package (should succeed with FindOnly)
+	internalPkg, err := build.Import("internal/cpu", "", build.FindOnly)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("build.Import(\"internal/cpu\") failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	if internalPkg.ImportPath != "internal/cpu" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("expected ImportPath \"internal/cpu\", got %q", internalPkg.ImportPath))
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Import(\"internal/cpu\"): ImportPath=%s\n", internalPkg.ImportPath)
+
+	// Test 5: Import with srcDir parameter
+	runtimePkg, err := build.Import("runtime", "", build.FindOnly)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("build.Import(\"runtime\") failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	if runtimePkg.ImportPath != "runtime" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("expected ImportPath \"runtime\", got %q", runtimePkg.ImportPath))
+	}
+	if runtimePkg.Dir == "" {
+		panic("expected runtime package Dir to be non-empty")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Import(\"runtime\"): ImportPath=%s, Dir exists=%v\n", runtimePkg.ImportPath, runtimePkg.Dir != "")
+
+	// Test 6: ImportDir with current directory
+	dirPkg, err := build.ImportDir(".", build.FindOnly)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("build.ImportDir(\".\") failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	// Note: Name might be empty with FindOnly mode as it doesn't read source files
+	fmt.Printf("build.ImportDir(\".\"): Dir=%s, ImportPath=%s\n", dirPkg.Dir, dirPkg.ImportPath)
+
+	// Test 7: IsLocalImport with various paths
+	testCases := []struct {
+		path     string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"./foo", true},
+		{"../bar", true},
+		{"./", true},
+		{"fmt", false},
+		{"github.com/user/repo", false},
+		{"", false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		result := build.IsLocalImport(tc.path)
+		if result != tc.expected {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("build.IsLocalImport(%q): expected %v, got %v", tc.path, tc.expected, result))
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.IsLocalImport: all test cases passed\n")
+
+	// Test 8: Verify Context has expected fields
+	if ctx.GOPATH == "" && ctx.GOROOT == "" {
+		panic("expected either GOPATH or GOROOT to be set")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Default.GOROOT exists = %v\n", ctx.GOROOT != "")
+
+	// Test 9: Import with AllowBinary flag
+	binaryPkg, err := build.Import("fmt", "", build.FindOnly|build.AllowBinary)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("build.Import with AllowBinary failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	if binaryPkg.ImportPath != "fmt" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("expected ImportPath \"fmt\", got %q", binaryPkg.ImportPath))
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Import(\"fmt\") with AllowBinary: success\n")
+
+	// Test 10: Verify compiler tag in build context
+	hasCompilerTag := false
+	for _, tag := range ctx.ReleaseTags {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(tag, "go1.") {
+			hasCompilerTag = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasCompilerTag {
+		panic("expected at least one go1.x release tag")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("build.Default.ReleaseTags: contains go1.x tags = %v\n", hasCompilerTag)
+
+	fmt.Printf("\nSuccess! All go/build public functions work correctly with llgo\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Total tests passed: 10\n")
+}

_demo/go/gotoken/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"go/token"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	testPos()
+	testToken()
+	testFileSet()
+	testFile()
+	testPosition()
+	testTokenPrecedence()
+	testTokenKeywords()
+	testUtilityFunctions()
+}
+
+func testPos() {
+	fmt.Println("=== Test Pos ===")
+	
+	pos1 := token.Pos(100)
+	pos2 := token.Pos(200)
+	
+	if pos1 != 100 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected pos1 to be 100, got %d", pos1))
+	}
+	if pos2 != 200 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected pos2 to be 200, got %d", pos2))
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Pos1: %d, Pos2: %d\n", pos1, pos2)
+	
+	if !pos1.IsValid() {
+		panic("Expected pos1.IsValid() to be true")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Pos1.IsValid(): %v\n", pos1.IsValid())
+	
+	noPos := token.NoPos
+	if noPos != 0 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected NoPos to be 0, got %d", noPos))
+	}
+	if noPos.IsValid() {
+		panic("Expected NoPos.IsValid() to be false")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("NoPos: %d, IsValid: %v\n", noPos, noPos.IsValid())
+	
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Pos operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testToken() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Token Types ===")
+	
+	expectedStrings := map[token.Token]string{
+		token.ADD:    "+",
+		token.SUB:    "-",
+		token.MUL:    "*",
+		token.QUO:    "/",
+		token.LPAREN: "(",
+		token.RPAREN: ")",
+		token.EQL:    "==",
+		token.NEQ:    "!=",
+	}
+	
+	for tok, expected := range expectedStrings {
+		if tok.String() != expected {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected %v.String() to be %q, got %q", tok, expected, tok.String()))
+		}
+	}
+	
+	tokens := []token.Token{
+		token.ILLEGAL,
+		token.EOF,
+		token.COMMENT,
+		token.IDENT,
+		token.INT,
+		token.FLOAT,
+		token.IMAG,
+		token.CHAR,
+		token.STRING,
+		token.ADD,
+		token.SUB,
+		token.MUL,
+		token.QUO,
+		token.REM,
+		token.AND,
+		token.OR,
+		token.XOR,
+		token.SHL,
+		token.SHR,
+		token.AND_NOT,
+		token.ADD_ASSIGN,
+		token.SUB_ASSIGN,
+		token.MUL_ASSIGN,
+		token.QUO_ASSIGN,
+		token.REM_ASSIGN,
+		token.AND_ASSIGN,
+		token.OR_ASSIGN,
+		token.XOR_ASSIGN,
+		token.SHL_ASSIGN,
+		token.SHR_ASSIGN,
+		token.AND_NOT_ASSIGN,
+		token.LAND,
+		token.LOR,
+		token.ARROW,
+		token.INC,
+		token.DEC,
+		token.EQL,
+		token.LSS,
+		token.GTR,
+		token.ASSIGN,
+		token.NOT,
+		token.NEQ,
+		token.LEQ,
+		token.GEQ,
+		token.DEFINE,
+		token.ELLIPSIS,
+		token.LPAREN,
+		token.LBRACK,
+		token.LBRACE,
+		token.COMMA,
+		token.PERIOD,
+		token.RPAREN,
+		token.RBRACK,
+		token.RBRACE,
+		token.SEMICOLON,
+		token.COLON,
+	}
+	
+	for _, tok := range tokens {
+		fmt.Printf("Token: %s (String: %q)\n", tok, tok.String())
+	}
+	
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Token types work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testTokenKeywords() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Keywords ===")
+	
+	keywords := []token.Token{
+		token.BREAK,
+		token.CASE,
+		token.CHAN,
+		token.CONST,
+		token.CONTINUE,
+		token.DEFAULT,
+		token.DEFER,
+		token.ELSE,
+		token.FALLTHROUGH,
+		token.FOR,
+		token.FUNC,
+		token.GO,
+		token.GOTO,
+		token.IF,
+		token.IMPORT,
+		token.INTERFACE,
+		token.MAP,
+		token.PACKAGE,
+		token.RANGE,
+		token.RETURN,
+		token.SELECT,
+		token.STRUCT,
+		token.SWITCH,
+		token.TYPE,
+		token.VAR,
+	}
+	
+	for _, kw := range keywords {
+		if !kw.IsKeyword() {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected %s to be a keyword", kw))
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("Keyword: %s, IsKeyword: %v\n", kw, kw.IsKeyword())
+	}
+	
+	if token.ADD.IsKeyword() {
+		panic("Expected ADD operator to not be a keyword")
+	}
+	if token.IDENT.IsKeyword() {
+		panic("Expected IDENT token to not be a keyword")
+	}
+	
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Keyword checks work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testTokenPrecedence() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Token Precedence ===")
+	
+	if token.MUL.Precedence() <= token.ADD.Precedence() {
+		panic("Expected MUL to have higher precedence than ADD")
+	}
+	if token.LAND.Precedence() <= token.LOR.Precedence() {
+		panic("Expected LAND to have higher precedence than LOR")
+	}
+	if token.MUL.Precedence() != token.QUO.Precedence() {
+		panic("Expected MUL and QUO to have same precedence")
+	}
+	if token.ADD.Precedence() != token.SUB.Precedence() {
+		panic("Expected ADD and SUB to have same precedence")
+	}
+	
+	operators := []token.Token{
+		token.ADD,
+		token.SUB,
+		token.MUL,
+		token.QUO,
+		token.REM,
+		token.LAND,
+		token.LOR,
+		token.EQL,
+		token.LSS,
+		token.GTR,
+	}
+	
+	for _, op := range operators {
+		fmt.Printf("Operator: %s, Precedence: %d\n", op, op.Precedence())
+	}
+	
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Precedence operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testFileSet() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test FileSet ===")
+	
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	
+	file1 := fset.AddFile("file1.go", -1, 1000)
+	file2 := fset.AddFile("file2.go", -1, 2000)
+	
+	fmt.Printf("Added file1: %s, Base: %d, Size: %d\n", file1.Name(), file1.Base(), file1.Size())
+	fmt.Printf("Added file2: %s, Base: %d, Size: %d\n", file2.Name(), file2.Base(), file2.Size())
+	
+	pos := file1.Pos(100)
+	retrievedFile := fset.File(pos)
+	if retrievedFile != file1 {
+		panic("FileSet.File failed to retrieve correct file")
+	}
+	
+	position := fset.Position(pos)
+	fmt.Printf("Position at offset 100: %s\n", position)
+	
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: FileSet operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testFile() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test File ===")
+	
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	file := fset.AddFile("test.go", -1, 1000)
+	
+	if file.Name() != "test.go" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected file name to be 'test.go', got %q", file.Name()))
+	}
+	if file.Size() != 1000 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected file size to be 1000, got %d", file.Size()))
+	}
+	
+	file.AddLine(0)
+	file.AddLine(50)
+	file.AddLine(100)
+	
+	if file.LineCount() != 3 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected line count to be 3, got %d", file.LineCount()))
+	}
+	
+	fmt.Printf("File name: %s\n", file.Name())
+	fmt.Printf("File base: %d\n", file.Base())
+	fmt.Printf("File size: %d\n", file.Size())
+	fmt.Printf("File line count: %d\n", file.LineCount())
+	
+	pos := file.Pos(50)
+	fmt.Printf("Pos at offset 50: %d\n", pos)
+	
+	offset := file.Offset(pos)
+	if offset != 50 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected offset to be 50, got %d", offset))
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Offset of pos: %d\n", offset)
+	
+	line := file.Line(pos)
+	if line != 2 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected line to be 2, got %d", line))
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Line number at pos: %d\n", line)
+	
+	lineStart := file.LineStart(2)
+	fmt.Printf("Line 2 starts at pos: %d\n", lineStart)
+	
+	position := file.Position(pos)
+	fmt.Printf("Position: %s\n", position)
+	
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: File operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testPosition() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Position ===" )
+	
+	pos := token.Position{
+		Filename: "test.go",
+		Offset:   100,
+		Line:     5,
+		Column:   10,
+	}
+	
+	if !pos.IsValid() {
+		panic("Expected valid position to be valid")
+	}
+	if pos.Filename != "test.go" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected filename to be 'test.go', got %q", pos.Filename))
+	}
+	if pos.Line != 5 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected line to be 5, got %d", pos.Line))
+	}
+	if pos.Column != 10 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected column to be 10, got %d", pos.Column))
+	}
+	
+	fmt.Printf("Position: %s\n", pos.String())
+	fmt.Printf("Filename: %s, Line: %d, Column: %d, Offset: %d\n", 
+		pos.Filename, pos.Line, pos.Column, pos.Offset)
+	fmt.Printf("IsValid: %v\n", pos.IsValid())
+	
+	invalidPos := token.Position{}
+	if invalidPos.IsValid() {
+		panic("Expected empty position to be invalid")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Invalid position IsValid: %v\n", invalidPos.IsValid())
+	
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Position operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testUtilityFunctions() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Utility Functions ===")
+
+	fmt.Printf("IsExported(\"Foo\"): %v\n", token.IsExported("Foo"))
+	fmt.Printf("IsExported(\"foo\"): %v\n", token.IsExported("foo"))
+	fmt.Printf("IsExported(\"_foo\"): %v\n", token.IsExported("_foo"))
+
+	fmt.Printf("IsIdentifier(\"foo\"): %v\n", token.IsIdentifier("foo"))
+	fmt.Printf("IsIdentifier(\"foo123\"): %v\n", token.IsIdentifier("foo123"))
+	fmt.Printf("IsIdentifier(\"123foo\"): %v\n", token.IsIdentifier("123foo"))
+	fmt.Printf("IsIdentifier(\"foo-bar\"): %v\n", token.IsIdentifier("foo-bar"))
+
+	fmt.Printf("IsKeyword(\"func\"): %v\n", token.IsKeyword("func"))
+	fmt.Printf("IsKeyword(\"if\"): %v\n", token.IsKeyword("if"))
+	fmt.Printf("IsKeyword(\"foo\"): %v\n", token.IsKeyword("foo"))
+
+	lookupFunc := token.Lookup("func")
+	fmt.Printf("Lookup(\"func\"): %s\n", lookupFunc)
+
+	lookupIdent := token.Lookup("myVar")
+	fmt.Printf("Lookup(\"myVar\"): %s\n", lookupIdent)
+
+	lookupFor := token.Lookup("for")
+	fmt.Printf("Lookup(\"for\"): %s\n", lookupFor)
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Utility functions work correctly\n")
+}

_demo/go/gotypes/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	testBasicTypes()
+	testObjects()
+	testScope()
+	testPackage()
+	testNamed()
+	testInterface()
+	testStruct()
+	testSignature()
+	testTuple()
+	testArray()
+	testSlice()
+	testPointer()
+	testMap()
+	testChan()
+	testTypeComparison()
+	testTypeChecking()
+	testStringFunctions()
+	testLookupFunctions()
+	testUtilityFunctions()
+}
+
+func testBasicTypes() {
+	fmt.Println("=== Test Basic Types ===")
+
+	intType := types.Typ[types.Int]
+	fmt.Printf("Int type: %v, Kind: %v\n", intType, intType.Kind())
+	if intType.Kind() != types.Int {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Int type kind mismatch: expected %v, got %v", types.Int, intType.Kind()))
+	}
+
+	stringType := types.Typ[types.String]
+	fmt.Printf("String type: %v, Kind: %v\n", stringType, stringType.Kind())
+	if stringType.Kind() != types.String {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("String type kind mismatch: expected %v, got %v", types.String, stringType.Kind()))
+	}
+
+	boolType := types.Typ[types.Bool]
+	fmt.Printf("Bool type: %v, Kind: %v\n", boolType, boolType.Kind())
+	if boolType.Kind() != types.Bool {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Bool type kind mismatch: expected %v, got %v", types.Bool, boolType.Kind()))
+	}
+
+	float64Type := types.Typ[types.Float64]
+	fmt.Printf("Float64 type: %v, Kind: %v\n", float64Type, float64Type.Kind())
+	if float64Type.Kind() != types.Float64 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Float64 type kind mismatch: expected %v, got %v", types.Float64, float64Type.Kind()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Basic types work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testObjects() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Objects (Var, Const, Func, TypeName) ===")
+
+	varObj := types.NewVar(token.NoPos, nil, "x", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	fmt.Printf("Var: Name=%s, Type=%v\n", varObj.Name(), varObj.Type())
+	if varObj.Name() != "x" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Var name mismatch: expected x, got %s", varObj.Name()))
+	}
+	if varObj.Type() != types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Var type mismatch: expected int, got %v", varObj.Type()))
+	}
+
+	constObj := types.NewConst(token.NoPos, nil, "pi", types.Typ[types.Float64], nil)
+	fmt.Printf("Const: Name=%s, Type=%v\n", constObj.Name(), constObj.Type())
+	if constObj.Name() != "pi" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Const name mismatch: expected pi, got %s", constObj.Name()))
+	}
+	if constObj.Type() != types.Typ[types.Float64] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Const type mismatch: expected float64, got %v", constObj.Type()))
+	}
+
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false)
+	funcObj := types.NewFunc(token.NoPos, nil, "foo", sig)
+	fmt.Printf("Func: Name=%s, Type=%v\n", funcObj.Name(), funcObj.Type())
+	if funcObj.Name() != "foo" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Func name mismatch: expected foo, got %s", funcObj.Name()))
+	}
+
+	typeObj := types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, nil, "MyInt", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	fmt.Printf("TypeName: Name=%s, Type=%v\n", typeObj.Name(), typeObj.Type())
+	if typeObj.Name() != "MyInt" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("TypeName name mismatch: expected MyInt, got %s", typeObj.Name()))
+	}
+
+	var obj types.Object = varObj
+	if obj.Name() != "x" {
+		panic("Object interface conversion failed")
+	}
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Object interface works correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testScope() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Scope ===")
+
+	scope := types.NewScope(nil, 0, 0, "test")
+	obj := types.NewVar(0, nil, "x", types.Typ[types.Int])
+
+	scope.Insert(obj)
+	result := scope.Lookup("x")
+	if result != obj {
+		panic("Scope.Lookup failed")
+	}
+
+	names := scope.Names()
+	if len(names) != 1 || names[0] != "x" {
+		panic("Scope.Names failed")
+	}
+
+	num := scope.Len()
+	if num != 1 {
+		panic("Scope.Len failed")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Scope contains %d object(s): %v\n", num, names)
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Scope operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testPackage() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Package ===")
+
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("example.com/test", "test")
+	fmt.Printf("Package: Path=%s, Name=%s\n", pkg.Path(), pkg.Name())
+	if pkg.Path() != "example.com/test" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Package path mismatch: expected example.com/test, got %s", pkg.Path()))
+	}
+	if pkg.Name() != "test" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Package name mismatch: expected test, got %s", pkg.Name()))
+	}
+
+	scope := pkg.Scope()
+	if scope == nil {
+		panic("Package.Scope returned nil")
+	}
+
+	varObj := types.NewVar(token.NoPos, pkg, "x", types.Typ[types.Int])
+	scope.Insert(varObj)
+
+	result := pkg.Scope().Lookup("x")
+	if result != varObj {
+		panic("Package scope lookup failed")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Package operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testNamed() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Named Types ===")
+
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("example.com/test", "test")
+	typeName := types.NewTypeName(token.NoPos, pkg, "MyInt", nil)
+	named := types.NewNamed(typeName, types.Typ[types.Int], nil)
+
+	fmt.Printf("Named type: %v, Underlying: %v\n", named, named.Underlying())
+
+	if named.Obj() != typeName {
+		panic("Named.Obj failed")
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Named type operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testInterface() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Interface ===")
+
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("example.com/test", "test")
+
+	posMethod := types.NewFunc(token.NoPos, pkg, "Pos", types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, pkg, "", types.Typ[types.Int])), false))
+	endMethod := types.NewFunc(token.NoPos, pkg, "End", types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, types.NewTuple(types.NewVar(0, pkg, "", types.Typ[types.Int])), false))
+
+	methods := []*types.Func{posMethod, endMethod}
+	iface := types.NewInterfaceType(methods, nil)
+	iface.Complete()
+
+	fmt.Printf("Interface with %d methods\n", iface.NumMethods())
+	if iface.NumMethods() != 2 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Interface method count mismatch: expected 2, got %d", iface.NumMethods()))
+	}
+
+	method := iface.Method(0)
+	fmt.Printf("Method 0: %s\n", method.Name())
+	if method.Name() != "End" && method.Name() != "Pos" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unexpected method name: %s", method.Name()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Interface operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testStruct() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Struct ===")
+
+	fields := []*types.Var{
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "X", types.Typ[types.Int], false),
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "Y", types.Typ[types.String], false),
+	}
+
+	structType := types.NewStruct(fields, nil)
+	fmt.Printf("Struct with %d fields\n", structType.NumFields())
+	if structType.NumFields() != 2 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Struct field count mismatch: expected 2, got %d", structType.NumFields()))
+	}
+
+	field0 := structType.Field(0)
+	fmt.Printf("Field 0: Name=%s, Type=%v\n", field0.Name(), field0.Type())
+	if field0.Name() != "X" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Field 0 name mismatch: expected X, got %s", field0.Name()))
+	}
+	if field0.Type() != types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Field 0 type mismatch: expected int, got %v", field0.Type()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Struct operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testSignature() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Signature ===")
+
+	params := types.NewTuple(
+		types.NewVar(token.NoPos, nil, "x", types.Typ[types.Int]),
+		types.NewVar(token.NoPos, nil, "y", types.Typ[types.String]),
+	)
+
+	results := types.NewTuple(
+		types.NewVar(token.NoPos, nil, "", types.Typ[types.Bool]),
+	)
+
+	sig := types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, params, results, false)
+
+	fmt.Printf("Signature: %d params, %d results\n", sig.Params().Len(), sig.Results().Len())
+	if sig.Params().Len() != 2 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Signature param count mismatch: expected 2, got %d", sig.Params().Len()))
+	}
+	if sig.Results().Len() != 1 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Signature result count mismatch: expected 1, got %d", sig.Results().Len()))
+	}
+
+	param0 := sig.Params().At(0)
+	fmt.Printf("Param 0: Name=%s, Type=%v\n", param0.Name(), param0.Type())
+	if param0.Name() != "x" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Param 0 name mismatch: expected x, got %s", param0.Name()))
+	}
+	if param0.Type() != types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Param 0 type mismatch: expected int, got %v", param0.Type()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Signature operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testTuple() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Tuple ===")
+
+	tuple := types.NewTuple(
+		types.NewVar(token.NoPos, nil, "a", types.Typ[types.Int]),
+		types.NewVar(token.NoPos, nil, "b", types.Typ[types.String]),
+	)
+
+	fmt.Printf("Tuple length: %d\n", tuple.Len())
+	if tuple.Len() != 2 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Tuple length mismatch: expected 2, got %d", tuple.Len()))
+	}
+
+	var0 := tuple.At(0)
+	fmt.Printf("Element 0: Name=%s, Type=%v\n", var0.Name(), var0.Type())
+	if var0.Name() != "a" {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Tuple element 0 name mismatch: expected a, got %s", var0.Name()))
+	}
+	if var0.Type() != types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Tuple element 0 type mismatch: expected int, got %v", var0.Type()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Tuple operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testArray() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Array ===")
+
+	arrayType := types.NewArray(types.Typ[types.Int], 10)
+	fmt.Printf("Array type: %v, Elem: %v, Len: %d\n", arrayType, arrayType.Elem(), arrayType.Len())
+	if arrayType.Len() != 10 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Array length mismatch: expected 10, got %d", arrayType.Len()))
+	}
+	if arrayType.Elem() != types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Array element type mismatch: expected int, got %v", arrayType.Elem()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Array operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testSlice() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Slice ===")
+
+	sliceType := types.NewSlice(types.Typ[types.String])
+	fmt.Printf("Slice type: %v, Elem: %v\n", sliceType, sliceType.Elem())
+	if sliceType.Elem() != types.Typ[types.String] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Slice element type mismatch: expected string, got %v", sliceType.Elem()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Slice operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testPointer() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Pointer ===")
+
+	ptrType := types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.Int])
+	fmt.Printf("Pointer type: %v, Elem: %v\n", ptrType, ptrType.Elem())
+	if ptrType.Elem() != types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Pointer element type mismatch: expected int, got %v", ptrType.Elem()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Pointer operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testMap() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Map ===")
+
+	mapType := types.NewMap(types.Typ[types.String], types.Typ[types.Int])
+	fmt.Printf("Map type: %v, Key: %v, Elem: %v\n", mapType, mapType.Key(), mapType.Elem())
+	if mapType.Key() != types.Typ[types.String] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Map key type mismatch: expected string, got %v", mapType.Key()))
+	}
+	if mapType.Elem() != types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Map element type mismatch: expected int, got %v", mapType.Elem()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Map operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testChan() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Chan ===" )
+
+	chanType := types.NewChan(types.SendRecv, types.Typ[types.Int])
+	fmt.Printf("Chan type: %v, Dir: %v, Elem: %v\n", chanType, chanType.Dir(), chanType.Elem())
+	if chanType.Dir() != types.SendRecv {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Chan direction mismatch: expected SendRecv, got %v", chanType.Dir()))
+	}
+	if chanType.Elem() != types.Typ[types.Int] {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Chan element type mismatch: expected int, got %v", chanType.Elem()))
+	}
+
+	sendChan := types.NewChan(types.SendOnly, types.Typ[types.String])
+	fmt.Printf("SendOnly chan: %v, Dir: %v\n", sendChan, sendChan.Dir())
+	if sendChan.Dir() != types.SendOnly {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("SendOnly chan direction mismatch: expected SendOnly, got %v", sendChan.Dir()))
+	}
+
+	recvChan := types.NewChan(types.RecvOnly, types.Typ[types.Bool])
+	fmt.Printf("RecvOnly chan: %v, Dir: %v\n", recvChan, recvChan.Dir())
+	if recvChan.Dir() != types.RecvOnly {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("RecvOnly chan direction mismatch: expected RecvOnly, got %v", recvChan.Dir()))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Chan operations work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testTypeComparison() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Type Comparison Functions ===")
+
+	t1 := types.Typ[types.Int]
+	t2 := types.Typ[types.Int]
+	t3 := types.Typ[types.String]
+
+	if !types.Identical(t1, t2) {
+		panic("Identical failed: int should be identical to int")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Identical(int, int): %v\n", types.Identical(t1, t2))
+	fmt.Printf("Identical(int, string): %v\n", types.Identical(t1, t3))
+
+	if !types.AssignableTo(t1, t2) {
+		panic("AssignableTo failed")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("AssignableTo(int, int): %v\n", types.AssignableTo(t1, t2))
+	fmt.Printf("AssignableTo(int, string): %v\n", types.AssignableTo(t1, t3))
+
+	fmt.Printf("Comparable(int): %v\n", types.Comparable(t1))
+	fmt.Printf("Comparable(string): %v\n", types.Comparable(t3))
+
+	fmt.Printf("ConvertibleTo(int, int): %v\n", types.ConvertibleTo(t1, t2))
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Type comparison functions work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testTypeChecking() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Type Checking Functions ===")
+
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("example.com/test", "test")
+
+	m1 := types.NewFunc(token.NoPos, pkg, "Method1", types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+	m2 := types.NewFunc(token.NoPos, pkg, "Method2", types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+	iface := types.NewInterfaceType([]*types.Func{m1, m2}, nil)
+	iface.Complete()
+
+	fields := []*types.Var{
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, nil, "x", types.Typ[types.Int], false),
+	}
+	structType := types.NewStruct(fields, nil)
+
+	fmt.Printf("Implements(struct, interface): %v\n", types.Implements(structType, iface))
+	fmt.Printf("Implements(int, interface): %v\n", types.Implements(types.Typ[types.Int], iface))
+
+	emptyIface := types.NewInterfaceType(nil, nil)
+	emptyIface.Complete()
+	fmt.Printf("Implements(int, empty interface): %v\n", types.Implements(types.Typ[types.Int], emptyIface))
+
+	fmt.Printf("AssertableTo(interface, int): %v\n", types.AssertableTo(iface, types.Typ[types.Int]))
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Type checking functions work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testStringFunctions() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test String Functions ===")
+
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("example.com/test", "test")
+	varObj := types.NewVar(token.NoPos, pkg, "myVar", types.Typ[types.Int])
+
+	objStr := types.ObjectString(varObj, nil)
+	fmt.Printf("ObjectString: %s\n", objStr)
+
+	objStrQual := types.ObjectString(varObj, types.RelativeTo(pkg))
+	fmt.Printf("ObjectString (qualified): %s\n", objStrQual)
+
+	typeStr := types.TypeString(types.Typ[types.Int], nil)
+	fmt.Printf("TypeString(int): %s\n", typeStr)
+
+	sliceType := types.NewSlice(types.Typ[types.String])
+	sliceStr := types.TypeString(sliceType, nil)
+	fmt.Printf("TypeString([]string): %s\n", sliceStr)
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: String functions work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testLookupFunctions() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Lookup Functions ===")
+
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("example.com/test", "test")
+
+	fields := []*types.Var{
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, pkg, "X", types.Typ[types.Int], false),
+		types.NewField(token.NoPos, pkg, "Y", types.Typ[types.String], false),
+	}
+	structType := types.NewStruct(fields, nil)
+
+	obj, index, indirect := types.LookupFieldOrMethod(structType, false, pkg, "X")
+	if obj == nil {
+		panic("LookupFieldOrMethod failed to find X")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("LookupFieldOrMethod found: %s, index: %v, indirect: %v\n", obj.Name(), index, indirect)
+
+	obj2, index2, indirect2 := types.LookupFieldOrMethod(structType, false, pkg, "NonExistent")
+	fmt.Printf("LookupFieldOrMethod (non-existent): found=%v, index=%v, indirect=%v\n", obj2 != nil, index2, indirect2)
+
+	mset := types.NewMethodSet(structType)
+	fmt.Printf("NewMethodSet: %d methods\n", mset.Len())
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Lookup functions work correctly\n")
+}
+
+func testUtilityFunctions() {
+	fmt.Println("\n=== Test Utility Functions ===")
+
+	pkg := types.NewPackage("example.com/test", "test")
+
+	iface := types.NewInterfaceType(nil, nil)
+	iface.Complete()
+
+	fmt.Printf("IsInterface(interface): %v\n", types.IsInterface(iface))
+	fmt.Printf("IsInterface(int): %v\n", types.IsInterface(types.Typ[types.Int]))
+
+	typedNil := types.Typ[types.UntypedNil]
+	defaultType := types.Default(typedNil)
+	fmt.Printf("Default(UntypedNil): %v\n", defaultType)
+
+	intDefault := types.Default(types.Typ[types.Int])
+	fmt.Printf("Default(int): %v\n", intDefault)
+
+	idStr := types.Id(pkg, "MyType")
+	fmt.Printf("Id(pkg, \"MyType\"): %s\n", idStr)
+
+	fmt.Println("SUCCESS: Utility functions work correctly\n")
+}

_demo/go/reflectindirect/reflect-indirect.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	x := 42
+	p := &x
+
+	// Test 1: Non-pointer value - should return same value
+	v1 := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(x))
+	if !v1.IsValid() || v1.Interface() != 42 {
+		panic("Non-pointer test failed: expected 42")
+	}
+
+	// Test 2: Pointer - should dereference
+	v2 := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(p))
+	if !v2.IsValid() || v2.Interface() != 42 {
+		panic("Pointer dereference test failed: expected 42")
+	}
+
+	// Test 3: Nil pointer - should return invalid Value
+	var nilPtr *int
+	v3 := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(nilPtr))
+	if v3.IsValid() {
+		panic("Nil pointer test failed: expected invalid Value")
+	}
+
+	// Test 4: Struct value - should return same value
+	type Person struct {
+		Name string
+		Age  int
+	}
+	person := Person{Name: "Alice", Age: 30}
+	v4 := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(person))
+	if !v4.IsValid() || v4.Interface().(Person).Name != "Alice" || v4.Interface().(Person).Age != 30 {
+		panic("Struct value test failed: expected Person{Name: Alice, Age: 30}")
+	}
+
+	// Test 5: Struct pointer - should dereference
+	personPtr := &Person{Name: "Bob", Age: 25}
+	v5 := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(personPtr))
+	if !v5.IsValid() || v5.Interface().(Person).Name != "Bob" || v5.Interface().(Person).Age != 25 {
+		panic("Struct pointer test failed: expected Person{Name: Bob, Age: 25}")
+	}
+
+	println("PASS")
+}

cl/_testdata/geometry1370/geometry.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package geometry1370
+
+type Shape interface {
+	Area() float64
+	validate() bool
+	setID(int)
+}
+
+type Rectangle struct {
+	Width, Height float64
+	id            int
+}
+
+func (r *Rectangle) Area() float64  { return r.Width * r.Height }
+func (r *Rectangle) validate() bool { return r.Width > 0 && r.Height > 0 }
+func (r *Rectangle) setID(id int)   { r.id = id }
+func (r *Rectangle) GetID() int     { return r.id }
+
+func NewRectangle(width, height float64) *Rectangle {
+	return &Rectangle{Width: width, Height: height}
+}
+
+func RegisterShape(s Shape, id int) {
+	s.setID(id)
+}

cl/_testdata/geometry1370/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+; ModuleID = 'github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370'
+source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle" = type { double, double, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface" = type { ptr, ptr }
+
+@"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.init$guard" = global i1 false, align 1
+
+define ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.NewRectangle"(double %0, double %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64 24)
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 0
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", ptr %2, i32 0, i32 1
+  store double %0, ptr %3, align 8
+  store double %1, ptr %4, align 8
+  ret ptr %2
+}
+
+define double @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).Area"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  %2 = load double, ptr %1, align 8
+  %3 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  %4 = load double, ptr %3, align 8
+  %5 = fmul double %2, %4
+  ret double %5
+}
+
+define i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).GetID"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 2
+  %2 = load i64, ptr %1, align 4
+  ret i64 %2
+}
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).setID"(ptr %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 2
+  store i64 %1, ptr %2, align 4
+  ret void
+}
+
+define i1 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).validate"(ptr %0) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %1 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 0
+  %2 = load double, ptr %1, align 8
+  %3 = fcmp ogt double %2, 0.000000e+00
+  br i1 %3, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  %4 = getelementptr inbounds %"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", ptr %0, i32 0, i32 1
+  %5 = load double, ptr %4, align 8
+  %6 = fcmp ogt double %5, 0.000000e+00
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  %7 = phi i1 [ false, %_llgo_0 ], [ %6, %_llgo_1 ]
+  ret i1 %7
+}
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.RegisterShape"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface" %0, i64 %1) {
+_llgo_0:
+  %2 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.IfacePtrData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface" %0)
+  %3 = extractvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface" %0, 0
+  %4 = getelementptr ptr, ptr %3, i64 4
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr %4, align 8
+  %6 = insertvalue { ptr, ptr } undef, ptr %5, 0
+  %7 = insertvalue { ptr, ptr } %6, ptr %2, 1
+  %8 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %7, 1
+  %9 = extractvalue { ptr, ptr } %7, 0
+  call void %9(ptr %8, i64 %1)
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.init"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocZ"(i64)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.IfacePtrData"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface")

cl/_testgo/defercomplex/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package main
+
+func main() {
+	for _, label := range complexOrder() {
+		println(label)
+	}
+}
+
+func complexOrder() (res []string) {
+	record := func(label string) { res = append(res, label) }
+
+	defer record(label1("cleanup-final", 0))
+	defer record(label1("cleanup-before-loop", 0))
+
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		defer record(label1("exit-outer", i))
+		for j := 0; j < 2; j++ {
+			if j == 0 {
+				defer record(label2("branch-even", i, j))
+			} else {
+				defer record(label2("branch-odd", i, j))
+			}
+			for k := 0; k < 2; k++ {
+				nested := label3("nested", i, j, k)
+				defer record(nested)
+				if k == 1 {
+					defer record(label3("nested-tail", i, j, k))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	defer record(label1("post-loop", 0))
+	return
+}
+
+func label1(prefix string, a int) string {
+	return prefix + "-" + digit(a)
+}
+
+func label2(prefix string, a, b int) string {
+	return prefix + "-" + digit(a) + "-" + digit(b)
+}
+
+func label3(prefix string, a, b, c int) string {
+	return prefix + "-" + digit(a) + "-" + digit(b) + "-" + digit(c)
+}
+
+func digit(n int) string {
+	return string(rune('0' + n))
+}

cl/_testgo/defercomplex/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+;

cl/_testgo/deferloop/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package main
+
+func main() {
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		defer println("loop", i)
+	}
+}

cl/_testgo/deferloop/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+;

cl/_testgo/interface1370/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	rect := geometry1370.NewRectangle(5.0, 3.0)
+	geometry1370.RegisterShape(rect, 42)
+	println("ID:", rect.GetID())
+}

cl/_testgo/interface1370/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+; ModuleID = 'github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370'
+source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370"
+
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface" = type { ptr, ptr }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" = type { ptr, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", ptr, i64, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", i1 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" = type { ptr, i64, i64 }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", ptr, ptr, ptr }
+%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod" = type { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", ptr }
+
+@"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.init$guard" = global i1 false, align 1
+@"_llgo_github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle" = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@0 = private unnamed_addr constant [48 x i8] c"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370", align 1
+@1 = private unnamed_addr constant [9 x i8] c"Rectangle", align 1
+@_llgo_float64 = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@_llgo_int = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.struct$EuRbjzGGO7GwkW6RxZGl-8lEjTdEMzAFD8LnY_SpVoQ" = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@2 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"Width", align 1
+@3 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c"Height", align 1
+@4 = private unnamed_addr constant [2 x i8] c"id", align 1
+@5 = private unnamed_addr constant [47 x i8] c"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370", align 1
+@6 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"Area", align 1
+@"_llgo_func$UYiLlmcWxoOKZPPzvR4LByitNeKoVGoTrB_5ubdOWW8" = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@7 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"GetID", align 1
+@"_llgo_func$ETeB8WwW04JEq0ztcm-XPTJtuYvtpkjIsAc0-2NT9zA" = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@8 = private unnamed_addr constant [5 x i8] c"setID", align 1
+@9 = private unnamed_addr constant [54 x i8] c"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.setID", align 1
+@"_llgo_func$VZ-8VPNF1RaLICwxc1Ghn7BbgyFX3v762OCdx127EkA" = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@10 = private unnamed_addr constant [8 x i8] c"validate", align 1
+@11 = private unnamed_addr constant [57 x i8] c"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.validate", align 1
+@_llgo_bool = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@"_llgo_func$YHeRw3AOvQtzv982-ZO3Yn8vh3Fx89RM3VvI8E4iKVk" = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@"*_llgo_github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle" = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.iface$OopIVfjRcxQr1gmJyGi5G7hHt__vH05AREEM7PthH9o" = linkonce global ptr null, align 8
+@12 = private unnamed_addr constant [3 x i8] c"ID:", align 1
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.init"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.init$guard", align 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.init"()
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.init$after"()
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.main"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.NewRectangle"(double 5.000000e+00, double 3.000000e+00)
+  %1 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", align 8
+  %2 = load ptr, ptr @"*_llgo_github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", align 8
+  %3 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$UYiLlmcWxoOKZPPzvR4LByitNeKoVGoTrB_5ubdOWW8", align 8
+  %4 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$VZ-8VPNF1RaLICwxc1Ghn7BbgyFX3v762OCdx127EkA", align 8
+  %5 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$YHeRw3AOvQtzv982-ZO3Yn8vh3Fx89RM3VvI8E4iKVk", align 8
+  %6 = load ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.iface$OopIVfjRcxQr1gmJyGi5G7hHt__vH05AREEM7PthH9o", align 8
+  %7 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.NewItab"(ptr %6, ptr %2)
+  %8 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface" undef, ptr %7, 0
+  %9 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface" %8, ptr %0, 1
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.RegisterShape"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface" %9, i64 42)
+  %10 = call i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).GetID"(ptr %0)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @12, i64 3 })
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintByte"(i8 32)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64 %10)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintByte"(i8 10)
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.init"()
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.NewRectangle"(double, double)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.RegisterShape"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.iface", i64)
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.init$after"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.NewNamed"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @0, i64 48 }, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @1, i64 9 }, i64 25, i64 24, i64 0, i64 4)
+  %1 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", align 8
+  %2 = icmp eq ptr %1, null
+  br i1 %2, label %_llgo_1, label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store ptr %0, ptr @"_llgo_github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", align 8
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  %3 = load ptr, ptr @_llgo_float64, align 8
+  %4 = icmp eq ptr %3, null
+  br i1 %4, label %_llgo_3, label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_3:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_2
+  %5 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 46)
+  store ptr %5, ptr @_llgo_float64, align 8
+  br label %_llgo_4
+
+_llgo_4:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_3, %_llgo_2
+  %6 = load ptr, ptr @_llgo_float64, align 8
+  %7 = load ptr, ptr @_llgo_int, align 8
+  %8 = icmp eq ptr %7, null
+  br i1 %8, label %_llgo_5, label %_llgo_6
+
+_llgo_5:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_4
+  %9 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 34)
+  store ptr %9, ptr @_llgo_int, align 8
+  br label %_llgo_6
+
+_llgo_6:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_5, %_llgo_4
+  %10 = load ptr, ptr @_llgo_int, align 8
+  %11 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 46)
+  %12 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.StructField"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @2, i64 5 }, ptr %11, i64 0, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" zeroinitializer, i1 false)
+  %13 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 46)
+  %14 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.StructField"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @3, i64 6 }, ptr %13, i64 8, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" zeroinitializer, i1 false)
+  %15 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 34)
+  %16 = call %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.StructField"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @4, i64 2 }, ptr %15, i64 16, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" zeroinitializer, i1 false)
+  %17 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 168)
+  %18 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField", ptr %17, i64 0
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField" %12, ptr %18, align 8
+  %19 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField", ptr %17, i64 1
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField" %14, ptr %19, align 8
+  %20 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField", ptr %17, i64 2
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField" %16, ptr %20, align 8
+  %21 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %17, 0
+  %22 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %21, i64 3, 1
+  %23 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %22, i64 3, 2
+  %24 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Struct"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @5, i64 47 }, i64 24, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %23)
+  store ptr %24, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.struct$EuRbjzGGO7GwkW6RxZGl-8lEjTdEMzAFD8LnY_SpVoQ", align 8
+  %25 = load ptr, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.struct$EuRbjzGGO7GwkW6RxZGl-8lEjTdEMzAFD8LnY_SpVoQ", align 8
+  br i1 %2, label %_llgo_7, label %_llgo_8
+
+_llgo_7:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_6
+  %26 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$UYiLlmcWxoOKZPPzvR4LByitNeKoVGoTrB_5ubdOWW8", align 8
+  %27 = icmp eq ptr %26, null
+  br i1 %27, label %_llgo_9, label %_llgo_10
+
+_llgo_8:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_18, %_llgo_6
+  %28 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.NewNamed"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @0, i64 48 }, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @1, i64 9 }, i64 25, i64 24, i64 0, i64 4)
+  %29 = load ptr, ptr @"*_llgo_github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", align 8
+  %30 = icmp eq ptr %29, null
+  br i1 %30, label %_llgo_19, label %_llgo_20
+
+_llgo_9:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_7
+  %31 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 0)
+  %32 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %31, 0
+  %33 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %32, i64 0, 1
+  %34 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %33, i64 0, 2
+  %35 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 46)
+  %36 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %37 = getelementptr ptr, ptr %36, i64 0
+  store ptr %35, ptr %37, align 8
+  %38 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %36, 0
+  %39 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %38, i64 1, 1
+  %40 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %39, i64 1, 2
+  %41 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Func"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %34, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %40, i1 false)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.SetDirectIface"(ptr %41)
+  store ptr %41, ptr @"_llgo_func$UYiLlmcWxoOKZPPzvR4LByitNeKoVGoTrB_5ubdOWW8", align 8
+  br label %_llgo_10
+
+_llgo_10:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_9, %_llgo_7
+  %42 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$UYiLlmcWxoOKZPPzvR4LByitNeKoVGoTrB_5ubdOWW8", align 8
+  %43 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @6, i64 4 }, ptr undef, ptr undef, ptr undef }, ptr %42, 1
+  %44 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %43, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).Area", 2
+  %45 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %44, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).Area", 3
+  %46 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$ETeB8WwW04JEq0ztcm-XPTJtuYvtpkjIsAc0-2NT9zA", align 8
+  %47 = icmp eq ptr %46, null
+  br i1 %47, label %_llgo_11, label %_llgo_12
+
+_llgo_11:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_10
+  %48 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 0)
+  %49 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %48, 0
+  %50 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %49, i64 0, 1
+  %51 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %50, i64 0, 2
+  %52 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 34)
+  %53 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %54 = getelementptr ptr, ptr %53, i64 0
+  store ptr %52, ptr %54, align 8
+  %55 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %53, 0
+  %56 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %55, i64 1, 1
+  %57 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %56, i64 1, 2
+  %58 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Func"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %51, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %57, i1 false)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.SetDirectIface"(ptr %58)
+  store ptr %58, ptr @"_llgo_func$ETeB8WwW04JEq0ztcm-XPTJtuYvtpkjIsAc0-2NT9zA", align 8
+  br label %_llgo_12
+
+_llgo_12:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_11, %_llgo_10
+  %59 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$ETeB8WwW04JEq0ztcm-XPTJtuYvtpkjIsAc0-2NT9zA", align 8
+  %60 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @7, i64 5 }, ptr undef, ptr undef, ptr undef }, ptr %59, 1
+  %61 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %60, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).GetID", 2
+  %62 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %61, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).GetID", 3
+  %63 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$VZ-8VPNF1RaLICwxc1Ghn7BbgyFX3v762OCdx127EkA", align 8
+  %64 = icmp eq ptr %63, null
+  br i1 %64, label %_llgo_13, label %_llgo_14
+
+_llgo_13:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_12
+  %65 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 34)
+  %66 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %67 = getelementptr ptr, ptr %66, i64 0
+  store ptr %65, ptr %67, align 8
+  %68 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %66, 0
+  %69 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %68, i64 1, 1
+  %70 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %69, i64 1, 2
+  %71 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 0)
+  %72 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %71, 0
+  %73 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %72, i64 0, 1
+  %74 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %73, i64 0, 2
+  %75 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Func"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %70, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %74, i1 false)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.SetDirectIface"(ptr %75)
+  store ptr %75, ptr @"_llgo_func$VZ-8VPNF1RaLICwxc1Ghn7BbgyFX3v762OCdx127EkA", align 8
+  br label %_llgo_14
+
+_llgo_14:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_13, %_llgo_12
+  %76 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$VZ-8VPNF1RaLICwxc1Ghn7BbgyFX3v762OCdx127EkA", align 8
+  %77 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @9, i64 54 }, ptr undef, ptr undef, ptr undef }, ptr %76, 1
+  %78 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %77, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).setID", 2
+  %79 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %78, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).setID", 3
+  %80 = load ptr, ptr @_llgo_bool, align 8
+  %81 = icmp eq ptr %80, null
+  br i1 %81, label %_llgo_15, label %_llgo_16
+
+_llgo_15:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_14
+  %82 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 33)
+  store ptr %82, ptr @_llgo_bool, align 8
+  br label %_llgo_16
+
+_llgo_16:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_15, %_llgo_14
+  %83 = load ptr, ptr @_llgo_bool, align 8
+  %84 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$YHeRw3AOvQtzv982-ZO3Yn8vh3Fx89RM3VvI8E4iKVk", align 8
+  %85 = icmp eq ptr %84, null
+  br i1 %85, label %_llgo_17, label %_llgo_18
+
+_llgo_17:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_16
+  %86 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 0)
+  %87 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %86, 0
+  %88 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %87, i64 0, 1
+  %89 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %88, i64 0, 2
+  %90 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64 33)
+  %91 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 8)
+  %92 = getelementptr ptr, ptr %91, i64 0
+  store ptr %90, ptr %92, align 8
+  %93 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %91, 0
+  %94 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %93, i64 1, 1
+  %95 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %94, i64 1, 2
+  %96 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Func"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %89, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %95, i1 false)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.SetDirectIface"(ptr %96)
+  store ptr %96, ptr @"_llgo_func$YHeRw3AOvQtzv982-ZO3Yn8vh3Fx89RM3VvI8E4iKVk", align 8
+  br label %_llgo_18
+
+_llgo_18:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_17, %_llgo_16
+  %97 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$YHeRw3AOvQtzv982-ZO3Yn8vh3Fx89RM3VvI8E4iKVk", align 8
+  %98 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @11, i64 57 }, ptr undef, ptr undef, ptr undef }, ptr %97, 1
+  %99 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %98, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).validate", 2
+  %100 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %99, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).validate", 3
+  %101 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 160)
+  %102 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method", ptr %101, i64 0
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %45, ptr %102, align 8
+  %103 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method", ptr %101, i64 1
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %62, ptr %103, align 8
+  %104 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method", ptr %101, i64 2
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %79, ptr %104, align 8
+  %105 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method", ptr %101, i64 3
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Method" %100, ptr %105, align 8
+  %106 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %101, 0
+  %107 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %106, i64 4, 1
+  %108 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %107, i64 4, 2
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.InitNamed"(ptr %0, ptr %25, { ptr, i64, i64 } zeroinitializer, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %108)
+  br label %_llgo_8
+
+_llgo_19:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_8
+  %109 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PointerTo"(ptr %28)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.SetDirectIface"(ptr %109)
+  store ptr %109, ptr @"*_llgo_github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.Rectangle", align 8
+  br label %_llgo_20
+
+_llgo_20:                                         ; preds = %_llgo_19, %_llgo_8
+  %110 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$UYiLlmcWxoOKZPPzvR4LByitNeKoVGoTrB_5ubdOWW8", align 8
+  %111 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$VZ-8VPNF1RaLICwxc1Ghn7BbgyFX3v762OCdx127EkA", align 8
+  %112 = load ptr, ptr @"_llgo_func$YHeRw3AOvQtzv982-ZO3Yn8vh3Fx89RM3VvI8E4iKVk", align 8
+  %113 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod" { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @6, i64 4 }, ptr undef }, ptr %110, 1
+  %114 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod" { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @9, i64 54 }, ptr undef }, ptr %111, 1
+  %115 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod" { %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @11, i64 57 }, ptr undef }, ptr %112, 1
+  %116 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64 72)
+  %117 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod", ptr %116, i64 0
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod" %113, ptr %117, align 8
+  %118 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod", ptr %116, i64 1
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod" %114, ptr %118, align 8
+  %119 = getelementptr %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod", ptr %116, i64 2
+  store %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.Imethod" %115, ptr %119, align 8
+  %120 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" undef, ptr %116, 0
+  %121 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %120, i64 3, 1
+  %122 = insertvalue %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %121, i64 3, 2
+  %123 = call ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Interface"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String" { ptr @5, i64 47 }, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice" %122)
+  store ptr %123, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/interface1370.iface$OopIVfjRcxQr1gmJyGi5G7hHt__vH05AREEM7PthH9o", align 8
+  ret void
+}
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.NewNamed"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", i64, i64, i64, i64)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Basic"(i64)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Struct"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", i64, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/abi.StructField" @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.StructField"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", ptr, i64, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", i1)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.AllocU"(i64)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.InitNamed"(ptr, ptr, %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Func"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice", i1)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.SetDirectIface"(ptr)
+
+declare double @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).Area"(ptr)
+
+declare i64 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).GetID"(ptr)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).setID"(ptr, i64)
+
+declare i1 @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testdata/geometry1370.(*Rectangle).validate"(ptr)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PointerTo"(ptr)
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Interface"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String", %"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.Slice")
+
+declare ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.NewItab"(ptr, ptr)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintString"(%"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.String")
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintByte"(i8)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintInt"(i64)

cl/_testgo/rewrite/dep/dep.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package dep
+
+import "fmt"
+
+var VarName = "dep-default"
+var VarPlain string
+
+func PrintVar() {
+	fmt.Printf("dep.VarName: %s\n", VarName)
+	fmt.Printf("dep.VarPlain: %s\n", VarPlain)
+}

cl/_testgo/rewrite/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+
+	dep "github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/rewrite/dep"
+)
+
+var VarName = "main-default"
+var VarPlain string
+
+func printLine(label, value string) {
+	fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n", label, value)
+}
+
+func main() {
+	printLine("main.VarName", VarName)
+	printLine("main.VarPlain", VarPlain)
+	dep.PrintVar()
+	printLine("runtime.GOROOT()", runtime.GOROOT())
+	printLine("runtime.Version()", runtime.Version())
+}

cl/_testgo/rewrite/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+;

cl/_testrt/stacksave/in.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+//go:linkname getsp llgo.stackSave
+func getsp() unsafe.Pointer
+
+func main() {
+	sp := getsp()
+	println(sp)
+}

cl/_testrt/stacksave/out.ll

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+; ModuleID = 'github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testrt/stacksave'
+source_filename = "github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testrt/stacksave"
+
+@"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testrt/stacksave.init$guard" = global i1 false, align 1
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testrt/stacksave.init"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = load i1, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testrt/stacksave.init$guard", align 1
+  br i1 %0, label %_llgo_2, label %_llgo_1
+
+_llgo_1:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_0
+  store i1 true, ptr @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testrt/stacksave.init$guard", align 1
+  br label %_llgo_2
+
+_llgo_2:                                          ; preds = %_llgo_1, %_llgo_0
+  ret void
+}
+
+define void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testrt/stacksave.main"() {
+_llgo_0:
+  %0 = call ptr @llvm.stacksave()
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintPointer"(ptr %0)
+  call void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintByte"(i8 10)
+  ret void
+}
+
+; Function Attrs: nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn
+declare ptr @llvm.stacksave() #0
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintPointer"(ptr)
+
+declare void @"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime.PrintByte"(i8)
+
+attributes #0 = { nocallback nofree nosync nounwind willreturn }

cl/builtin_test.go

@@ -393,10 +393,10 @@ func TestErrImport(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestErrInitLinkname(t *testing.T) {
 	var ctx context
-	ctx.initLinkname("//llgo:link abc", func(name string) (string, bool, bool) {
+	ctx.initLinkname("//llgo:link abc", func(name string, isExport bool) (string, bool, bool) {
 		return "", false, false
 	})
-	ctx.initLinkname("//go:linkname Printf printf", func(name string) (string, bool, bool) {
+	ctx.initLinkname("//go:linkname Printf printf", func(name string, isExport bool) (string, bool, bool) {
 		return "", false, false
 	})
 	defer func() {
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ func TestErrInitLinkname(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatal("initLinkname: no error?")
 		}
 	}()
-	ctx.initLinkname("//go:linkname Printf printf", func(name string) (string, bool, bool) {
+	ctx.initLinkname("//go:linkname Printf printf", func(name string, isExport bool) (string, bool, bool) {
 		return "foo.Printf", false, name == "Printf"
 	})
 }
@@ -506,3 +506,238 @@ func TestInstantiate(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("error")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestHandleExportDiffName(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name               string
+		enableExportRename bool
+		line               string
+		fullName           string
+		inPkgName          string
+		wantHasLinkname    bool
+		wantLinkname       string
+		wantExport         string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:               "ExportDiffNames_DifferentName",
+			enableExportRename: true,
+			line:               "//export IRQ_Handler",
+			fullName:           "pkg.HandleInterrupt",
+			inPkgName:          "HandleInterrupt",
+			wantHasLinkname:    true,
+			wantLinkname:       "IRQ_Handler",
+			wantExport:         "IRQ_Handler",
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "ExportDiffNames_SameName",
+			enableExportRename: true,
+			line:               "//export SameName",
+			fullName:           "pkg.SameName",
+			inPkgName:          "SameName",
+			wantHasLinkname:    true,
+			wantLinkname:       "SameName",
+			wantExport:         "SameName",
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "ExportDiffNames_WithSpaces",
+			enableExportRename: true,
+			line:               "//export   Timer_Callback  ",
+			fullName:           "pkg.OnTimerTick",
+			inPkgName:          "OnTimerTick",
+			wantHasLinkname:    true,
+			wantLinkname:       "Timer_Callback",
+			wantExport:         "Timer_Callback",
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "ExportDiffNames_Disabled_MatchingName",
+			enableExportRename: false,
+			line:               "//export Func",
+			fullName:           "pkg.Func",
+			inPkgName:          "Func",
+			wantHasLinkname:    true,
+			wantLinkname:       "Func",
+			wantExport:         "Func",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Save and restore global state
+			oldEnableExportRename := enableExportRename
+			defer func() {
+				EnableExportRename(oldEnableExportRename)
+			}()
+			EnableExportRename(tt.enableExportRename)
+
+			// Setup context
+			prog := llssa.NewProgram(nil)
+			pkg := prog.NewPackage("test", "test")
+			ctx := &context{
+				prog: prog,
+				pkg:  pkg,
+			}
+
+			// Call initLinkname with closure that mimics initLinknameByDoc behavior
+			ret := ctx.initLinkname(tt.line, func(name string, isExport bool) (string, bool, bool) {
+				return tt.fullName, false, name == tt.inPkgName || (isExport && enableExportRename)
+			})
+
+			// Verify result
+			hasLinkname := (ret == hasLinkname)
+			if hasLinkname != tt.wantHasLinkname {
+				t.Errorf("hasLinkname = %v, want %v", hasLinkname, tt.wantHasLinkname)
+			}
+
+			if tt.wantHasLinkname {
+				// Check linkname was set
+				if link, ok := prog.Linkname(tt.fullName); !ok || link != tt.wantLinkname {
+					t.Errorf("linkname = %q (ok=%v), want %q", link, ok, tt.wantLinkname)
+				}
+
+				// Check export was set
+				exports := pkg.ExportFuncs()
+				if export, ok := exports[tt.fullName]; !ok || export != tt.wantExport {
+					t.Errorf("export = %q (ok=%v), want %q", export, ok, tt.wantExport)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInitLinknameByDocExportDiffNames(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name               string
+		enableExportRename bool
+		doc                *ast.CommentGroup
+		fullName           string
+		inPkgName          string
+		wantExported       bool // Whether the symbol should be exported with different name
+		wantLinkname       string
+		wantExport         string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:               "WithExportDiffNames_DifferentNameExported",
+			enableExportRename: true,
+			doc: &ast.CommentGroup{
+				List: []*ast.Comment{
+					{Text: "//export IRQ_Handler"},
+				},
+			},
+			fullName:     "pkg.HandleInterrupt",
+			inPkgName:    "HandleInterrupt",
+			wantExported: true,
+			wantLinkname: "IRQ_Handler",
+			wantExport:   "IRQ_Handler",
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "WithoutExportDiffNames_NotExported",
+			enableExportRename: false,
+			doc: &ast.CommentGroup{
+				List: []*ast.Comment{
+					{Text: "//export DifferentName"},
+				},
+			},
+			fullName:     "pkg.HandleInterrupt",
+			inPkgName:    "HandleInterrupt",
+			wantExported: false,
+			// Without enableExportRename, it goes through normal flow which expects same name
+			// The symbol "DifferentName" won't be found, so no export happens
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Without enableExportRename, export with different name will panic
+			if !tt.wantExported && !tt.enableExportRename {
+				defer func() {
+					if r := recover(); r == nil {
+						t.Error("expected panic for export with different name when enableExportRename=false")
+					}
+				}()
+			}
+
+			// Save and restore global state
+			oldEnableExportRename := enableExportRename
+			defer func() {
+				EnableExportRename(oldEnableExportRename)
+			}()
+			EnableExportRename(tt.enableExportRename)
+
+			// Setup context
+			prog := llssa.NewProgram(nil)
+			pkg := prog.NewPackage("test", "test")
+			ctx := &context{
+				prog: prog,
+				pkg:  pkg,
+			}
+
+			// Call initLinknameByDoc
+			ctx.initLinknameByDoc(tt.doc, tt.fullName, tt.inPkgName, false)
+
+			// Verify export behavior
+			exports := pkg.ExportFuncs()
+			if tt.wantExported {
+				// Should have exported the symbol with different name
+				if export, ok := exports[tt.fullName]; !ok || export != tt.wantExport {
+					t.Errorf("export = %q (ok=%v), want %q", export, ok, tt.wantExport)
+				}
+				// Check linkname was also set
+				if link, ok := prog.Linkname(tt.fullName); !ok || link != tt.wantLinkname {
+					t.Errorf("linkname = %q (ok=%v), want %q", link, ok, tt.wantLinkname)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInitLinkExportDiffNames(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name               string
+		enableExportRename bool
+		line               string
+		wantPanic          bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:               "ExportDiffNames_Enabled_NoError",
+			enableExportRename: true,
+			line:               "//export IRQ_Handler",
+			wantPanic:          false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:               "ExportDiffNames_Disabled_Panic",
+			enableExportRename: false,
+			line:               "//export IRQ_Handler",
+			wantPanic:          true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if tt.wantPanic {
+				defer func() {
+					if r := recover(); r == nil {
+						t.Error("expected panic but didn't panic")
+					}
+				}()
+			}
+
+			oldEnableExportRename := enableExportRename
+			defer func() {
+				EnableExportRename(oldEnableExportRename)
+			}()
+			EnableExportRename(tt.enableExportRename)
+
+			prog := llssa.NewProgram(nil)
+			pkg := prog.NewPackage("test", "test")
+			ctx := &context{
+				prog: prog,
+				pkg:  pkg,
+			}
+
+			ctx.initLinkname(tt.line, func(inPkgName string, isExport bool) (fullName string, isVar, ok bool) {
+				// Simulate initLinknames scenario: symbol not found (like in decl packages)
+				return "", false, false
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}

cl/compile.go

@@ -53,6 +53,11 @@ var (
 	enableDbg         bool
 	enableDbgSyms     bool
 	disableInline     bool
+
+	// enableExportRename enables //export to use different C symbol names than Go function names.
+	// This is for TinyGo compatibility when using -target flag for embedded targets.
+	// Currently, using -target implies TinyGo embedded target mode.
+	enableExportRename bool
 )
 
 // SetDebug sets debug flags.
@@ -73,6 +78,12 @@ func EnableTrace(b bool) {
 	enableCallTracing = b
 }
 
+// EnableExportRename enables or disables //export with different C symbol names.
+// This is enabled when using -target flag for TinyGo compatibility.
+func EnableExportRename(b bool) {
+	enableExportRename = b
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 type instrOrValue interface {
@@ -98,18 +109,19 @@ type pkgInfo struct {
 type none = struct{}
 
 type context struct {
-	prog   llssa.Program
-	pkg    llssa.Package
-	fn     llssa.Function
-	fset   *token.FileSet
-	goProg *ssa.Program
-	goTyps *types.Package
-	goPkg  *ssa.Package
-	pyMod  string
-	skips  map[string]none
-	loaded map[*types.Package]*pkgInfo // loaded packages
-	bvals  map[ssa.Value]llssa.Expr    // block values
-	vargs  map[*ssa.Alloc][]llssa.Expr // varargs
+	prog        llssa.Program
+	pkg         llssa.Package
+	fn          llssa.Function
+	fset        *token.FileSet
+	goProg      *ssa.Program
+	goTyps      *types.Package
+	goPkg       *ssa.Package
+	pyMod       string
+	skips       map[string]none
+	loaded      map[*types.Package]*pkgInfo // loaded packages
+	bvals       map[ssa.Value]llssa.Expr    // block values
+	vargs       map[*ssa.Alloc][]llssa.Expr // varargs
+	paramDIVars map[*types.Var]llssa.DIVar
 
 	patches  Patches
 	blkInfos []blocks.Info
@@ -126,6 +138,58 @@ type context struct {
 	cgoArgs    []llssa.Expr
 	cgoRet     llssa.Expr
 	cgoSymbols []string
+	rewrites   map[string]string
+}
+
+func (p *context) rewriteValue(name string) (string, bool) {
+	if p.rewrites == nil {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	dot := strings.LastIndex(name, ".")
+	if dot < 0 || dot == len(name)-1 {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	varName := name[dot+1:]
+	val, ok := p.rewrites[varName]
+	return val, ok
+}
+
+// isStringPtrType checks if typ is a pointer to the basic string type (*string).
+// This is used to validate that -ldflags -X can only rewrite variables of type *string,
+// not derived string types like "type T string".
+func (p *context) isStringPtrType(typ types.Type) bool {
+	ptr, ok := typ.(*types.Pointer)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	basic, ok := ptr.Elem().(*types.Basic)
+	return ok && basic.Kind() == types.String
+}
+
+func (p *context) globalFullName(g *ssa.Global) string {
+	name, _, _ := p.varName(g.Pkg.Pkg, g)
+	return name
+}
+
+func (p *context) rewriteInitStore(store *ssa.Store, g *ssa.Global) (string, bool) {
+	if p.rewrites == nil {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	fn := store.Block().Parent()
+	if fn == nil || fn.Synthetic != "package initializer" {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	if _, ok := store.Val.(*ssa.Const); !ok {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	if !p.isStringPtrType(g.Type()) {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	value, ok := p.rewriteValue(p.globalFullName(g))
+	if !ok {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	return value, true
 }
 
 type pkgState byte
@@ -175,7 +239,16 @@ func (p *context) compileGlobal(pkg llssa.Package, gbl *ssa.Global) {
 		log.Println("==> NewVar", name, typ)
 	}
 	g := pkg.NewVar(name, typ, llssa.Background(vtype))
-	if define {
+	if value, ok := p.rewriteValue(name); ok {
+		if p.isStringPtrType(gbl.Type()) {
+			g.Init(pkg.ConstString(value))
+		} else {
+			log.Printf("warning: ignoring rewrite for non-string variable %s (type: %v)", name, gbl.Type())
+			if define {
+				g.InitNil()
+			}
+		}
+	} else if define {
 		g.InitNil()
 	}
 }
@@ -263,6 +336,8 @@ func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, f *ssa.Function) (llssa.Fun
 		if f.Recover != nil { // set recover block
 			fn.SetRecover(fn.Block(f.Recover.Index))
 		}
+		dbgEnabled := enableDbg && (f == nil || f.Origin() == nil)
+		dbgSymsEnabled := enableDbgSyms && (f == nil || f.Origin() == nil)
 		p.inits = append(p.inits, func() {
 			p.fn = fn
 			p.state = state // restore pkgState when compiling funcBody
@@ -270,6 +345,11 @@ func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, f *ssa.Function) (llssa.Fun
 				p.fn = nil
 			}()
 			p.phis = nil
+			if dbgSymsEnabled {
+				p.paramDIVars = make(map[*types.Var]llssa.DIVar)
+			} else {
+				p.paramDIVars = nil
+			}
 			if debugGoSSA {
 				f.WriteTo(os.Stderr)
 			}
@@ -277,7 +357,7 @@ func (p *context) compileFuncDecl(pkg llssa.Package, f *ssa.Function) (llssa.Fun
 				log.Println("==> FuncBody", name)
 			}
 			b := fn.NewBuilder()
-			if enableDbg {
+			if dbgEnabled {
 				pos := p.goProg.Fset.Position(f.Pos())
 				bodyPos := p.getFuncBodyPos(f)
 				b.DebugFunction(fn, pos, bodyPos)
@@ -371,6 +451,9 @@ func (p *context) debugParams(b llssa.Builder, f *ssa.Function) {
 		ty := param.Type()
 		argNo := i + 1
 		div := b.DIVarParam(p.fn, pos, param.Name(), p.type_(ty, llssa.InGo), argNo)
+		if p.paramDIVars != nil {
+			p.paramDIVars[variable] = div
+		}
 		b.DIParam(variable, v, div, p.fn, pos, p.fn.Block(0))
 	}
 }
@@ -388,7 +471,7 @@ func (p *context) compileBlock(b llssa.Builder, block *ssa.BasicBlock, n int, do
 		b.Printf("call " + fn.Name() + "\n\x00")
 	}
 	// place here to avoid wrong current-block
-	if enableDbgSyms && block.Index == 0 {
+	if enableDbgSyms && block.Parent().Origin() == nil && block.Index == 0 {
 		p.debugParams(b, block.Parent())
 	}
 	if doModInit {
@@ -783,7 +866,7 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 		p.compileInstrOrValue(b, iv, false)
 		return
 	}
-	if enableDbg {
+	if enableDbg && instr.Parent().Origin() == nil {
 		scope := p.getDebugLocScope(instr.Parent(), instr.Pos())
 		if scope != nil {
 			diScope := b.DIScope(p.fn, scope)
@@ -805,6 +888,13 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 				return
 			}
 		}
+		if p.rewrites != nil {
+			if g, ok := va.(*ssa.Global); ok {
+				if _, ok := p.rewriteInitStore(v, g); ok {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
 		ptr := p.compileValue(b, va)
 		val := p.compileValue(b, v.Val)
 		b.Store(ptr, val)
@@ -846,7 +936,7 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 		x := p.compileValue(b, v.X)
 		b.Send(ch, x)
 	case *ssa.DebugRef:
-		if enableDbgSyms {
+		if enableDbgSyms && v.Parent().Origin() == nil {
 			p.debugRef(b, v)
 		}
 	default:
@@ -855,14 +945,13 @@ func (p *context) compileInstr(b llssa.Builder, instr ssa.Instruction) {
 }
 
 func (p *context) getLocalVariable(b llssa.Builder, fn *ssa.Function, v *types.Var) llssa.DIVar {
-	pos := p.fset.Position(v.Pos())
-	t := p.type_(v.Type(), llssa.InGo)
-	for i, param := range fn.Params {
-		if param.Object().(*types.Var) == v {
-			argNo := i + 1
-			return b.DIVarParam(p.fn, pos, v.Name(), t, argNo)
+	if p.paramDIVars != nil {
+		if div, ok := p.paramDIVars[v]; ok {
+			return div
 		}
 	}
+	pos := p.fset.Position(v.Pos())
+	t := p.type_(v.Type(), llssa.InGo)
 	scope := b.DIScope(p.fn, v.Parent())
 	return b.DIVarAuto(scope, pos, v.Name(), t)
 }
@@ -970,12 +1059,22 @@ type Patches = map[string]Patch
 
 // NewPackage compiles a Go package to LLVM IR package.
 func NewPackage(prog llssa.Program, pkg *ssa.Package, files []*ast.File) (ret llssa.Package, err error) {
-	ret, _, err = NewPackageEx(prog, nil, pkg, files)
+	ret, _, err = NewPackageEx(prog, nil, nil, pkg, files)
 	return
 }
 
 // NewPackageEx compiles a Go package to LLVM IR package.
-func NewPackageEx(prog llssa.Program, patches Patches, pkg *ssa.Package, files []*ast.File) (ret llssa.Package, externs []string, err error) {
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - prog: target LLVM SSA program context
+//   - patches: optional package patches applied during compilation
+//   - rewrites: per-package string initializers rewritten at compile time
+//   - pkg: SSA package to compile
+//   - files: parsed AST files that belong to the package
+//
+// The rewrites map uses short variable names (without package qualifier) and
+// only affects string-typed globals defined in the current package.
+func NewPackageEx(prog llssa.Program, patches Patches, rewrites map[string]string, pkg *ssa.Package, files []*ast.File) (ret llssa.Package, externs []string, err error) {
 	pkgProg := pkg.Prog
 	pkgTypes := pkg.Pkg
 	oldTypes := pkgTypes
@@ -1008,6 +1107,7 @@ func NewPackageEx(prog llssa.Program, patches Patches, pkg *ssa.Package, files [
 			types.Unsafe: {kind: PkgDeclOnly}, // TODO(xsw): PkgNoInit or PkgDeclOnly?
 		},
 		cgoSymbols: make([]string, 0, 128),
+		rewrites:   rewrites,
 	}
 	ctx.initPyModule()
 	ctx.initFiles(pkgPath, files, pkgName == "C")

cl/import.go

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (p *pkgSymInfo) initLinknames(ctx *context) {
 		lines := bytes.Split(b, sep)
 		for _, line := range lines {
 			if bytes.HasPrefix(line, commentPrefix) {
-				ctx.initLinkname(string(line), func(inPkgName string) (fullName string, isVar, ok bool) {
+				ctx.initLinkname(string(line), func(inPkgName string, isExport bool) (fullName string, isVar, ok bool) {
 					if sym, ok := p.syms[inPkgName]; ok && file == sym.file {
 						return sym.fullName, sym.isVar, true
 					}
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ func (p *context) initLinknameByDoc(doc *ast.CommentGroup, fullName, inPkgName s
 	if doc != nil {
 		for n := len(doc.List) - 1; n >= 0; n-- {
 			line := doc.List[n].Text
-			ret := p.initLinkname(line, func(name string) (_ string, _, ok bool) {
-				return fullName, isVar, name == inPkgName
+			ret := p.initLinkname(line, func(name string, isExport bool) (_ string, _, ok bool) {
+				return fullName, isVar, name == inPkgName || (isExport && enableExportRename)
 			})
 			if ret != unknownDirective {
 				return ret == hasLinkname
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ const (
 	unknownDirective = -1
 )
 
-func (p *context) initLinkname(line string, f func(inPkgName string) (fullName string, isVar, ok bool)) int {
+func (p *context) initLinkname(line string, f func(inPkgName string, isExport bool) (fullName string, isVar, ok bool)) int {
 	const (
 		linkname  = "//go:linkname "
 		llgolink  = "//llgo:link "
@@ -324,17 +324,24 @@ func (p *context) initLinkname(line string, f func(inPkgName string) (fullName s
 	return noDirective
 }
 
-func (p *context) initLink(line string, prefix int, export bool, f func(inPkgName string) (fullName string, isVar, ok bool)) {
+func (p *context) initLink(line string, prefix int, export bool, f func(inPkgName string, isExport bool) (fullName string, isVar, ok bool)) {
 	text := strings.TrimSpace(line[prefix:])
 	if idx := strings.IndexByte(text, ' '); idx > 0 {
 		inPkgName := text[:idx]
-		if fullName, _, ok := f(inPkgName); ok {
+		if fullName, _, ok := f(inPkgName, export); ok {
 			link := strings.TrimLeft(text[idx+1:], " ")
 			p.prog.SetLinkname(fullName, link)
 			if export {
 				p.pkg.SetExport(fullName, link)
 			}
 		} else {
+			// Export with different names already processed by initLinknameByDoc
+			if export && enableExportRename {
+				return
+			}
+			if export {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("export comment has wrong name %q", inPkgName))
+			}
 			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "==>", line)
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "llgo: linkname %s not found and ignored\n", inPkgName)
 		}
@@ -503,7 +510,8 @@ const (
 	llgoCgoCheckPointer = llgoCgoBase + 0x6
 	llgoCgoCgocall      = llgoCgoBase + 0x7
 
-	llgoAsm = llgoInstrBase + 0x40
+	llgoAsm       = llgoInstrBase + 0x40
+	llgoStackSave = llgoInstrBase + 0x41
 
 	llgoAtomicOpLast = llgoAtomicOpBase + int(llssa.OpUMin)
 )

cl/instr.go

@@ -425,7 +425,8 @@ var llgoInstrs = map[string]int{
 	"_cgoCheckPointer":     llgoCgoCheckPointer,
 	"_cgo_runtime_cgocall": llgoCgoCgocall,
 
-	"asm": llgoAsm,
+	"asm":       llgoAsm,
+	"stackSave": llgoStackSave,
 }
 
 // funcOf returns a function by name and set ftype = goFunc, cFunc, etc.
@@ -601,6 +602,8 @@ func (p *context) call(b llssa.Builder, act llssa.DoAction, call *ssa.CallCommon
 			ret = p.sigsetjmp(b, args)
 		case llgoSiglongjmp:
 			p.siglongjmp(b, args)
+		case llgoStackSave:
+			ret = b.StackSave()
 		case llgoSigjmpbuf: // func sigjmpbuf()
 			ret = b.AllocaSigjmpBuf()
 		case llgoDeferData: // func deferData() *Defer

cl/rewrite_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+//go:build !llgo
+// +build !llgo
+
+package cl
+
+import (
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/parser"
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	gpackages "github.com/goplus/gogen/packages"
+	llssa "github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa/ssatest"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/go/ssa/ssautil"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	llssa.Initialize(llssa.InitAll | llssa.InitNative)
+}
+
+func compileWithRewrites(t *testing.T, src string, rewrites map[string]string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	file, err := parser.ParseFile(fset, "rewrite.go", src, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	importer := gpackages.NewImporter(fset)
+	mode := ssa.SanityCheckFunctions | ssa.InstantiateGenerics
+	pkg, _, err := ssautil.BuildPackage(&types.Config{Importer: importer}, fset,
+		types.NewPackage(file.Name.Name, file.Name.Name), []*ast.File{file}, mode)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("build package failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	prog := ssatest.NewProgramEx(t, nil, importer)
+	prog.TypeSizes(types.SizesFor("gc", runtime.GOARCH))
+	ret, _, err := NewPackageEx(prog, nil, rewrites, pkg, []*ast.File{file})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("NewPackageEx failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	return ret.String()
+}
+
+func TestRewriteGlobalStrings(t *testing.T) {
+	const src = `package rewritepkg
+var VarInit = "original_value"
+var VarPlain string
+func Use() string { return VarInit + VarPlain }
+`
+	ir := compileWithRewrites(t, src, map[string]string{
+		"VarInit":  "rewrite_init",
+		"VarPlain": "rewrite_plain",
+	})
+	if strings.Contains(ir, "original_value") {
+		t.Fatalf("original initializer still present:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+	for _, want := range []string{`c"rewrite_init"`, `c"rewrite_plain"`} {
+		if !strings.Contains(ir, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("missing %s in IR:\n%s", want, ir)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRewriteSkipsNonConstStores(t *testing.T) {
+	const src = `package rewritepkg
+import "strings"
+var VarInit = strings.ToUpper("original_value")
+var VarPlain string
+func Use() string { return VarInit + VarPlain }
+`
+	ir := compileWithRewrites(t, src, map[string]string{
+		"VarInit":  "rewrite_init",
+		"VarPlain": "rewrite_plain",
+	})
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, `c"rewrite_init"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected rewrite_init constant to remain:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, "strings.ToUpper") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected call to strings.ToUpper in IR:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRewriteValueNoDot(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := &context{rewrites: map[string]string{"VarInit": "rewrite_init"}}
+	if _, ok := ctx.rewriteValue("VarInit"); ok {
+		t.Fatalf("rewriteValue should skip names without package prefix")
+	}
+	if _, ok := ctx.rewriteValue("pkg."); ok {
+		t.Fatalf("rewriteValue should skip trailing dot names")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsStringPtrTypeDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := &context{}
+	if ctx.isStringPtrType(types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.Int])) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-string pointer to return false")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsStringPtrTypeBranches(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := &context{}
+	if ctx.isStringPtrType(types.NewSlice(types.Typ[types.String])) {
+		t.Fatalf("slice should trigger default branch and return false")
+	}
+	if ctx.isStringPtrType(nil) {
+		t.Fatalf("nil type should return false")
+	}
+	if !ctx.isStringPtrType(types.NewPointer(types.Typ[types.String])) {
+		t.Fatalf("*string should return true")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRewriteIgnoredInNonInitStore(t *testing.T) {
+	const src = `package rewritepkg
+var VarInit = "original_value"
+func Override() { VarInit = "override_value" }
+`
+	ir := compileWithRewrites(t, src, map[string]string{"VarInit": "rewrite_init"})
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, `c"override_value"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("override store should retain original literal:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, `c"rewrite_init"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("global initializer should still be rewritten:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRewriteMissingEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	const src = `package rewritepkg
+var VarInit = "original_value"
+var VarOther = "other_value"
+`
+	ir := compileWithRewrites(t, src, map[string]string{"VarInit": "rewrite_init"})
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, `c"other_value"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("VarOther should keep original initializer:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, `c"rewrite_init"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("VarInit should still be rewritten:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRewriteIgnoresNonStringVar(t *testing.T) {
+	const src = `package rewritepkg
+type wrapper struct{ v int }
+var VarStruct = wrapper{v: 1}
+`
+	ir := compileWithRewrites(t, src, map[string]string{"VarStruct": "rewrite_struct"})
+	if strings.Contains(ir, `c"rewrite_struct"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("non-string variables must not be rewritten:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRewriteIgnoresStringAlias(t *testing.T) {
+	const src = `package rewritepkg
+type T string
+var VarAlias T = "original_value"
+`
+	ir := compileWithRewrites(t, src, map[string]string{"VarAlias": "rewrite_alias"})
+	if strings.Contains(ir, `c"rewrite_alias"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("string alias types must not be rewritten:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, `c"original_value"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("original value should remain for alias type:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+}

doc/defer-tls-gc.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Defer Loop GC Integration
+
+## Background
+
+`defer` chains are stored in a per-thread TLS slot so that unwind paths can locate the active `*runtime.Defer`. With the default allocator (`AllocU`) backed by Boehm GC (bdwgc), those TLS-resident pointers were invisible to the collector. In stress scenarios—e.g. `TestDeferLoopStress` with 1,000,000 defers—the collector reclaimed the defer nodes, leaving dangling pointers and causing crashes inside the deferred closures.
+
+Prior experiments (`test-defer-dont-free` branch) confirmed the crash disappeared when allocations bypassed GC (plain `malloc` without `free`), pointing to a root-registration gap rather than logical corruption.
+
+## Solution Overview
+
+1. **GC-aware TLS slot helper** *(from PR [#1347](https://github.com/goplus/llgo/pull/1347))*
+   - Added `runtime/internal/clite/tls`, which exposes `tls.Alloc` to create per-thread storage that is automatically registered as a Boehm GC root.
+   - `SetThreadDefer` delegates to this helper so every thread reuses the same GC-safe slot without bespoke plumbing.
+   - The package handles TLS key creation, root registration/removal, and invokes an optional destructor when a thread exits.
+
+2. **SSA codegen synchronization**
+   - `ssa/eh.go` now calls `runtime.SetThreadDefer` whenever it updates the TLS pointer (on first allocation and when restoring the previous link during unwind).
+   - Defer argument nodes and the `runtime.Defer` struct itself are allocated with `aggregateAllocU`, ensuring new memory comes from GC-managed heaps, and nodes are released via `runtime.FreeDeferNode`.
+
+3. **Non-GC builds**
+   - The `tls` helper falls back to a malloc-backed TLS slot without GC registration, while `FreeDeferNode` continues to release nodes via `c.Free` when building with `-tags nogc`.
+
+## Testing
+
+Run the stress and regression suites to validate the integration:
+
+```sh
+./llgo.sh test ./test -run TestDeferLoopStress
+./llgo.sh test ./test
+```
+
+The updated `TestDeferLoopStress` now asserts 1,000,000 loop defers execute without failure, catching regressions in GC root tracking.

go.mod

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ toolchain go1.24.1
 
 require (
 	github.com/goplus/cobra v1.9.12 //gop:class
-	github.com/goplus/gogen v1.19.3
-	github.com/goplus/lib v0.3.0
+	github.com/goplus/gogen v1.19.5
+	github.com/goplus/lib v0.3.1
 	github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
 	github.com/goplus/llvm v0.8.5
 	github.com/goplus/mod v0.17.1

go.sum

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/goplus/cobra v1.9.12 h1:0F9EdEbeGyITGz+mqoHoJ5KpUw97p1CkxV74IexHw5s=
 github.com/goplus/cobra v1.9.12/go.mod h1:p4LhfNJDKEpiGjGiNn0crUXL5dUPA5DX2ztYpEJR34E=
-github.com/goplus/gogen v1.19.3 h1:sMTe7xME8lWFdPL6NcULykdJtFs9CtXkNACRbaAKTiQ=
-github.com/goplus/gogen v1.19.3/go.mod h1:owX2e1EyU5WD+Nm6oH2m/GXjLdlBYcwkLO4wN8HHXZI=
-github.com/goplus/lib v0.3.0 h1:y0ZGb5Q/RikW1oMMB4Di7XIZIpuzh/7mlrR8HNbxXCA=
-github.com/goplus/lib v0.3.0/go.mod h1:SgJv3oPqLLHCu0gcL46ejOP3x7/2ry2Jtxu7ta32kp0=
+github.com/goplus/gogen v1.19.5 h1:YWPwpRA1PusPhptv9jKg/XiN+AQGiAD9r6I86mJ3lR4=
+github.com/goplus/gogen v1.19.5/go.mod h1:owX2e1EyU5WD+Nm6oH2m/GXjLdlBYcwkLO4wN8HHXZI=
+github.com/goplus/lib v0.3.1 h1:Xws4DBVvgOMu58awqB972wtvTacDbk3nqcbHjdx9KSg=
+github.com/goplus/lib v0.3.1/go.mod h1:SgJv3oPqLLHCu0gcL46ejOP3x7/2ry2Jtxu7ta32kp0=
 github.com/goplus/llvm v0.8.5 h1:DUnFeYC3Rco622tBEKGg8xkigRAV2fh5ZIfBCt7gOSs=
 github.com/goplus/llvm v0.8.5/go.mod h1:PeVK8GgzxwAYCiMiUAJb5wJR6xbhj989tu9oulKLLT4=
 github.com/goplus/mod v0.17.1 h1:ITovxDcc5zbURV/Wrp3/SBsYLgC1KrxY6pq1zMM2V94=

internal/build/build.go

@@ -132,10 +132,16 @@ type Config struct {
 	CheckLinkArgs bool // check linkargs valid
 	ForceEspClang bool // force to use esp-clang
 	Tags          string
-	GlobalNames   map[string][]string // pkg => names
-	GlobalDatas   map[string]string   // pkg.name => data
+	// GlobalRewrites specifies compile-time overrides for global string variables.
+	// Keys are fully qualified package paths (e.g. "main" or "github.com/user/pkg").
+	// Each Rewrites entry maps variable names to replacement string values. Only
+	// string-typed globals are supported and "main" applies to all root main
+	// packages in the current build.
+	GlobalRewrites map[string]Rewrites
 }
 
+type Rewrites map[string]string
+
 func NewDefaultConf(mode Mode) *Config {
 	bin := os.Getenv("GOBIN")
 	if bin == "" {
@@ -214,6 +220,11 @@ func Do(args []string, conf *Config) ([]Package, error) {
 		conf.Goarch = export.GOARCH
 	}
 
+	// Enable different export names for TinyGo compatibility when using -target
+	if conf.Target != "" {
+		cl.EnableExportRename(true)
+	}
+
 	verbose := conf.Verbose
 	patterns := args
 	tags := "llgo,math_big_pure_go"
@@ -335,6 +346,10 @@ func Do(args []string, conf *Config) ([]Package, error) {
 		crossCompile: export,
 		cTransformer: cabi.NewTransformer(prog, export.LLVMTarget, export.TargetABI, conf.AbiMode, cabiOptimize),
 	}
+
+	// default runtime globals must be registered before packages are built
+	addGlobalString(conf, "runtime.defaultGOROOT="+runtime.GOROOT(), nil)
+	addGlobalString(conf, "runtime.buildVersion="+runtime.Version(), nil)
 	pkgs, err := buildAllPkgs(ctx, initial, verbose)
 	check(err)
 	if mode == ModeGen {
@@ -345,19 +360,11 @@ func Do(args []string, conf *Config) ([]Package, error) {
 		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("initial package not found")
 	}
-
 	dpkg, err := buildAllPkgs(ctx, altPkgs[noRt:], verbose)
 	check(err)
 	allPkgs := append([]*aPackage{}, pkgs...)
 	allPkgs = append(allPkgs, dpkg...)
 
-	// update globals importpath.name=value
-	addGlobalString(conf, "runtime.defaultGOROOT="+runtime.GOROOT(), nil)
-	addGlobalString(conf, "runtime.buildVersion="+runtime.Version(), nil)
-
-	global, err := createGlobals(ctx, ctx.prog, pkgs)
-	check(err)
-
 	for _, pkg := range initial {
 		if needLink(pkg, mode) {
 			name := path.Base(pkg.PkgPath)
@@ -369,7 +376,7 @@ func Do(args []string, conf *Config) ([]Package, error) {
 			}
 
 			// Link main package using the output path from buildOutFmts
-			err = linkMainPkg(ctx, pkg, allPkgs, global, outFmts.Out, verbose)
+			err = linkMainPkg(ctx, pkg, allPkgs, outFmts.Out, verbose)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -629,58 +636,59 @@ var (
 	errXflags = errors.New("-X flag requires argument of the form importpath.name=value")
 )
 
+// maxRewriteValueLength limits the size of rewrite values to prevent
+// excessive memory usage and potential resource exhaustion during compilation.
+const maxRewriteValueLength = 1 << 20 // 1 MiB cap per rewrite value
+
 func addGlobalString(conf *Config, arg string, mainPkgs []string) {
+	addGlobalStringWith(conf, arg, mainPkgs, true)
+}
+
+func addGlobalStringWith(conf *Config, arg string, mainPkgs []string, skipIfExists bool) {
 	eq := strings.Index(arg, "=")
 	dot := strings.LastIndex(arg[:eq+1], ".")
 	if eq < 0 || dot < 0 {
 		panic(errXflags)
 	}
 	pkg := arg[:dot]
+	varName := arg[dot+1 : eq]
+	value := arg[eq+1:]
+	validateRewriteInput(pkg, varName, value)
 	pkgs := []string{pkg}
 	if pkg == "main" {
 		pkgs = mainPkgs
 	}
-	if conf.GlobalNames == nil {
-		conf.GlobalNames = make(map[string][]string)
+	if len(pkgs) == 0 {
+		return
 	}
-	if conf.GlobalDatas == nil {
-		conf.GlobalDatas = make(map[string]string)
+	if conf.GlobalRewrites == nil {
+		conf.GlobalRewrites = make(map[string]Rewrites)
 	}
-	for _, pkg := range pkgs {
-		name := pkg + arg[dot:eq]
-		value := arg[eq+1:]
-		if _, ok := conf.GlobalDatas[name]; !ok {
-			conf.GlobalNames[pkg] = append(conf.GlobalNames[pkg], name)
+	for _, realPkg := range pkgs {
+		vars := conf.GlobalRewrites[realPkg]
+		if vars == nil {
+			vars = make(Rewrites)
+			conf.GlobalRewrites[realPkg] = vars
 		}
-		conf.GlobalDatas[name] = value
+		if skipIfExists {
+			if _, exists := vars[varName]; exists {
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		vars[varName] = value
 	}
 }
 
-func createGlobals(ctx *context, prog llssa.Program, pkgs []*aPackage) (llssa.Package, error) {
-	if len(ctx.buildConf.GlobalDatas) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil
+func validateRewriteInput(pkg, varName, value string) {
+	if pkg == "" || strings.ContainsAny(pkg, " \t\r\n") {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid package path for rewrite: %q", pkg))
 	}
-	for _, pkg := range pkgs {
-		if pkg.ExportFile == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if names, ok := ctx.buildConf.GlobalNames[pkg.PkgPath]; ok {
-			err := pkg.LPkg.Undefined(names...)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			pkg.ExportFile += "-global"
-			pkg.ExportFile, err = exportObject(ctx, pkg.PkgPath+".global", pkg.ExportFile, []byte(pkg.LPkg.String()))
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-		}
+	if !token.IsIdentifier(varName) {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid variable name for rewrite: %q", varName))
 	}
-	global := prog.NewPackage("", "global")
-	for name, value := range ctx.buildConf.GlobalDatas {
-		global.AddGlobalString(name, value)
+	if len(value) > maxRewriteValueLength {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("rewrite value too large: %d bytes", len(value)))
 	}
-	return global, nil
 }
 
 // compileExtraFiles compiles extra files (.s/.c) from target configuration and returns object files
@@ -752,7 +760,7 @@ func compileExtraFiles(ctx *context, verbose bool) ([]string, error) {
 	return objFiles, nil
 }
 
-func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global llssa.Package, outputPath string, verbose bool) error {
+func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, outputPath string, verbose bool) error {
 
 	needRuntime := false
 	needPyInit := false
@@ -769,7 +777,6 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 		if p.ExportFile != "" && aPkg != nil { // skip packages that only contain declarations
 			linkArgs = append(linkArgs, aPkg.LinkArgs...)
 			objFiles = append(objFiles, aPkg.LLFiles...)
-			objFiles = append(objFiles, aPkg.ExportFile)
 			need1, need2 := isNeedRuntimeOrPyInit(ctx, p)
 			if !needRuntime {
 				needRuntime = need1
@@ -780,11 +787,11 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 		}
 	})
 	// Generate main module file (needed for global variables even in library modes)
-	entryObjFile, err := genMainModuleFile(ctx, llssa.PkgRuntime, pkg, needRuntime, needPyInit)
+	entryPkg := genMainModule(ctx, llssa.PkgRuntime, pkg, needRuntime, needPyInit)
+	entryObjFile, err := exportObject(ctx, entryPkg.PkgPath, entryPkg.ExportFile, []byte(entryPkg.LPkg.String()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// defer os.Remove(entryLLFile)
 	objFiles = append(objFiles, entryObjFile)
 
 	// Compile extra files from target configuration
@@ -794,14 +801,6 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 	}
 	objFiles = append(objFiles, extraObjFiles...)
 
-	if global != nil {
-		export, err := exportObject(ctx, pkg.PkgPath+".global", pkg.ExportFile+"-global", []byte(global.String()))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		objFiles = append(objFiles, export)
-	}
-
 	if IsFullRpathEnabled() {
 		// Treat every link-time library search path, specified by the -L parameter, as a runtime search path as well.
 		// This is to ensure the final executable can locate libraries with a relocatable install_name
@@ -914,118 +913,6 @@ func needStart(ctx *context) bool {
 	}
 }
 
-func genMainModuleFile(ctx *context, rtPkgPath string, pkg *packages.Package, needRuntime, needPyInit bool) (path string, err error) {
-	var (
-		pyInitDecl string
-		pyInit     string
-		rtInitDecl string
-		rtInit     string
-	)
-	mainPkgPath := pkg.PkgPath
-	if needRuntime {
-		rtInit = "call void @\"" + rtPkgPath + ".init\"()"
-		rtInitDecl = "declare void @\"" + rtPkgPath + ".init\"()"
-	}
-	if needPyInit {
-		pyInit = "call void @Py_Initialize()"
-		pyInitDecl = "declare void @Py_Initialize()"
-	}
-	declSizeT := "%size_t = type i64"
-	if is32Bits(ctx.buildConf.Goarch) {
-		declSizeT = "%size_t = type i32"
-	}
-	stdioDecl := ""
-	stdioNobuf := ""
-	if IsStdioNobuf() {
-		stdioDecl = `
-@stdout = external global ptr
-@stderr = external global ptr
-@__stdout = external global ptr
-@__stderr = external global ptr
-declare i32 @setvbuf(ptr, ptr, i32, %size_t)
-	`
-		stdioNobuf = `
-; Set stdout with no buffer
-%stdout_is_null = icmp eq ptr @stdout, null
-%stdout_ptr = select i1 %stdout_is_null, ptr @__stdout, ptr @stdout
-call i32 @setvbuf(ptr %stdout_ptr, ptr null, i32 2, %size_t 0)
-; Set stderr with no buffer
-%stderr_ptr = select i1 %stdout_is_null, ptr @__stderr, ptr @stderr
-call i32 @setvbuf(ptr %stderr_ptr, ptr null, i32 2, %size_t 0)
-	`
-	}
-	// TODO(lijie): workaround for libc-free
-	// Remove main/_start when -buildmode and libc are ready
-	startDefine := `
-define weak void @_start() {
-  ; argc = 0
-  %argc = add i32 0, 0
-  ; argv = null
-  %argv = inttoptr i64 0 to i8**
-  call i32 @main(i32 %argc, i8** %argv)
-  ret void
-}
-`
-	mainDefine := "define i32 @main(i32 noundef %0, ptr nocapture noundef readnone %1) local_unnamed_addr"
-	if !needStart(ctx) && isWasmTarget(ctx.buildConf.Goos) {
-		mainDefine = "define hidden noundef i32 @__main_argc_argv(i32 noundef %0, ptr nocapture noundef readnone %1) local_unnamed_addr"
-	}
-	if !needStart(ctx) {
-		startDefine = ""
-	}
-
-	var mainCode string
-	// For library modes (c-archive, c-shared), only generate global variables
-	if ctx.buildConf.BuildMode != BuildModeExe {
-		mainCode = `; ModuleID = 'main'
-source_filename = "main"
-@__llgo_argc = global i32 0, align 4
-@__llgo_argv = global ptr null, align 8
-`
-	} else {
-		// For executable mode, generate full main function
-		mainCode = fmt.Sprintf(`; ModuleID = 'main'
-source_filename = "main"
-%s
-@__llgo_argc = global i32 0, align 4
-@__llgo_argv = global ptr null, align 8
-%s
-%s
-%s
-declare void @"%s.init"()
-declare void @"%s.main"()
-define weak void @runtime.init() {
-  ret void
-}
-
-; TODO(lijie): workaround for syscall patch
-define weak void @"syscall.init"() {
-  ret void
-}
-
-%s
-
-%s {
-_llgo_0:
-  store i32 %%0, ptr @__llgo_argc, align 4
-  store ptr %%1, ptr @__llgo_argv, align 8
-  %s
-  %s
-  %s
-  call void @runtime.init()
-  call void @"%s.init"()
-  call void @"%s.main"()
-  ret i32 0
-}
-`, declSizeT, stdioDecl,
-			pyInitDecl, rtInitDecl, mainPkgPath, mainPkgPath,
-			startDefine, mainDefine, stdioNobuf,
-			pyInit, rtInit, mainPkgPath, mainPkgPath)
-	}
-
-	return exportObject(ctx, pkg.PkgPath+".main", pkg.ExportFile+"-main", []byte(mainCode))
-}
-
 func is32Bits(goarch string) bool {
 	return goarch == "386" || goarch == "arm" || goarch == "mips" || goarch == "wasm"
 }
@@ -1050,7 +937,7 @@ func buildPkg(ctx *context, aPkg *aPackage, verbose bool) error {
 		cl.SetDebug(cl.DbgFlagAll)
 	}
 
-	ret, externs, err := cl.NewPackageEx(ctx.prog, ctx.patches, aPkg.SSA, syntax)
+	ret, externs, err := cl.NewPackageEx(ctx.prog, ctx.patches, aPkg.rewriteVars, aPkg.SSA, syntax)
 	if showDetail {
 		llssa.SetDebug(0)
 		cl.SetDebug(0)
@@ -1077,10 +964,11 @@ func buildPkg(ctx *context, aPkg *aPackage, verbose bool) error {
 		aPkg.LinkArgs = append(aPkg.LinkArgs, altLdflags...)
 	}
 	if pkg.ExportFile != "" {
-		pkg.ExportFile, err = exportObject(ctx, pkg.PkgPath, pkg.ExportFile, []byte(ret.String()))
+		exportFile, err := exportObject(ctx, pkg.PkgPath, pkg.ExportFile, []byte(ret.String()))
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("export object of %v failed: %v", pkgPath, err)
 		}
+		aPkg.LLFiles = append(aPkg.LLFiles, exportFile)
 		if debugBuild || verbose {
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "==> Export %s: %s\n", aPkg.PkgPath, pkg.ExportFile)
 		}
@@ -1089,11 +977,15 @@ func buildPkg(ctx *context, aPkg *aPackage, verbose bool) error {
 }
 
 func exportObject(ctx *context, pkgPath string, exportFile string, data []byte) (string, error) {
-	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "llgo-*.ll")
+	base := filepath.Base(exportFile)
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", base+"-*.ll")
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	f.Write(data)
+	if _, err := f.Write(data); err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		return "", err
+	}
 	err = f.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		return exportFile, err
@@ -1111,13 +1003,17 @@ func exportObject(ctx *context, pkgPath string, exportFile string, data []byte)
 		}
 		return exportFile, os.Rename(f.Name(), exportFile)
 	}
-	exportFile += ".o"
-	args := []string{"-o", exportFile, "-c", f.Name(), "-Wno-override-module"}
+	objFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", base+"-*.o")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	objFile.Close()
+	args := []string{"-o", objFile.Name(), "-c", f.Name(), "-Wno-override-module"}
 	if ctx.buildConf.Verbose {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "clang", args)
 	}
 	cmd := ctx.compiler()
-	return exportFile, cmd.Compile(args...)
+	return objFile.Name(), cmd.Compile(args...)
 }
 
 func llcCheck(env *llvm.Env, exportFile string) (msg string, err error) {
@@ -1171,8 +1067,9 @@ type aPackage struct {
 	AltPkg *packages.Cached
 	LPkg   llssa.Package
 
-	LinkArgs []string
-	LLFiles  []string
+	LinkArgs    []string
+	LLFiles     []string
+	rewriteVars map[string]string
 }
 
 type Package = *aPackage
@@ -1193,7 +1090,8 @@ func allPkgs(ctx *context, initial []*packages.Package, verbose bool) (all []*aP
 					return
 				}
 			}
-			all = append(all, &aPackage{p, ssaPkg, altPkg, nil, nil, nil})
+			rewrites := collectRewriteVars(ctx, pkgPath)
+			all = append(all, &aPackage{p, ssaPkg, altPkg, nil, nil, nil, rewrites})
 		} else {
 			errs = append(errs, p)
 		}
@@ -1201,6 +1099,32 @@ func allPkgs(ctx *context, initial []*packages.Package, verbose bool) (all []*aP
 	return
 }
 
+func collectRewriteVars(ctx *context, pkgPath string) map[string]string {
+	data := ctx.buildConf.GlobalRewrites
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	basePath := strings.TrimPrefix(pkgPath, altPkgPathPrefix)
+	if vars := data[basePath]; vars != nil {
+		return cloneRewrites(vars)
+	}
+	if vars := data[pkgPath]; vars != nil {
+		return cloneRewrites(vars)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func cloneRewrites(src Rewrites) map[string]string {
+	if len(src) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	dup := make(map[string]string, len(src))
+	for k, v := range src {
+		dup[k] = v
+	}
+	return dup
+}
+
 func createSSAPkg(prog *ssa.Program, p *packages.Package, verbose bool) *ssa.Package {
 	pkgSSA := prog.ImportedPackage(p.ID)
 	if pkgSSA == nil {

internal/build/build_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/mockable"
@@ -94,4 +97,70 @@ func TestCmpTest(t *testing.T) {
 	mockRun([]string{"../../cl/_testgo/runtest"}, &Config{Mode: ModeCmpTest})
 }
 
-// TestGenerateOutputFilenames removed - functionality moved to filename_test.go
+const (
+	rewriteMainPkg = "github.com/goplus/llgo/cl/_testgo/rewrite"
+	rewriteDepPkg  = rewriteMainPkg + "/dep"
+	rewriteDirPath = "../../cl/_testgo/rewrite"
+)
+
+func TestLdFlagsRewriteVars(t *testing.T) {
+	buildRewriteBinary(t, false, "build-main", "build-pkg")
+	buildRewriteBinary(t, false, "rerun-main", "rerun-pkg")
+}
+
+func TestLdFlagsRewriteVarsMainAlias(t *testing.T) {
+	buildRewriteBinary(t, true, "alias-main", "alias-pkg")
+}
+
+func buildRewriteBinary(t *testing.T, useMainAlias bool, mainVal, depVal string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	binPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "rewrite")
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		binPath += ".exe"
+	}
+
+	cfg := &Config{Mode: ModeBuild, OutFile: binPath}
+	mainKey := rewriteMainPkg
+	var mainPkgs []string
+	if useMainAlias {
+		mainKey = "main"
+		mainPkgs = []string{rewriteMainPkg}
+	}
+	mainPlain := mainVal + "-plain"
+	depPlain := depVal + "-plain"
+	gorootVal := "goroot-" + mainVal
+	versionVal := "version-" + mainVal
+	addGlobalString(cfg, mainKey+".VarName="+mainVal, mainPkgs)
+	addGlobalString(cfg, mainKey+".VarPlain="+mainPlain, mainPkgs)
+	addGlobalString(cfg, rewriteDepPkg+".VarName="+depVal, nil)
+	addGlobalString(cfg, rewriteDepPkg+".VarPlain="+depPlain, nil)
+	addGlobalString(cfg, "runtime.defaultGOROOT="+gorootVal, nil)
+	addGlobalString(cfg, "runtime.buildVersion="+versionVal, nil)
+
+	if _, err := Do([]string{rewriteDirPath}, cfg); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ModeBuild failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	got := runBinary(t, binPath)
+	want := fmt.Sprintf(
+		"main.VarName: %s\nmain.VarPlain: %s\ndep.VarName: %s\ndep.VarPlain: %s\nruntime.GOROOT(): %s\nruntime.Version(): %s\n",
+		mainVal, mainPlain, depVal, depPlain, gorootVal, versionVal,
+	)
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected binary output:\nwant %q\ngot  %q", want, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func runBinary(t *testing.T, path string, args ...string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	cmd := exec.Command(path, args...)
+	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to run %s: %v\n%s", path, err, output)
+	}
+	return string(output)
+}
+
+func TestRunPrintfWithStdioNobuf(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(llgoStdioNobuf, "1")
+	mockRun([]string{"../../cl/_testdata/printf"}, &Config{Mode: ModeRun})
+}

internal/build/main_module.go

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+//go:build !llgo
+// +build !llgo
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Package build contains the llgo compiler build orchestration logic.
+//
+// The main_module.go file generates the entry point module for llgo programs,
+// which contains the main() function, initialization sequence, and global
+// variables like argc/argv. This module is generated differently depending on
+// BuildMode (exe, c-archive, c-shared).
+
+package build
+
+import (
+	"go/token"
+	"go/types"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/packages"
+	llvm "github.com/goplus/llvm"
+
+	llssa "github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
+)
+
+// genMainModule generates the main entry module for an llgo program.
+//
+// The module contains argc/argv globals and, for executable build modes,
+// the entry function that wires initialization and main. For C archive or
+// shared library modes, only the globals are emitted.
+func genMainModule(ctx *context, rtPkgPath string, pkg *packages.Package, needRuntime, needPyInit bool) Package {
+	prog := ctx.prog
+	mainPkg := prog.NewPackage("", pkg.ID+".main")
+
+	argcVar := mainPkg.NewVarEx("__llgo_argc", prog.Pointer(prog.Int32()))
+	argcVar.Init(prog.Zero(prog.Int32()))
+
+	argvValueType := prog.Pointer(prog.CStr())
+	argvVar := mainPkg.NewVarEx("__llgo_argv", prog.Pointer(argvValueType))
+	argvVar.InitNil()
+
+	exportFile := pkg.ExportFile
+	if exportFile == "" {
+		exportFile = pkg.PkgPath
+	}
+	mainAPkg := &aPackage{
+		Package: &packages.Package{
+			PkgPath:    pkg.PkgPath + ".main",
+			ExportFile: exportFile + "-main",
+		},
+		LPkg: mainPkg,
+	}
+
+	if ctx.buildConf.BuildMode != BuildModeExe {
+		return mainAPkg
+	}
+
+	runtimeStub := defineWeakNoArgStub(mainPkg, "runtime.init")
+	// TODO(lijie): workaround for syscall patch
+	defineWeakNoArgStub(mainPkg, "syscall.init")
+
+	var pyInit llssa.Function
+	if needPyInit {
+		pyInit = declareNoArgFunc(mainPkg, "Py_Initialize")
+	}
+
+	var rtInit llssa.Function
+	if needRuntime {
+		rtInit = declareNoArgFunc(mainPkg, rtPkgPath+".init")
+	}
+
+	mainInit := declareNoArgFunc(mainPkg, pkg.PkgPath+".init")
+	mainMain := declareNoArgFunc(mainPkg, pkg.PkgPath+".main")
+
+	entryFn := defineEntryFunction(ctx, mainPkg, argcVar, argvVar, argvValueType, runtimeStub, mainInit, mainMain, pyInit, rtInit)
+
+	if needStart(ctx) {
+		defineStart(mainPkg, entryFn, argvValueType)
+	}
+
+	return mainAPkg
+}
+
+// defineEntryFunction creates the program's entry function. The name is
+// "main" for standard targets, or "__main_argc_argv" with hidden visibility
+// for WASM targets that don't require _start.
+//
+// The entry stores argc/argv, optionally disables stdio buffering, runs
+// initialization hooks (Python, runtime, package init), and finally calls
+// main.main before returning 0.
+func defineEntryFunction(ctx *context, pkg llssa.Package, argcVar, argvVar llssa.Global, argvType llssa.Type, runtimeStub, mainInit, mainMain llssa.Function, pyInit, rtInit llssa.Function) llssa.Function {
+	prog := pkg.Prog
+	entryName := "main"
+	if !needStart(ctx) && isWasmTarget(ctx.buildConf.Goos) {
+		entryName = "__main_argc_argv"
+	}
+	sig := newEntrySignature(argvType.RawType())
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc(entryName, sig, llssa.InC)
+	fnVal := pkg.Module().NamedFunction(entryName)
+	if entryName != "main" {
+		fnVal.SetVisibility(llvm.HiddenVisibility)
+		fnVal.SetUnnamedAddr(true)
+	}
+	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
+	b.Store(argcVar.Expr, fn.Param(0))
+	b.Store(argvVar.Expr, fn.Param(1))
+	if IsStdioNobuf() {
+		emitStdioNobuf(b, pkg, ctx.buildConf.Goos)
+	}
+	if pyInit != nil {
+		b.Call(pyInit.Expr)
+	}
+	if rtInit != nil {
+		b.Call(rtInit.Expr)
+	}
+	b.Call(runtimeStub.Expr)
+	b.Call(mainInit.Expr)
+	b.Call(mainMain.Expr)
+	b.Return(prog.IntVal(0, prog.Int32()))
+	return fn
+}
+
+func defineStart(pkg llssa.Package, entry llssa.Function, argvType llssa.Type) {
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("_start", llssa.NoArgsNoRet, llssa.InC)
+	pkg.Module().NamedFunction("_start").SetLinkage(llvm.WeakAnyLinkage)
+	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
+	prog := pkg.Prog
+	b.Call(entry.Expr, prog.IntVal(0, prog.Int32()), prog.Nil(argvType))
+	b.Return()
+}
+
+func declareNoArgFunc(pkg llssa.Package, name string) llssa.Function {
+	return pkg.NewFunc(name, llssa.NoArgsNoRet, llssa.InC)
+}
+
+func defineWeakNoArgStub(pkg llssa.Package, name string) llssa.Function {
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc(name, llssa.NoArgsNoRet, llssa.InC)
+	pkg.Module().NamedFunction(name).SetLinkage(llvm.WeakAnyLinkage)
+	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
+	b.Return()
+	return fn
+}
+
+const (
+	// ioNoBuf represents the _IONBF flag for setvbuf (no buffering)
+	ioNoBuf = 2
+)
+
+// emitStdioNobuf generates code to disable buffering on stdout and stderr
+// when the LLGO_STDIO_NOBUF environment variable is set. Only Darwin uses
+// the alternate `__stdoutp`/`__stderrp` symbols; other targets rely on the
+// standard `stdout`/`stderr` globals.
+func emitStdioNobuf(b llssa.Builder, pkg llssa.Package, goos string) {
+	prog := pkg.Prog
+	streamType := prog.VoidPtr()
+	streamPtrType := prog.Pointer(streamType)
+
+	stdoutName := "stdout"
+	stderrName := "stderr"
+	if goos == "darwin" {
+		stdoutName = "__stdoutp"
+		stderrName = "__stderrp"
+	}
+	stdout := declareExternalPtrGlobal(pkg, stdoutName, streamPtrType)
+	stderr := declareExternalPtrGlobal(pkg, stderrName, streamPtrType)
+	stdoutPtr := b.Load(stdout)
+	stderrPtr := b.Load(stderr)
+	sizeType := prog.Uintptr()
+	setvbuf := declareSetvbuf(pkg, streamPtrType, prog.CStr(), prog.Int32(), sizeType)
+
+	noBufMode := prog.IntVal(ioNoBuf, prog.Int32())
+	zeroSize := prog.Zero(sizeType)
+	nullBuf := prog.Nil(prog.CStr())
+
+	b.Call(setvbuf.Expr, stdoutPtr, nullBuf, noBufMode, zeroSize)
+	b.Call(setvbuf.Expr, stderrPtr, nullBuf, noBufMode, zeroSize)
+}
+
+func declareExternalPtrGlobal(pkg llssa.Package, name string, valueType llssa.Type) llssa.Expr {
+	global := pkg.NewVarEx(name, valueType)
+	pkg.Module().NamedGlobal(name).SetLinkage(llvm.ExternalLinkage)
+	return global.Expr
+}
+
+func declareSetvbuf(pkg llssa.Package, streamPtrType, bufPtrType, intType, sizeType llssa.Type) llssa.Function {
+	sig := newSignature(
+		[]types.Type{
+			streamPtrType.RawType(),
+			bufPtrType.RawType(),
+			intType.RawType(),
+			sizeType.RawType(),
+		},
+		[]types.Type{intType.RawType()},
+	)
+	return pkg.NewFunc("setvbuf", sig, llssa.InC)
+}
+
+func tupleOf(tys ...types.Type) *types.Tuple {
+	if len(tys) == 0 {
+		return types.NewTuple()
+	}
+	vars := make([]*types.Var, len(tys))
+	for i, t := range tys {
+		vars[i] = types.NewParam(token.NoPos, nil, "", t)
+	}
+	return types.NewTuple(vars...)
+}
+
+func newSignature(params []types.Type, results []types.Type) *types.Signature {
+	return types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, tupleOf(params...), tupleOf(results...), false)
+}
+
+func newEntrySignature(argvType types.Type) *types.Signature {
+	return newSignature(
+		[]types.Type{types.Typ[types.Int32], argvType},
+		[]types.Type{types.Typ[types.Int32]},
+	)
+}

internal/build/main_module_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//go:build !llgo
+// +build !llgo
+
+package build
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llvm"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/packages"
+	llssa "github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	llssa.Initialize(llssa.InitAll)
+}
+
+func TestGenMainModuleExecutable(t *testing.T) {
+	llvm.InitializeAllTargets()
+	t.Setenv(llgoStdioNobuf, "")
+	ctx := &context{
+		prog: llssa.NewProgram(nil),
+		buildConf: &Config{
+			BuildMode: BuildModeExe,
+			Goos:      "linux",
+			Goarch:    "amd64",
+		},
+	}
+	pkg := &packages.Package{PkgPath: "example.com/foo", ExportFile: "foo.a"}
+	mod := genMainModule(ctx, llssa.PkgRuntime, pkg, true, true)
+	if mod.ExportFile != "foo.a-main" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected export file: %s", mod.ExportFile)
+	}
+	ir := mod.LPkg.String()
+	checks := []string{
+		"define i32 @main(",
+		"call void @Py_Initialize()",
+		"call void @\"example.com/foo.init\"()",
+		"define weak void @_start()",
+	}
+	for _, want := range checks {
+		if !strings.Contains(ir, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("main module IR missing %q:\n%s", want, ir)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenMainModuleLibrary(t *testing.T) {
+	llvm.InitializeAllTargets()
+	t.Setenv(llgoStdioNobuf, "")
+	ctx := &context{
+		prog: llssa.NewProgram(nil),
+		buildConf: &Config{
+			BuildMode: BuildModeCArchive,
+			Goos:      "linux",
+			Goarch:    "amd64",
+		},
+	}
+	pkg := &packages.Package{PkgPath: "example.com/foo", ExportFile: "foo.a"}
+	mod := genMainModule(ctx, llssa.PkgRuntime, pkg, false, false)
+	ir := mod.LPkg.String()
+	if strings.Contains(ir, "define i32 @main") {
+		t.Fatalf("library mode should not emit main function:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, "@__llgo_argc = global i32 0") {
+		t.Fatalf("library mode missing argc global:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+}

internal/crosscompile/compile/libc/libc_test.go

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//go:build !llgo
+
 package libc
 
 import (

internal/env/version.go

@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ const (
 var buildVersion string
 
 // Version returns the version of the running LLGo binary.
-//
-//export LLGoVersion
 func Version() string {
 	if buildVersion != "" {
 		return buildVersion

runtime/_overlay/go/parser/resolver.go

@@ -1,622 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2021 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package parser
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"go/ast"
-	"go/token"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-const debugResolve = false
-
-// resolveFile walks the given file to resolve identifiers within the file
-// scope, updating ast.Ident.Obj fields with declaration information.
-//
-// If declErr is non-nil, it is used to report declaration errors during
-// resolution. tok is used to format position in error messages.
-func resolveFile(file *ast.File, handle *token.File, declErr func(token.Pos, string)) {
-	pkgScope := ast.NewScope(nil)
-	r := &resolver{
-		handle:   handle,
-		declErr:  declErr,
-		topScope: pkgScope,
-		pkgScope: pkgScope,
-		depth:    1,
-	}
-
-	for _, decl := range file.Decls {
-		ast.Walk(r, decl)
-	}
-
-	r.closeScope()
-	assert(r.topScope == nil, "unbalanced scopes")
-	assert(r.labelScope == nil, "unbalanced label scopes")
-
-	// resolve global identifiers within the same file
-	i := 0
-	for _, ident := range r.unresolved {
-		// i <= index for current ident
-		assert(ident.Obj == unresolved, "object already resolved")
-		ident.Obj = r.pkgScope.Lookup(ident.Name) // also removes unresolved sentinel
-		if ident.Obj == nil {
-			r.unresolved[i] = ident
-			i++
-		} else if debugResolve {
-			pos := ident.Obj.Decl.(interface{ Pos() token.Pos }).Pos()
-			r.trace("resolved %s@%v to package object %v", ident.Name, ident.Pos(), pos)
-		}
-	}
-	file.Scope = r.pkgScope
-	file.Unresolved = r.unresolved[0:i]
-}
-
-const maxScopeDepth int = 1e3
-
-type resolver struct {
-	handle  *token.File
-	declErr func(token.Pos, string)
-
-	// Ordinary identifier scopes
-	pkgScope   *ast.Scope   // pkgScope.Outer == nil
-	topScope   *ast.Scope   // top-most scope; may be pkgScope
-	unresolved []*ast.Ident // unresolved identifiers
-	depth      int          // scope depth
-
-	// Label scopes
-	// (maintained by open/close LabelScope)
-	labelScope  *ast.Scope     // label scope for current function
-	targetStack [][]*ast.Ident // stack of unresolved labels
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) trace(format string, args ...any) {
-	fmt.Println(strings.Repeat(". ", r.depth) + r.sprintf(format, args...))
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) sprintf(format string, args ...any) string {
-	for i, arg := range args {
-		switch arg := arg.(type) {
-		case token.Pos:
-			args[i] = r.handle.Position(arg)
-		}
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf(format, args...)
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) openScope(pos token.Pos) {
-	r.depth++
-	if r.depth > maxScopeDepth {
-		panic(bailout{pos: pos, msg: "exceeded max scope depth during object resolution"})
-	}
-	if debugResolve {
-		r.trace("opening scope @%v", pos)
-	}
-	r.topScope = ast.NewScope(r.topScope)
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) closeScope() {
-	r.depth--
-	if debugResolve {
-		r.trace("closing scope")
-	}
-	r.topScope = r.topScope.Outer
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) openLabelScope() {
-	r.labelScope = ast.NewScope(r.labelScope)
-	r.targetStack = append(r.targetStack, nil)
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) closeLabelScope() {
-	// resolve labels
-	n := len(r.targetStack) - 1
-	scope := r.labelScope
-	for _, ident := range r.targetStack[n] {
-		ident.Obj = scope.Lookup(ident.Name)
-		if ident.Obj == nil && r.declErr != nil {
-			r.declErr(ident.Pos(), fmt.Sprintf("label %s undefined", ident.Name))
-		}
-	}
-	// pop label scope
-	r.targetStack = r.targetStack[0:n]
-	r.labelScope = r.labelScope.Outer
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) declare(decl, data any, scope *ast.Scope, kind ast.ObjKind, idents ...*ast.Ident) {
-	for _, ident := range idents {
-		if ident.Obj != nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v: identifier %s already declared or resolved", ident.Pos(), ident.Name))
-		}
-		obj := ast.NewObj(kind, ident.Name)
-		// remember the corresponding declaration for redeclaration
-		// errors and global variable resolution/typechecking phase
-		obj.Decl = decl
-		obj.Data = data
-		// Identifiers (for receiver type parameters) are written to the scope, but
-		// never set as the resolved object. See go.dev/issue/50956.
-		if _, ok := decl.(*ast.Ident); !ok {
-			ident.Obj = obj
-		}
-		if ident.Name != "_" {
-			if debugResolve {
-				r.trace("declaring %s@%v", ident.Name, ident.Pos())
-			}
-			if alt := scope.Insert(obj); alt != nil && r.declErr != nil {
-				prevDecl := ""
-				if pos := alt.Pos(); pos.IsValid() {
-					prevDecl = r.sprintf("\n\tprevious declaration at %v", pos)
-				}
-				r.declErr(ident.Pos(), fmt.Sprintf("%s redeclared in this block%s", ident.Name, prevDecl))
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) shortVarDecl(decl *ast.AssignStmt) {
-	// Go spec: A short variable declaration may redeclare variables
-	// provided they were originally declared in the same block with
-	// the same type, and at least one of the non-blank variables is new.
-	n := 0 // number of new variables
-	for _, x := range decl.Lhs {
-		if ident, isIdent := x.(*ast.Ident); isIdent {
-			assert(ident.Obj == nil, "identifier already declared or resolved")
-			obj := ast.NewObj(ast.Var, ident.Name)
-			// remember corresponding assignment for other tools
-			obj.Decl = decl
-			ident.Obj = obj
-			if ident.Name != "_" {
-				if debugResolve {
-					r.trace("declaring %s@%v", ident.Name, ident.Pos())
-				}
-				if alt := r.topScope.Insert(obj); alt != nil {
-					ident.Obj = alt // redeclaration
-				} else {
-					n++ // new declaration
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if n == 0 && r.declErr != nil {
-		r.declErr(decl.Lhs[0].Pos(), "no new variables on left side of :=")
-	}
-}
-
-// The unresolved object is a sentinel to mark identifiers that have been added
-// to the list of unresolved identifiers. The sentinel is only used for verifying
-// internal consistency.
-var unresolved = new(ast.Object)
-
-// If x is an identifier, resolve attempts to resolve x by looking up
-// the object it denotes. If no object is found and collectUnresolved is
-// set, x is marked as unresolved and collected in the list of unresolved
-// identifiers.
-func (r *resolver) resolve(ident *ast.Ident, collectUnresolved bool) {
-	if ident.Obj != nil {
-		panic(r.sprintf("%v: identifier %s already declared or resolved", ident.Pos(), ident.Name))
-	}
-	// '_' should never refer to existing declarations, because it has special
-	// handling in the spec.
-	if ident.Name == "_" {
-		return
-	}
-	for s := r.topScope; s != nil; s = s.Outer {
-		if obj := s.Lookup(ident.Name); obj != nil {
-			if debugResolve {
-				r.trace("resolved %v:%s to %v", ident.Pos(), ident.Name, obj)
-			}
-			assert(obj.Name != "", "obj with no name")
-			// Identifiers (for receiver type parameters) are written to the scope,
-			// but never set as the resolved object. See go.dev/issue/50956.
-			if _, ok := obj.Decl.(*ast.Ident); !ok {
-				ident.Obj = obj
-			}
-			return
-		}
-	}
-	// all local scopes are known, so any unresolved identifier
-	// must be found either in the file scope, package scope
-	// (perhaps in another file), or universe scope --- collect
-	// them so that they can be resolved later
-	if collectUnresolved {
-		ident.Obj = unresolved
-		r.unresolved = append(r.unresolved, ident)
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) walkExprs(list []ast.Expr) {
-	for _, node := range list {
-		ast.Walk(r, node)
-	}
-}
-
-func Unparen(e ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
-	for {
-		paren, ok := e.(*ast.ParenExpr)
-		if !ok {
-			return e
-		}
-		e = paren.X
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) walkLHS(list []ast.Expr) {
-	for _, expr := range list {
-		expr := Unparen(expr)
-		if _, ok := expr.(*ast.Ident); !ok && expr != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, expr)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) walkStmts(list []ast.Stmt) {
-	for _, stmt := range list {
-		ast.Walk(r, stmt)
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) Visit(node ast.Node) ast.Visitor {
-	if debugResolve && node != nil {
-		r.trace("node %T@%v", node, node.Pos())
-	}
-
-	switch n := node.(type) {
-
-	// Expressions.
-	case *ast.Ident:
-		r.resolve(n, true)
-
-	case *ast.FuncLit:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		r.walkFuncType(n.Type)
-		r.walkBody(n.Body)
-
-	case *ast.SelectorExpr:
-		ast.Walk(r, n.X)
-		// Note: don't try to resolve n.Sel, as we don't support qualified
-		// resolution.
-
-	case *ast.StructType:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		r.walkFieldList(n.Fields, ast.Var)
-
-	case *ast.FuncType:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		r.walkFuncType(n)
-
-	case *ast.CompositeLit:
-		if n.Type != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Type)
-		}
-		for _, e := range n.Elts {
-			if kv, _ := e.(*ast.KeyValueExpr); kv != nil {
-				// See go.dev/issue/45160: try to resolve composite lit keys, but don't
-				// collect them as unresolved if resolution failed. This replicates
-				// existing behavior when resolving during parsing.
-				if ident, _ := kv.Key.(*ast.Ident); ident != nil {
-					r.resolve(ident, false)
-				} else {
-					ast.Walk(r, kv.Key)
-				}
-				ast.Walk(r, kv.Value)
-			} else {
-				ast.Walk(r, e)
-			}
-		}
-
-	case *ast.InterfaceType:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		r.walkFieldList(n.Methods, ast.Fun)
-
-	// Statements
-	case *ast.LabeledStmt:
-		r.declare(n, nil, r.labelScope, ast.Lbl, n.Label)
-		ast.Walk(r, n.Stmt)
-
-	case *ast.AssignStmt:
-		r.walkExprs(n.Rhs)
-		if n.Tok == token.DEFINE {
-			r.shortVarDecl(n)
-		} else {
-			r.walkExprs(n.Lhs)
-		}
-
-	case *ast.BranchStmt:
-		// add to list of unresolved targets
-		if n.Tok != token.FALLTHROUGH && n.Label != nil {
-			depth := len(r.targetStack) - 1
-			r.targetStack[depth] = append(r.targetStack[depth], n.Label)
-		}
-
-	case *ast.BlockStmt:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		r.walkStmts(n.List)
-
-	case *ast.IfStmt:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		if n.Init != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Init)
-		}
-		ast.Walk(r, n.Cond)
-		ast.Walk(r, n.Body)
-		if n.Else != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Else)
-		}
-
-	case *ast.CaseClause:
-		r.walkExprs(n.List)
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		r.walkStmts(n.Body)
-
-	case *ast.SwitchStmt:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		if n.Init != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Init)
-		}
-		if n.Tag != nil {
-			// The scope below reproduces some unnecessary behavior of the parser,
-			// opening an extra scope in case this is a type switch. It's not needed
-			// for expression switches.
-			// TODO: remove this once we've matched the parser resolution exactly.
-			if n.Init != nil {
-				r.openScope(n.Tag.Pos())
-				defer r.closeScope()
-			}
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Tag)
-		}
-		if n.Body != nil {
-			r.walkStmts(n.Body.List)
-		}
-
-	case *ast.TypeSwitchStmt:
-		if n.Init != nil {
-			r.openScope(n.Pos())
-			defer r.closeScope()
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Init)
-		}
-		r.openScope(n.Assign.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		ast.Walk(r, n.Assign)
-		// s.Body consists only of case clauses, so does not get its own
-		// scope.
-		if n.Body != nil {
-			r.walkStmts(n.Body.List)
-		}
-
-	case *ast.CommClause:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		if n.Comm != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Comm)
-		}
-		r.walkStmts(n.Body)
-
-	case *ast.SelectStmt:
-		// as for switch statements, select statement bodies don't get their own
-		// scope.
-		if n.Body != nil {
-			r.walkStmts(n.Body.List)
-		}
-
-	case *ast.ForStmt:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		if n.Init != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Init)
-		}
-		if n.Cond != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Cond)
-		}
-		if n.Post != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, n.Post)
-		}
-		ast.Walk(r, n.Body)
-
-	case *ast.RangeStmt:
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-		ast.Walk(r, n.X)
-		var lhs []ast.Expr
-		if n.Key != nil {
-			lhs = append(lhs, n.Key)
-		}
-		if n.Value != nil {
-			lhs = append(lhs, n.Value)
-		}
-		if len(lhs) > 0 {
-			if n.Tok == token.DEFINE {
-				// Note: we can't exactly match the behavior of object resolution
-				// during the parsing pass here, as it uses the position of the RANGE
-				// token for the RHS OpPos. That information is not contained within
-				// the AST.
-				as := &ast.AssignStmt{
-					Lhs:    lhs,
-					Tok:    token.DEFINE,
-					TokPos: n.TokPos,
-					Rhs:    []ast.Expr{&ast.UnaryExpr{Op: token.RANGE, X: n.X}},
-				}
-				// TODO(rFindley): this walkLHS reproduced the parser resolution, but
-				// is it necessary? By comparison, for a normal AssignStmt we don't
-				// walk the LHS in case there is an invalid identifier list.
-				r.walkLHS(lhs)
-				r.shortVarDecl(as)
-			} else {
-				r.walkExprs(lhs)
-			}
-		}
-		ast.Walk(r, n.Body)
-
-	// Declarations
-	case *ast.GenDecl:
-		switch n.Tok {
-		case token.CONST, token.VAR:
-			for i, spec := range n.Specs {
-				spec := spec.(*ast.ValueSpec)
-				kind := ast.Con
-				if n.Tok == token.VAR {
-					kind = ast.Var
-				}
-				r.walkExprs(spec.Values)
-				if spec.Type != nil {
-					ast.Walk(r, spec.Type)
-				}
-				r.declare(spec, i, r.topScope, kind, spec.Names...)
-			}
-		case token.TYPE:
-			for _, spec := range n.Specs {
-				spec := spec.(*ast.TypeSpec)
-				// Go spec: The scope of a type identifier declared inside a function begins
-				// at the identifier in the TypeSpec and ends at the end of the innermost
-				// containing block.
-				r.declare(spec, nil, r.topScope, ast.Typ, spec.Name)
-				if spec.TypeParams != nil {
-					r.openScope(spec.Pos())
-					r.walkTParams(spec.TypeParams)
-					r.closeScope()
-				}
-				ast.Walk(r, spec.Type)
-			}
-		}
-
-	case *ast.FuncDecl:
-		// Open the function scope.
-		r.openScope(n.Pos())
-		defer r.closeScope()
-
-		r.walkRecv(n.Recv)
-
-		// Type parameters are walked normally: they can reference each other, and
-		// can be referenced by normal parameters.
-		if n.Type.TypeParams != nil {
-			r.walkTParams(n.Type.TypeParams)
-			// TODO(rFindley): need to address receiver type parameters.
-		}
-
-		// Resolve and declare parameters in a specific order to get duplicate
-		// declaration errors in the correct location.
-		r.resolveList(n.Type.Params)
-		r.resolveList(n.Type.Results)
-		r.declareList(n.Recv, ast.Var)
-		r.declareList(n.Type.Params, ast.Var)
-		r.declareList(n.Type.Results, ast.Var)
-
-		r.walkBody(n.Body)
-		if n.Recv == nil && n.Name.Name != "init" {
-			r.declare(n, nil, r.pkgScope, ast.Fun, n.Name)
-		}
-
-	default:
-		return r
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) walkFuncType(typ *ast.FuncType) {
-	// typ.TypeParams must be walked separately for FuncDecls.
-	r.resolveList(typ.Params)
-	r.resolveList(typ.Results)
-	r.declareList(typ.Params, ast.Var)
-	r.declareList(typ.Results, ast.Var)
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) resolveList(list *ast.FieldList) {
-	if list == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	for _, f := range list.List {
-		if f.Type != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, f.Type)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) declareList(list *ast.FieldList, kind ast.ObjKind) {
-	if list == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	for _, f := range list.List {
-		r.declare(f, nil, r.topScope, kind, f.Names...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) walkRecv(recv *ast.FieldList) {
-	// If our receiver has receiver type parameters, we must declare them before
-	// trying to resolve the rest of the receiver, and avoid re-resolving the
-	// type parameter identifiers.
-	if recv == nil || len(recv.List) == 0 {
-		return // nothing to do
-	}
-	typ := recv.List[0].Type
-	if ptr, ok := typ.(*ast.StarExpr); ok {
-		typ = ptr.X
-	}
-
-	var declareExprs []ast.Expr // exprs to declare
-	var resolveExprs []ast.Expr // exprs to resolve
-	switch typ := typ.(type) {
-	case *ast.IndexExpr:
-		declareExprs = []ast.Expr{typ.Index}
-		resolveExprs = append(resolveExprs, typ.X)
-	case *ast.IndexListExpr:
-		declareExprs = typ.Indices
-		resolveExprs = append(resolveExprs, typ.X)
-	default:
-		resolveExprs = append(resolveExprs, typ)
-	}
-	for _, expr := range declareExprs {
-		if id, _ := expr.(*ast.Ident); id != nil {
-			r.declare(expr, nil, r.topScope, ast.Typ, id)
-		} else {
-			// The receiver type parameter expression is invalid, but try to resolve
-			// it anyway for consistency.
-			resolveExprs = append(resolveExprs, expr)
-		}
-	}
-	for _, expr := range resolveExprs {
-		if expr != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, expr)
-		}
-	}
-	// The receiver is invalid, but try to resolve it anyway for consistency.
-	for _, f := range recv.List[1:] {
-		if f.Type != nil {
-			ast.Walk(r, f.Type)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) walkFieldList(list *ast.FieldList, kind ast.ObjKind) {
-	if list == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	r.resolveList(list)
-	r.declareList(list, kind)
-}
-
-// walkTParams is like walkFieldList, but declares type parameters eagerly so
-// that they may be resolved in the constraint expressions held in the field
-// Type.
-func (r *resolver) walkTParams(list *ast.FieldList) {
-	r.declareList(list, ast.Typ)
-	r.resolveList(list)
-}
-
-func (r *resolver) walkBody(body *ast.BlockStmt) {
-	if body == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	r.openLabelScope()
-	defer r.closeLabelScope()
-	r.walkStmts(body.List)
-}

runtime/_overlay/testing/testing.go

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-package testing

runtime/build.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ var hasAltPkg = map[string]none{
 	"crypto/sha256":            {},
 	"crypto/sha512":            {},
 	"crypto/subtle":            {},
+	"go/build":                 {},
 	"go/parser":                {},
 	"hash/crc32":               {},
 	"hash/maphash":             {},

runtime/internal/clite/pthread/pthread_gc.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-//go:build !nogc
-// +build !nogc
+//go:build !nogc && !baremetal
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.

runtime/internal/clite/pthread/pthread_nogc.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-//go:build nogc
-// +build nogc
+//go:build nogc || baremetal
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.

runtime/internal/clite/tls/tls_common.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build llgo
+//go:build llgo && !baremetal
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.

runtime/internal/clite/tls/tls_gc.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build llgo && !nogc
+//go:build llgo && !baremetal && !nogc
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.

runtime/internal/clite/tls/tls_nogc.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//go:build llgo && nogc
+//go:build llgo && (nogc || baremetal)
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.

runtime/internal/clite/tls/tls_stub.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//go:build !llgo || baremetal
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package tls
+
+// Handle is a no-op TLS handle used when building without the llgo tag.
+type Handle[T any] struct{}
+
+// Alloc returns a stub TLS handle that ignores all operations.
+func Alloc[T any](func(*T)) Handle[T] { return Handle[T]{} }
+
+// Get always returns the zero value.
+func (Handle[T]) Get() (zero T) { return zero }
+
+// Set is a no-op.
+func (Handle[T]) Set(T) {}
+
+// Clear is a no-op.
+func (Handle[T]) Clear() {}

runtime/internal/lib/go/build/build.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package build provides alternative implementations for go/build.
+// We override build.Default.Compiler in an init function.
+
+package build
+
+import (
+	"go/build"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	// LLGO PATCH: Override build.Default.Compiler to be "gc" instead of "llgo"
+	// This prevents "unknown compiler" errors when user code uses go/build package
+	// Even though runtime.Compiler = "llgo", we set build.Default.Compiler = "gc"
+	build.Default.Compiler = "gc"
+}

runtime/internal/lib/internal/bytealg/bytealg.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime"
 )
 
-// llgo:skip init CompareString
+// llgo:skip init
 type _bytealg struct{}
 
 func IndexByte(b []byte, ch byte) int {

runtime/internal/lib/reflect/value.go

@@ -1759,6 +1759,16 @@ func ValueOf(i any) Value {
 	return unpackEface(i)
 }
 
+// Indirect returns the value that v points to.
+// If v is a nil pointer, Indirect returns a zero Value.
+// If v is not a pointer, Indirect returns v.
+func Indirect(v Value) Value {
+	if v.Kind() != Pointer {
+		return v
+	}
+	return v.Elem()
+}
+
 // arrayAt returns the i-th element of p,
 // an array whose elements are eltSize bytes wide.
 // The array pointed at by p must have at least i+1 elements:

runtime/internal/lib/runtime/runtime2.go

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 
 package runtime
 
-import "runtime"
-
 // Layout of in-memory per-function information prepared by linker
 // See https://golang.org/s/go12symtab.
 // Keep in sync with linker (../cmd/link/internal/ld/pcln.go:/pclntab)
@@ -30,10 +28,6 @@ func StopTrace() {
 	panic("todo: runtime.StopTrace")
 }
 
-func ReadMemStats(m *runtime.MemStats) {
-	panic("todo: runtime.ReadMemStats")
-}
-
 func SetMutexProfileFraction(rate int) int {
 	panic("todo: runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction")
 }

runtime/internal/lib/runtime/runtime_gc.go

@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
-//go:build !nogc
+//go:build !nogc && !baremetal
 
 package runtime
 
-import "github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite/bdwgc"
+import (
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite/bdwgc"
+)
+
+func ReadMemStats(m *runtime.MemStats) {
+	panic("todo: runtime.ReadMemStats")
+}
 
 func GC() {
 	bdwgc.Gcollect()

runtime/internal/lib/runtime/runtime_gc_baremetal.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//go:build !nogc && baremetal
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc"
+)
+
+func ReadMemStats(m *runtime.MemStats) {
+	stats := tinygogc.ReadGCStats()
+	m.Alloc = stats.Alloc
+	m.TotalAlloc = stats.TotalAlloc
+	m.Sys = stats.Sys
+	m.Mallocs = stats.Mallocs
+	m.Frees = stats.Frees
+	m.HeapAlloc = stats.HeapAlloc
+	m.HeapSys = stats.HeapSys
+	m.HeapIdle = stats.HeapIdle
+	m.HeapInuse = stats.HeapInuse
+	m.StackInuse = stats.StackInuse
+	m.StackSys = stats.StackSys
+	m.GCSys = stats.GCSys
+}
+
+func GC() {
+	tinygogc.GC()
+}

runtime/internal/lib/runtime/symtab.go

@@ -140,6 +140,10 @@ type Func struct {
 	opaque struct{} // unexported field to disallow conversions
 }
 
+func (f *Func) Name() string {
+	panic("todo")
+}
+
 // moduledata records information about the layout of the executable
 // image. It is written by the linker. Any changes here must be
 // matched changes to the code in cmd/link/internal/ld/symtab.go:symtab.

runtime/internal/runtime/defer_tls.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package runtime
+
+import "github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite/tls"
+
+var deferTLS = tls.Alloc[*Defer](func(head **Defer) {
+	if head != nil {
+		*head = nil
+	}
+})
+
+// SetThreadDefer associates the current thread with the given defer chain.
+func SetThreadDefer(head *Defer) {
+	deferTLS.Set(head)
+}
+
+// GetThreadDefer returns the current thread's defer chain head.
+func GetThreadDefer() *Defer {
+	return deferTLS.Get()
+}
+
+// ClearThreadDefer resets the current thread's defer chain to nil.
+func ClearThreadDefer() {
+	deferTLS.Clear()
+}

runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc/gc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+//go:build baremetal || testGC
+
+package tinygogc
+
+import "unsafe"
+
+type GCStats struct {
+	// General statistics.
+
+	// Alloc is bytes of allocated heap objects.
+	//
+	// This is the same as HeapAlloc (see below).
+	Alloc uint64
+
+	// TotalAlloc is cumulative bytes allocated for heap objects.
+	//
+	// TotalAlloc increases as heap objects are allocated, but
+	// unlike Alloc and HeapAlloc, it does not decrease when
+	// objects are freed.
+	TotalAlloc uint64
+
+	// Sys is the total bytes of memory obtained from the OS.
+	//
+	// Sys is the sum of the XSys fields below. Sys measures the
+	// virtual address space reserved by the Go runtime for the
+	// heap, stacks, and other internal data structures. It's
+	// likely that not all of the virtual address space is backed
+	// by physical memory at any given moment, though in general
+	// it all was at some point.
+	Sys uint64
+
+	// Mallocs is the cumulative count of heap objects allocated.
+	// The number of live objects is Mallocs - Frees.
+	Mallocs uint64
+
+	// Frees is the cumulative count of heap objects freed.
+	Frees uint64
+
+	// Heap memory statistics.
+	//
+	// Interpreting the heap statistics requires some knowledge of
+	// how Go organizes memory. Go divides the virtual address
+	// space of the heap into "spans", which are contiguous
+	// regions of memory 8K or larger. A span may be in one of
+	// three states:
+	//
+	// An "idle" span contains no objects or other data. The
+	// physical memory backing an idle span can be released back
+	// to the OS (but the virtual address space never is), or it
+	// can be converted into an "in use" or "stack" span.
+	//
+	// An "in use" span contains at least one heap object and may
+	// have free space available to allocate more heap objects.
+	//
+	// A "stack" span is used for goroutine stacks. Stack spans
+	// are not considered part of the heap. A span can change
+	// between heap and stack memory; it is never used for both
+	// simultaneously.
+
+	// HeapAlloc is bytes of allocated heap objects.
+	//
+	// "Allocated" heap objects include all reachable objects, as
+	// well as unreachable objects that the garbage collector has
+	// not yet freed. Specifically, HeapAlloc increases as heap
+	// objects are allocated and decreases as the heap is swept
+	// and unreachable objects are freed. Sweeping occurs
+	// incrementally between GC cycles, so these two processes
+	// occur simultaneously, and as a result HeapAlloc tends to
+	// change smoothly (in contrast with the sawtooth that is
+	// typical of stop-the-world garbage collectors).
+	HeapAlloc uint64
+
+	// HeapSys is bytes of heap memory obtained from the OS.
+	//
+	// HeapSys measures the amount of virtual address space
+	// reserved for the heap. This includes virtual address space
+	// that has been reserved but not yet used, which consumes no
+	// physical memory, but tends to be small, as well as virtual
+	// address space for which the physical memory has been
+	// returned to the OS after it became unused (see HeapReleased
+	// for a measure of the latter).
+	//
+	// HeapSys estimates the largest size the heap has had.
+	HeapSys uint64
+
+	// HeapIdle is bytes in idle (unused) spans.
+	//
+	// Idle spans have no objects in them. These spans could be
+	// (and may already have been) returned to the OS, or they can
+	// be reused for heap allocations, or they can be reused as
+	// stack memory.
+	//
+	// HeapIdle minus HeapReleased estimates the amount of memory
+	// that could be returned to the OS, but is being retained by
+	// the runtime so it can grow the heap without requesting more
+	// memory from the OS. If this difference is significantly
+	// larger than the heap size, it indicates there was a recent
+	// transient spike in live heap size.
+	HeapIdle uint64
+
+	// HeapInuse is bytes in in-use spans.
+	//
+	// In-use spans have at least one object in them. These spans
+	// can only be used for other objects of roughly the same
+	// size.
+	//
+	// HeapInuse minus HeapAlloc estimates the amount of memory
+	// that has been dedicated to particular size classes, but is
+	// not currently being used. This is an upper bound on
+	// fragmentation, but in general this memory can be reused
+	// efficiently.
+	HeapInuse uint64
+
+	// Stack memory statistics.
+	//
+	// Stacks are not considered part of the heap, but the runtime
+	// can reuse a span of heap memory for stack memory, and
+	// vice-versa.
+
+	// StackInuse is bytes in stack spans.
+	//
+	// In-use stack spans have at least one stack in them. These
+	// spans can only be used for other stacks of the same size.
+	//
+	// There is no StackIdle because unused stack spans are
+	// returned to the heap (and hence counted toward HeapIdle).
+	StackInuse uint64
+
+	// StackSys is bytes of stack memory obtained from the OS.
+	//
+	// StackSys is StackInuse, plus any memory obtained directly
+	// from the OS for OS thread stacks.
+	//
+	// In non-cgo programs this metric is currently equal to StackInuse
+	// (but this should not be relied upon, and the value may change in
+	// the future).
+	//
+	// In cgo programs this metric includes OS thread stacks allocated
+	// directly from the OS. Currently, this only accounts for one stack in
+	// c-shared and c-archive build modes and other sources of stacks from
+	// the OS (notably, any allocated by C code) are not currently measured.
+	// Note this too may change in the future.
+	StackSys uint64
+
+	// GCSys is bytes of memory in garbage collection metadata.
+	GCSys uint64
+}
+
+func ReadGCStats() GCStats {
+	var heapInuse, heapIdle uint64
+
+	lock(&gcMutex)
+
+	for block := uintptr(0); block < endBlock; block++ {
+		bstate := gcStateOf(block)
+		if bstate == blockStateFree {
+			heapIdle += uint64(bytesPerBlock)
+		} else {
+			heapInuse += uint64(bytesPerBlock)
+		}
+	}
+
+	stackEnd := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&_stackEnd))
+	stackSys := stackTop - stackEnd
+
+	stats := GCStats{
+		Alloc:      (gcTotalBlocks - gcFreedBlocks) * uint64(bytesPerBlock),
+		TotalAlloc: gcTotalAlloc,
+		Sys:        uint64(heapEnd - heapStart),
+		Mallocs:    gcMallocs,
+		Frees:      gcFrees,
+		HeapAlloc:  (gcTotalBlocks - gcFreedBlocks) * uint64(bytesPerBlock),
+		HeapSys:    heapInuse + heapIdle,
+		HeapIdle:   heapIdle,
+		HeapInuse:  heapInuse,
+		StackInuse: uint64(stackTop - uintptr(getsp())),
+		StackSys:   uint64(stackSys),
+		GCSys:      uint64(heapEnd - uintptr(metadataStart)),
+	}
+
+	unlock(&gcMutex)
+
+	return stats
+}

runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc/gc_link.go

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+//go:build !testGC
+
+package tinygogc
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+// LLGoPackage instructs the LLGo linker to wrap C standard library memory allocation
+// functions (malloc, realloc, calloc) so they use the tinygogc allocator instead.
+// This ensures all memory allocations go through the GC, including C library calls.
+const LLGoPackage = "link: --wrap=malloc --wrap=realloc --wrap=calloc"
+
+//export __wrap_malloc
+func __wrap_malloc(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return Alloc(size)
+}
+
+//export __wrap_calloc
+func __wrap_calloc(nmemb, size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	totalSize := nmemb * size
+	// Check for multiplication overflow
+	if nmemb != 0 && totalSize/nmemb != size {
+		return nil // Overflow
+	}
+	return Alloc(totalSize)
+}
+
+//export __wrap_realloc
+func __wrap_realloc(ptr unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return Realloc(ptr, size)
+}
+
+//go:linkname getsp llgo.stackSave
+func getsp() unsafe.Pointer
+
+//go:linkname _heapStart _heapStart
+var _heapStart [0]byte
+
+//go:linkname _heapEnd _heapEnd
+var _heapEnd [0]byte
+
+//go:linkname _stackStart _stack_top
+var _stackStart [0]byte
+
+//go:linkname _stackEnd _stack_end
+var _stackEnd [0]byte
+
+//go:linkname _globals_start _globals_start
+var _globals_start [0]byte
+
+//go:linkname _globals_end _globals_end
+var _globals_end [0]byte

runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc/gc_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//go:build testGC
+
+package tinygogc
+
+import (
+	_ "unsafe"
+)
+
+var currentStack uintptr
+
+func getsp() uintptr {
+	return currentStack
+}
+
+var _heapStart [0]byte
+
+var _heapEnd [0]byte
+
+var _stackStart [0]byte
+
+var _stackEnd [0]byte
+
+var _globals_start [0]byte
+
+var _globals_end [0]byte

runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc/gc_tinygo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+//go:build baremetal || testGC
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2025 The TinyGo Authors. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Package tinygogc implements a conservative mark-and-sweep garbage collector
+// for baremetal environments where the standard Go runtime and bdwgc are unavailable.
+//
+// This implementation is based on TinyGo's GC and is designed for resource-constrained
+// embedded systems. It uses a block-based allocator with conservative pointer scanning.
+//
+// Build tags:
+//   - baremetal: Enables this GC for baremetal targets
+//   - testGC: Enables testing mode with mock implementations
+//
+// Memory Layout:
+// The heap is divided into fixed-size blocks (32 bytes on 64-bit). Metadata is stored
+// at the end of the heap, using 2 bits per block to track state (free/head/tail/mark).
+package tinygogc
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	c "github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite"
+)
+
+const gcDebug = false
+
+// blockState stores the four states in which a block can be. It is two bits in
+// size.
+const (
+	blockStateFree uint8 = 0 // 00
+	blockStateHead uint8 = 1 // 01
+	blockStateTail uint8 = 2 // 10
+	blockStateMark uint8 = 3 // 11
+	blockStateMask uint8 = 3 // 11
+)
+
+// The byte value of a block where every block is a 'tail' block.
+const blockStateByteAllTails = 0 |
+	uint8(blockStateTail<<(stateBits*3)) |
+	uint8(blockStateTail<<(stateBits*2)) |
+	uint8(blockStateTail<<(stateBits*1)) |
+	uint8(blockStateTail<<(stateBits*0))
+
+var (
+	heapStart     uintptr        // start address of heap area
+	heapEnd       uintptr        // end address of heap area
+	globalsStart  uintptr        // start address of global variable area
+	globalsEnd    uintptr        // end address of global variable area
+	stackTop      uintptr        // the top of stack
+	endBlock      uintptr        // GC end block index
+	metadataStart unsafe.Pointer // start address of GC metadata
+
+	nextAlloc     uintptr // the next block that should be tried by the allocator
+	gcTotalAlloc  uint64  // total number of bytes allocated
+	gcTotalBlocks uint64  // total number of allocated blocks
+	gcMallocs     uint64  // total number of allocations
+	gcFrees       uint64  // total number of objects freed
+	gcFreedBlocks uint64  // total number of freed blocks
+
+	// stackOverflow is a flag which is set when the GC scans too deep while marking.
+	// After it is set, all marked allocations must be re-scanned.
+	markStackOverflow bool
+
+	// zeroSizedAlloc is just a sentinel that gets returned when allocating 0 bytes.
+	zeroSizedAlloc uint8
+
+	gcMutex  mutex // gcMutex protects GC related variables
+	isGCInit bool  // isGCInit indicates GC initialization state
+)
+
+// Some globals + constants for the entire GC.
+
+const (
+	wordsPerBlock      = 4 // number of pointers in an allocated block
+	bytesPerBlock      = wordsPerBlock * unsafe.Sizeof(heapStart)
+	stateBits          = 2 // how many bits a block state takes (see blockState type)
+	blocksPerStateByte = 8 / stateBits
+	markStackSize      = 8 * unsafe.Sizeof((*int)(nil)) // number of to-be-marked blocks to queue before forcing a rescan
+)
+
+// this function MUST be initalized first, which means it's required to be initalized before runtime
+func initGC() {
+	// reserve 2K blocks for libc internal malloc, we cannot wrap those internal functions
+	heapStart = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&_heapStart)) + 2048
+	heapEnd = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&_heapEnd))
+	globalsStart = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&_globals_start))
+	globalsEnd = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&_globals_end))
+	totalSize := heapEnd - heapStart
+	metadataSize := (totalSize + blocksPerStateByte*bytesPerBlock) / (1 + blocksPerStateByte*bytesPerBlock)
+	metadataStart = unsafe.Pointer(heapEnd - metadataSize)
+	endBlock = (uintptr(metadataStart) - heapStart) / bytesPerBlock
+	stackTop = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&_stackStart))
+
+	c.Memset(metadataStart, 0, metadataSize)
+}
+
+func lazyInit() {
+	if !isGCInit {
+		initGC()
+		isGCInit = true
+	}
+}
+
+func gcPanic(s *c.Char) {
+	c.Printf(c.Str("%s"), s)
+	c.Exit(2)
+}
+
+// blockFromAddr returns a block given an address somewhere in the heap (which
+// might not be heap-aligned).
+func blockFromAddr(addr uintptr) uintptr {
+	if addr < heapStart || addr >= uintptr(metadataStart) {
+		gcPanic(c.Str("gc: trying to get block from invalid address"))
+	}
+	return (addr - heapStart) / bytesPerBlock
+}
+
+// Return a pointer to the start of the allocated object.
+func gcPointerOf(blockAddr uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return unsafe.Pointer(gcAddressOf(blockAddr))
+}
+
+// Return the address of the start of the allocated object.
+func gcAddressOf(blockAddr uintptr) uintptr {
+	addr := heapStart + blockAddr*bytesPerBlock
+	if addr > uintptr(metadataStart) {
+		gcPanic(c.Str("gc: block pointing inside metadata"))
+	}
+	return addr
+}
+
+// findHead returns the head (first block) of an object, assuming the block
+// points to an allocated object. It returns the same block if this block
+// already points to the head.
+func gcFindHead(blockAddr uintptr) uintptr {
+	for {
+		// Optimization: check whether the current block state byte (which
+		// contains the state of multiple blocks) is composed entirely of tail
+		// blocks. If so, we can skip back to the last block in the previous
+		// state byte.
+		// This optimization speeds up findHead for pointers that point into a
+		// large allocation.
+		stateByte := gcStateByteOf(blockAddr)
+		if stateByte == blockStateByteAllTails {
+			blockAddr -= (blockAddr % blocksPerStateByte) + 1
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Check whether we've found a non-tail block, which means we found the
+		// head.
+		state := gcStateFromByte(blockAddr, stateByte)
+		if state != blockStateTail {
+			break
+		}
+		blockAddr--
+	}
+	if gcStateOf(blockAddr) != blockStateHead && gcStateOf(blockAddr) != blockStateMark {
+		gcPanic(c.Str("gc: found tail without head"))
+	}
+	return blockAddr
+}
+
+// findNext returns the first block just past the end of the tail. This may or
+// may not be the head of an object.
+func gcFindNext(blockAddr uintptr) uintptr {
+	if gcStateOf(blockAddr) == blockStateHead || gcStateOf(blockAddr) == blockStateMark {
+		blockAddr++
+	}
+	for gcAddressOf(blockAddr) < uintptr(metadataStart) && gcStateOf(blockAddr) == blockStateTail {
+		blockAddr++
+	}
+	return blockAddr
+}
+
+func gcStateByteOf(blockAddr uintptr) byte {
+	return *(*uint8)(unsafe.Add(metadataStart, blockAddr/blocksPerStateByte))
+}
+
+// Return the block state given a state byte. The state byte must have been
+// obtained using b.stateByte(), otherwise the result is incorrect.
+func gcStateFromByte(blockAddr uintptr, stateByte byte) uint8 {
+	return uint8(stateByte>>((blockAddr%blocksPerStateByte)*stateBits)) & blockStateMask
+}
+
+// State returns the current block state.
+func gcStateOf(blockAddr uintptr) uint8 {
+	return gcStateFromByte(blockAddr, gcStateByteOf(blockAddr))
+}
+
+// setState sets the current block to the given state, which must contain more
+// bits than the current state. Allowed transitions: from free to any state and
+// from head to mark.
+func gcSetState(blockAddr uintptr, newState uint8) {
+	stateBytePtr := (*uint8)(unsafe.Add(metadataStart, blockAddr/blocksPerStateByte))
+	*stateBytePtr |= uint8(newState << ((blockAddr % blocksPerStateByte) * stateBits))
+	if gcStateOf(blockAddr) != newState {
+		gcPanic(c.Str("gc: setState() was not successful"))
+	}
+}
+
+// markFree sets the block state to free, no matter what state it was in before.
+func gcMarkFree(blockAddr uintptr) {
+	stateBytePtr := (*uint8)(unsafe.Add(metadataStart, blockAddr/blocksPerStateByte))
+	*stateBytePtr &^= uint8(blockStateMask << ((blockAddr % blocksPerStateByte) * stateBits))
+	if gcStateOf(blockAddr) != blockStateFree {
+		gcPanic(c.Str("gc: markFree() was not successful"))
+	}
+	*(*[wordsPerBlock]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(gcAddressOf(blockAddr))) = [wordsPerBlock]uintptr{}
+}
+
+// unmark changes the state of the block from mark to head. It must be marked
+// before calling this function.
+func gcUnmark(blockAddr uintptr) {
+	if gcStateOf(blockAddr) != blockStateMark {
+		gcPanic(c.Str("gc: unmark() on a block that is not marked"))
+	}
+	clearMask := blockStateMask ^ blockStateHead // the bits to clear from the state
+	stateBytePtr := (*uint8)(unsafe.Add(metadataStart, blockAddr/blocksPerStateByte))
+	*stateBytePtr &^= uint8(clearMask << ((blockAddr % blocksPerStateByte) * stateBits))
+	if gcStateOf(blockAddr) != blockStateHead {
+		gcPanic(c.Str("gc: unmark() was not successful"))
+	}
+}
+
+func isOnHeap(ptr uintptr) bool {
+	return ptr >= heapStart && ptr < uintptr(metadataStart)
+}
+
+func isPointer(ptr uintptr) bool {
+	// TODO: implement precise GC
+	return isOnHeap(ptr)
+}
+
+// alloc tries to find some free space on the heap, possibly doing a garbage
+// collection cycle if needed. If no space is free, it panics.
+//
+//go:noinline
+func Alloc(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	if size == 0 {
+		return unsafe.Pointer(&zeroSizedAlloc)
+	}
+	lock(&gcMutex)
+	lazyInit()
+
+	gcTotalAlloc += uint64(size)
+	gcMallocs++
+
+	neededBlocks := (size + (bytesPerBlock - 1)) / bytesPerBlock
+	gcTotalBlocks += uint64(neededBlocks)
+
+	// Continue looping until a run of free blocks has been found that fits the
+	// requested size.
+	index := nextAlloc
+	numFreeBlocks := uintptr(0)
+	heapScanCount := uint8(0)
+	for {
+		if index == nextAlloc {
+			if heapScanCount == 0 {
+				heapScanCount = 1
+			} else if heapScanCount == 1 {
+				// The entire heap has been searched for free memory, but none
+				// could be found. Run a garbage collection cycle to reclaim
+				// free memory and try again.
+				heapScanCount = 2
+				freeBytes := gc()
+				heapSize := uintptr(metadataStart) - heapStart
+				if freeBytes < heapSize/3 {
+					// Ensure there is at least 33% headroom.
+					// This percentage was arbitrarily chosen, and may need to
+					// be tuned in the future.
+					growHeap()
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Even after garbage collection, no free memory could be found.
+				// Try to increase heap size.
+				if growHeap() {
+					// Success, the heap was increased in size. Try again with a
+					// larger heap.
+				} else {
+					// Unfortunately the heap could not be increased. This
+					// happens on baremetal systems for example (where all
+					// available RAM has already been dedicated to the heap).
+					gcPanic(c.Str("out of memory"))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Wrap around the end of the heap.
+		if index == endBlock {
+			index = 0
+			// Reset numFreeBlocks as allocations cannot wrap.
+			numFreeBlocks = 0
+			// In rare cases, the initial heap might be so small that there are
+			// no blocks at all. In this case, it's better to jump back to the
+			// start of the loop and try again, until the GC realizes there is
+			// no memory and grows the heap.
+			// This can sometimes happen on WebAssembly, where the initial heap
+			// is created by whatever is left on the last memory page.
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Is the block we're looking at free?
+		if gcStateOf(index) != blockStateFree {
+			// This block is in use. Try again from this point.
+			numFreeBlocks = 0
+			index++
+			continue
+		}
+		numFreeBlocks++
+		index++
+
+		// Are we finished?
+		if numFreeBlocks == neededBlocks {
+			// Found a big enough range of free blocks!
+			nextAlloc = index
+			thisAlloc := index - neededBlocks
+
+			// Set the following blocks as being allocated.
+			gcSetState(thisAlloc, blockStateHead)
+			for i := thisAlloc + 1; i != nextAlloc; i++ {
+				gcSetState(i, blockStateTail)
+			}
+			unlock(&gcMutex)
+			// Return a pointer to this allocation.
+			return c.Memset(gcPointerOf(thisAlloc), 0, size)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func Realloc(ptr unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	if ptr == nil {
+		return Alloc(size)
+	}
+	lock(&gcMutex)
+	lazyInit()
+	unlock(&gcMutex)
+
+	ptrAddress := uintptr(ptr)
+	endOfTailAddress := gcAddressOf(gcFindNext(blockFromAddr(ptrAddress)))
+
+	// this might be a few bytes longer than the original size of
+	// ptr, because we align to full blocks of size bytesPerBlock
+	oldSize := endOfTailAddress - ptrAddress
+	if size <= oldSize {
+		return ptr
+	}
+
+	newAlloc := Alloc(size)
+	c.Memcpy(newAlloc, ptr, oldSize)
+	free(ptr)
+
+	return newAlloc
+}
+
+func free(ptr unsafe.Pointer) {
+	// TODO: free blocks on request, when the compiler knows they're unused.
+}
+
+func GC() uintptr {
+	lock(&gcMutex)
+	freeBytes := gc()
+	unlock(&gcMutex)
+	return freeBytes
+}
+
+// runGC performs a garbage collection cycle. It is the internal implementation
+// of the runtime.GC() function. The difference is that it returns the number of
+// free bytes in the heap after the GC is finished.
+func gc() (freeBytes uintptr) {
+	lazyInit()
+
+	if gcDebug {
+		println("running collection cycle...")
+	}
+
+	// Mark phase: mark all reachable objects, recursively.
+	gcMarkReachable()
+
+	finishMark()
+
+	// If we're using threads, resume all other threads before starting the
+	// sweep.
+	gcResumeWorld()
+
+	// Sweep phase: free all non-marked objects and unmark marked objects for
+	// the next collection cycle.
+	freeBytes = sweep()
+
+	return
+}
+
+// markRoots reads all pointers from start to end (exclusive) and if they look
+// like a heap pointer and are unmarked, marks them and scans that object as
+// well (recursively). The start and end parameters must be valid pointers and
+// must be aligned.
+func markRoots(start, end uintptr) {
+	if start >= end {
+		gcPanic(c.Str("gc: unexpected range to mark"))
+	}
+	// Reduce the end bound to avoid reading too far on platforms where pointer alignment is smaller than pointer size.
+	// If the size of the range is 0, then end will be slightly below start after this.
+	end -= unsafe.Sizeof(end) - unsafe.Alignof(end)
+
+	for addr := start; addr < end; addr += unsafe.Alignof(addr) {
+		root := *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(addr))
+		markRoot(addr, root)
+	}
+}
+
+// startMark starts the marking process on a root and all of its children.
+func startMark(root uintptr) {
+	var stack [markStackSize]uintptr
+	stack[0] = root
+	gcSetState(root, blockStateMark)
+	stackLen := 1
+	for stackLen > 0 {
+		// Pop a block off of the stack.
+		stackLen--
+		block := stack[stackLen]
+
+		start, end := gcAddressOf(block), gcAddressOf(gcFindNext(block))
+
+		for addr := start; addr != end; addr += unsafe.Alignof(addr) {
+			// Load the word.
+			word := *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(addr))
+
+			if !isPointer(word) {
+				// Not a heap pointer.
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Find the corresponding memory block.
+			referencedBlock := blockFromAddr(word)
+
+			if gcStateOf(referencedBlock) == blockStateFree {
+				// The to-be-marked object doesn't actually exist.
+				// This is probably a false positive.
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Move to the block's head.
+			referencedBlock = gcFindHead(referencedBlock)
+
+			if gcStateOf(referencedBlock) == blockStateMark {
+				// The block has already been marked by something else.
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Mark block.
+			gcSetState(referencedBlock, blockStateMark)
+
+			if stackLen == len(stack) {
+				// The stack is full.
+				// It is necessary to rescan all marked blocks once we are done.
+				markStackOverflow = true
+				if gcDebug {
+					println("gc stack overflowed")
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Push the pointer onto the stack to be scanned later.
+			stack[stackLen] = referencedBlock
+			stackLen++
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// finishMark finishes the marking process by processing all stack overflows.
+func finishMark() {
+	for markStackOverflow {
+		// Re-mark all blocks.
+		markStackOverflow = false
+		for block := uintptr(0); block < endBlock; block++ {
+			if gcStateOf(block) != blockStateMark {
+				// Block is not marked, so we do not need to rescan it.
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Re-mark the block.
+			startMark(block)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// mark a GC root at the address addr.
+func markRoot(addr, root uintptr) {
+	if isOnHeap(root) {
+		block := blockFromAddr(root)
+		if gcStateOf(block) == blockStateFree {
+			// The to-be-marked object doesn't actually exist.
+			// This could either be a dangling pointer (oops!) but most likely
+			// just a false positive.
+			return
+		}
+		head := gcFindHead(block)
+
+		if gcStateOf(head) != blockStateMark {
+			startMark(head)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Sweep goes through all memory and frees unmarked
+// It returns how many bytes are free in the heap after the sweep.
+func sweep() (freeBytes uintptr) {
+	freeCurrentObject := false
+	var freed uint64
+
+	for block := uintptr(0); block < endBlock; block++ {
+		switch gcStateOf(block) {
+		case blockStateHead:
+			// Unmarked head. Free it, including all tail blocks following it.
+			gcMarkFree(block)
+			freeCurrentObject = true
+			gcFrees++
+			freed++
+		case blockStateTail:
+			if freeCurrentObject {
+				// This is a tail object following an unmarked head.
+				// Free it now.
+				gcMarkFree(block)
+				freed++
+			}
+		case blockStateMark:
+			// This is a marked object. The next tail blocks must not be freed,
+			// but the mark bit must be removed so the next GC cycle will
+			// collect this object if it is unreferenced then.
+			gcUnmark(block)
+			freeCurrentObject = false
+		case blockStateFree:
+			freeBytes += bytesPerBlock
+		}
+	}
+	gcFreedBlocks += freed
+	freeBytes += uintptr(freed) * bytesPerBlock
+	return
+}
+
+// growHeap tries to grow the heap size. It returns true if it succeeds, false
+// otherwise.
+func growHeap() bool {
+	// On baremetal, there is no way the heap can be grown.
+	return false
+}
+
+func gcMarkReachable() {
+	markRoots(uintptr(getsp()), stackTop)
+	markRoots(globalsStart, globalsEnd)
+}
+
+func gcResumeWorld() {
+	// Nothing to do here (single threaded).
+}

runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc/mutex.go

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package tinygogc
+
+// TODO(MeteorsLiu): mutex lock for baremetal GC
+type mutex struct{}
+
+func lock(m *mutex) {}
+
+func unlock(m *mutex) {}

runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc/pc_mock_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+//go:build testGC
+
+package tinygogc
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	c "github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Mock a typical embedded system with 128KB RAM
+	mockHeapSize     = 128 * 1024 // 128KB
+	mockGlobalsSize  = 4 * 1024   // 4KB for globals
+	mockStackSize    = 8 * 1024   // 8KB for stack
+	mockReservedSize = 2048       // 2KB reserved as in real implementation
+)
+
+type testObject struct {
+	data [4]uintptr
+}
+
+// mockGCEnv provides a controlled root environment for GC testing
+type mockGCEnv struct {
+	memory       []byte
+	heapStart    uintptr
+	heapEnd      uintptr
+	globalsStart uintptr
+	globalsEnd   uintptr
+	stackStart   uintptr
+	stackEnd     uintptr
+	// Controlled root sets for testing
+	rootObjects []unsafe.Pointer
+	// Original GC state to restore
+	originalHeapStart     uintptr
+	originalHeapEnd       uintptr
+	originalGlobalsStart  uintptr
+	originalGlobalsEnd    uintptr
+	originalStackTop      uintptr
+	originalEndBlock      uintptr
+	originalMetadataStart unsafe.Pointer
+	originalNextAlloc     uintptr
+	originalIsGCInit      bool
+	// Mock mode flag
+	mockMode bool
+}
+
+// createMockGCEnv creates a completely isolated GC environment
+func createMockGCEnv() *mockGCEnv {
+	totalMemory := mockHeapSize + mockGlobalsSize + mockStackSize
+	memory := make([]byte, totalMemory)
+	baseAddr := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&memory[0]))
+
+	env := &mockGCEnv{
+		memory:       memory,
+		globalsStart: baseAddr,
+		globalsEnd:   baseAddr + mockGlobalsSize,
+		heapStart:    baseAddr + mockGlobalsSize + mockReservedSize,
+		heapEnd:      baseAddr + mockGlobalsSize + mockHeapSize,
+		stackStart:   baseAddr + mockGlobalsSize + mockHeapSize,
+		stackEnd:     baseAddr + uintptr(totalMemory),
+		rootObjects:  make([]unsafe.Pointer, 0),
+		mockMode:     false,
+	}
+
+	return env
+}
+
+// setupMockGC initializes the GC with mock memory layout using initGC's logic
+func (env *mockGCEnv) setupMockGC() {
+	// Save original GC state
+	env.originalHeapStart = heapStart
+	env.originalHeapEnd = heapEnd
+	env.originalGlobalsStart = globalsStart
+	env.originalGlobalsEnd = globalsEnd
+	env.originalStackTop = stackTop
+	env.originalEndBlock = endBlock
+	env.originalMetadataStart = metadataStart
+	env.originalNextAlloc = nextAlloc
+	env.originalIsGCInit = isGCInit
+
+	// Set currentStack for getsp()
+	currentStack = env.stackStart
+
+	// Apply initGC's logic with our mock memory layout
+	// This is the same logic as initGC() but with our mock addresses
+	heapStart = env.heapStart + 2048 // reserve 2K blocks like initGC does
+	heapEnd = env.heapEnd
+	globalsStart = env.globalsStart
+	globalsEnd = env.globalsEnd
+	stackTop = env.stackEnd
+
+	totalSize := heapEnd - heapStart
+	metadataSize := (totalSize + blocksPerStateByte*bytesPerBlock) / (1 + blocksPerStateByte*bytesPerBlock)
+	metadataStart = unsafe.Pointer(heapEnd - metadataSize)
+	endBlock = (uintptr(metadataStart) - heapStart) / bytesPerBlock
+
+	// Clear metadata using memset like initGC does
+	c.Memset(metadataStart, 0, metadataSize)
+
+	// Reset allocator state and all GC statistics for clean test environment
+	nextAlloc = 0
+	isGCInit = true
+
+	// Reset all GC statistics to start from clean state
+	gcTotalAlloc = 0
+	gcTotalBlocks = 0
+	gcMallocs = 0
+	gcFrees = 0
+	gcFreedBlocks = 0
+	markStackOverflow = false
+}
+
+// restoreOriginalGC restores the original GC state
+func (env *mockGCEnv) restoreOriginalGC() {
+	heapStart = env.originalHeapStart
+	heapEnd = env.originalHeapEnd
+	globalsStart = env.originalGlobalsStart
+	globalsEnd = env.originalGlobalsEnd
+	stackTop = env.originalStackTop
+	endBlock = env.originalEndBlock
+	metadataStart = env.originalMetadataStart
+	nextAlloc = env.originalNextAlloc
+	isGCInit = false
+}
+
+// enableMockMode enables mock root scanning mode
+func (env *mockGCEnv) enableMockMode() {
+	env.mockMode = true
+}
+
+// disableMockMode disables mock root scanning mode
+func (env *mockGCEnv) disableMockMode() {
+	env.mockMode = false
+}
+
+// addRoot adds an object to the controlled root set
+func (env *mockGCEnv) addRoot(ptr unsafe.Pointer) {
+	env.rootObjects = append(env.rootObjects, ptr)
+}
+
+// clearRoots removes all objects from the controlled root set
+func (env *mockGCEnv) clearRoots() {
+	env.rootObjects = env.rootObjects[:0]
+}
+
+// mockMarkReachable replaces gcMarkReachable when in mock mode
+func (env *mockGCEnv) mockMarkReachable() {
+	if !env.mockMode {
+		// Use original logic
+		markRoots(uintptr(getsp()), stackTop)
+		markRoots(globalsStart, globalsEnd)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Mock mode: only scan our controlled roots
+	for _, root := range env.rootObjects {
+		addr := uintptr(root)
+		markRoot(addr, addr)
+	}
+}
+
+// runMockGC runs standard GC but with controlled root scanning
+func (env *mockGCEnv) runMockGC() uintptr {
+	lock(&gcMutex)
+	defer unlock(&gcMutex)
+
+	lazyInit()
+
+	if gcDebug {
+		println("running mock collection cycle...")
+	}
+
+	// Mark phase: use our mock root scanning
+	env.mockMarkReachable()
+	finishMark()
+
+	// Resume world (no-op in single threaded)
+	gcResumeWorld()
+
+	// Sweep phase: use standard sweep logic
+	return sweep()
+}
+
+// createTestObjects creates a network of objects for testing reachability
+func createTestObjects(env *mockGCEnv) []*testObject {
+	// Allocate several test objects
+	objects := make([]*testObject, 0, 10)
+
+	// Dependencies Graph
+	// root1 -> child1 -> grandchild1 -> child2
+	// root1 -> child2 -> grandchild1
+
+	// Create root objects (reachable from stack/globals)
+	root1 := (*testObject)(Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(testObject{})))
+	root2 := (*testObject)(Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(testObject{})))
+	objects = append(objects, root1, root2)
+
+	// Create objects reachable from root1
+	child1 := (*testObject)(Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(testObject{})))
+	child2 := (*testObject)(Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(testObject{})))
+	root1.data[0] = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(child1))
+	root1.data[1] = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(child2))
+	objects = append(objects, child1, child2)
+
+	// Create objects reachable from child1
+	grandchild1 := (*testObject)(Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(testObject{})))
+	child1.data[0] = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(grandchild1))
+	objects = append(objects, grandchild1)
+
+	// Create circular reference between child2 and grandchild1
+	child2.data[0] = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(grandchild1))
+	grandchild1.data[0] = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(child2))
+
+	// Create unreachable objects (garbage)
+	garbage1 := (*testObject)(Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(testObject{})))
+	garbage2 := (*testObject)(Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(testObject{})))
+	// Create circular reference in garbage
+	garbage1.data[0] = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(garbage2))
+	garbage2.data[0] = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(garbage1))
+	objects = append(objects, garbage1, garbage2)
+
+	return objects
+}
+
+func TestMockGCBasicAllocation(t *testing.T) {
+	env := createMockGCEnv()
+	env.setupMockGC()
+	defer env.restoreOriginalGC()
+
+	// Test basic allocation
+	ptr1 := Alloc(32)
+	if ptr1 == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Failed to allocate 32 bytes")
+	}
+
+	ptr2 := Alloc(64)
+	if ptr2 == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Failed to allocate 64 bytes")
+	}
+
+	// Verify pointers are within heap bounds
+	addr1 := uintptr(ptr1)
+	addr2 := uintptr(ptr2)
+
+	if addr1 < heapStart || addr1 >= uintptr(metadataStart) {
+		t.Errorf("ptr1 %x not within heap bounds [%x, %x)", addr1, heapStart, uintptr(metadataStart))
+	}
+
+	if addr2 < heapStart || addr2 >= uintptr(metadataStart) {
+		t.Errorf("ptr2 %x not within heap bounds [%x, %x)", addr2, heapStart, uintptr(metadataStart))
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("Allocated ptr1 at %x, ptr2 at %x", addr1, addr2)
+	t.Logf("Heap bounds: [%x, %x)", heapStart, uintptr(metadataStart))
+}
+
+func TestMockGCReachabilityAndSweep(t *testing.T) {
+	env := createMockGCEnv()
+	env.setupMockGC()
+	defer env.restoreOriginalGC()
+
+	// Track initial stats
+	initialMallocs := gcMallocs
+	initialFrees := gcFrees
+
+	// Create test object network
+	objects := createTestObjects(env)
+
+	// Add first 2 objects as roots using mock control
+	env.enableMockMode()
+	env.addRoot(unsafe.Pointer(objects[0])) // root1
+	env.addRoot(unsafe.Pointer(objects[1])) // root2
+
+	t.Logf("Created %d objects, 2 are roots", len(objects))
+	t.Logf("Mallocs: %d", gcMallocs-initialMallocs)
+
+	// Verify all objects are initially allocated
+	for i, obj := range objects {
+		addr := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(obj))
+		block := blockFromAddr(addr)
+		state := gcStateOf(block)
+		if state != blockStateHead {
+			t.Errorf("Object %d at %x has state %d, expected %d (HEAD)", i, addr, state, blockStateHead)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Perform GC with controlled root scanning
+	freedBytes := env.runMockGC()
+	t.Logf("Freed %d bytes during GC", freedBytes)
+	t.Logf("Frees: %d (delta: %d)", gcFrees, gcFrees-initialFrees)
+
+	// Verify reachable objects are still allocated
+	reachableObjects := []unsafe.Pointer{
+		unsafe.Pointer(objects[0]), // root1
+		unsafe.Pointer(objects[1]), // root2
+		unsafe.Pointer(objects[2]), // child1 (reachable from root1)
+		unsafe.Pointer(objects[3]), // child2 (reachable from root1)
+		unsafe.Pointer(objects[4]), // grandchild1 (reachable from child1, child2)
+	}
+
+	for i, obj := range reachableObjects {
+		addr := uintptr(obj)
+		block := blockFromAddr(addr)
+		state := gcStateOf(block)
+		if state != blockStateHead {
+			t.Errorf("Reachable object %d at %x has state %d, expected %d (HEAD)", i, addr, state, blockStateHead)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify unreachable objects are freed
+	unreachableObjects := []unsafe.Pointer{
+		unsafe.Pointer(objects[5]), // garbage1
+		unsafe.Pointer(objects[6]), // garbage2
+	}
+
+	for i, obj := range unreachableObjects {
+		addr := uintptr(obj)
+		block := blockFromAddr(addr)
+		state := gcStateOf(block)
+		if state != blockStateFree {
+			t.Errorf("Unreachable object %d at %x has state %d, expected %d (FREE)", i, addr, state, blockStateFree)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify some memory was actually freed
+	if freedBytes == 0 {
+		t.Error("Expected some memory to be freed, but freed 0 bytes")
+	}
+
+	if gcFrees == initialFrees {
+		t.Error("Expected some objects to be freed, but free count didn't change")
+	}
+
+	// Clear refs to make grandchild1 unreachable
+	objects[2].data[0] = 0 // child1 -> grandchild1
+	objects[3].data[0] = 0 // child2 -> grandchild1
+
+	// Run GC again with same roots
+	freedBytes = env.runMockGC()
+
+	// child2 should still be reachable (through root1)
+	blockAddr := blockFromAddr(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(objects[3])))
+	state := gcStateOf(blockAddr)
+	if state != blockStateHead {
+		t.Errorf("Object child2 at %x has state %d, expected %d (HEAD)", blockAddr, state, blockStateHead)
+	}
+
+	// grandchild1 should now be unreachable and freed
+	blockAddr = blockFromAddr(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(objects[4])))
+	state = gcStateOf(blockAddr)
+	if state != blockStateFree {
+		t.Errorf("Object grandchild1 at %x has state %d, expected %d (FREE)", blockAddr, state, blockStateFree)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMockGCMemoryPressure(t *testing.T) {
+	env := createMockGCEnv()
+	env.setupMockGC()
+	defer env.restoreOriginalGC()
+
+	// Calculate available heap space
+	heapSize := uintptr(metadataStart) - heapStart
+	blockSize := bytesPerBlock
+	maxBlocks := heapSize / blockSize
+
+	t.Logf("Heap size: %d bytes, Block size: %d bytes, Max blocks: %d",
+		heapSize, blockSize, maxBlocks)
+
+	// Allocate until we trigger GC
+	var allocations []unsafe.Pointer
+	allocSize := uintptr(32) // Small allocations
+
+	// Allocate about 80% of heap to trigger GC pressure
+	targetAllocations := int(maxBlocks * 4 / 5) // 80% capacity
+
+	for i := 0; i < targetAllocations; i++ {
+		ptr := Alloc(allocSize)
+		if ptr == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to allocate at iteration %d", i)
+		}
+		allocations = append(allocations, ptr)
+	}
+
+	initialMallocs := gcMallocs
+	t.Logf("Allocated %d objects (%d mallocs total)", len(allocations), initialMallocs)
+
+	// Enable mock mode and keep only half the allocations as roots
+	env.enableMockMode()
+	keepCount := len(allocations) / 2
+	for i := 0; i < keepCount; i++ {
+		env.addRoot(allocations[i])
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("Keeping %d objects as roots, %d should be freed", keepCount, len(allocations)-keepCount)
+
+	// Force GC with controlled roots
+	freeBytes := env.runMockGC()
+
+	t.Logf("GC freed %d bytes", freeBytes)
+	t.Logf("Objects freed: %d", gcFrees)
+
+	// Try to allocate more after GC
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		ptr := Alloc(allocSize)
+		if ptr == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to allocate after GC at iteration %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.Log("Successfully allocated more objects after GC")
+}
+
+func TestMockGCStats(t *testing.T) {
+	env := createMockGCEnv()
+	env.setupMockGC()
+	defer env.restoreOriginalGC()
+
+	// Get initial stats
+	initialStats := ReadGCStats()
+	t.Logf("Initial stats - Mallocs: %d, Frees: %d, TotalAlloc: %d, Alloc: %d",
+		initialStats.Mallocs, initialStats.Frees, initialStats.TotalAlloc, initialStats.Alloc)
+
+	// Verify basic system stats
+	expectedSys := uint64(env.heapEnd - env.heapStart - 2048)
+	if initialStats.Sys != expectedSys {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Sys %d, got %d", expectedSys, initialStats.Sys)
+	}
+
+	expectedGCSys := uint64(env.heapEnd - uintptr(metadataStart))
+	if initialStats.GCSys != expectedGCSys {
+		t.Errorf("Expected GCSys %d, got %d", expectedGCSys, initialStats.GCSys)
+	}
+
+	// Allocate some objects
+	var allocations []unsafe.Pointer
+	allocSize := uintptr(64)
+	numAllocs := 10
+
+	for i := 0; i < numAllocs; i++ {
+		ptr := Alloc(allocSize)
+		if ptr == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to allocate at iteration %d", i)
+		}
+		allocations = append(allocations, ptr)
+	}
+
+	// Check stats after allocation
+	afterAllocStats := ReadGCStats()
+	t.Logf("After allocation - Mallocs: %d, Frees: %d, TotalAlloc: %d, Alloc: %d",
+		afterAllocStats.Mallocs, afterAllocStats.Frees, afterAllocStats.TotalAlloc, afterAllocStats.Alloc)
+
+	// Verify allocation stats increased
+	if afterAllocStats.Mallocs <= initialStats.Mallocs {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Mallocs to increase from %d, got %d", initialStats.Mallocs, afterAllocStats.Mallocs)
+	}
+
+	if afterAllocStats.TotalAlloc <= initialStats.TotalAlloc {
+		t.Errorf("Expected TotalAlloc to increase from %d, got %d", initialStats.TotalAlloc, afterAllocStats.TotalAlloc)
+	}
+
+	if afterAllocStats.Alloc <= initialStats.Alloc {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Alloc to increase from %d, got %d", initialStats.Alloc, afterAllocStats.Alloc)
+	}
+
+	// Verify Alloc and HeapAlloc are the same
+	if afterAllocStats.Alloc != afterAllocStats.HeapAlloc {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Alloc (%d) to equal HeapAlloc (%d)", afterAllocStats.Alloc, afterAllocStats.HeapAlloc)
+	}
+
+	// Perform GC with controlled roots - keep only half the allocations
+	env.enableMockMode()
+	keepCount := len(allocations) / 2
+	for i := 0; i < keepCount; i++ {
+		env.addRoot(allocations[i])
+	}
+
+	freedBytes := env.runMockGC()
+	t.Logf("GC freed %d bytes", freedBytes)
+
+	// Check stats after GC
+	afterGCStats := ReadGCStats()
+	t.Logf("After GC - Mallocs: %d, Frees: %d, TotalAlloc: %d, Alloc: %d",
+		afterGCStats.Mallocs, afterGCStats.Frees, afterGCStats.TotalAlloc, afterGCStats.Alloc)
+
+	// Verify GC stats
+	if afterGCStats.Frees <= afterAllocStats.Frees {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Frees to increase from %d, got %d", afterAllocStats.Frees, afterGCStats.Frees)
+	}
+
+	// TotalAlloc should not decrease (cumulative)
+	if afterGCStats.TotalAlloc != afterAllocStats.TotalAlloc {
+		t.Errorf("Expected TotalAlloc to remain %d after GC, got %d", afterAllocStats.TotalAlloc, afterGCStats.TotalAlloc)
+	}
+
+	// Alloc should decrease (freed objects)
+	if afterGCStats.Alloc >= afterAllocStats.Alloc {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Alloc to decrease from %d after GC, got %d", afterAllocStats.Alloc, afterGCStats.Alloc)
+	}
+
+	// Verify heap statistics consistency
+	if afterGCStats.HeapSys != afterGCStats.HeapInuse+afterGCStats.HeapIdle {
+		t.Errorf("Expected HeapSys (%d) to equal HeapInuse (%d) + HeapIdle (%d)",
+			afterGCStats.HeapSys, afterGCStats.HeapInuse, afterGCStats.HeapIdle)
+	}
+
+	// Verify live objects calculation
+	expectedLiveObjects := afterGCStats.Mallocs - afterGCStats.Frees
+	t.Logf("Live objects: %d (Mallocs: %d - Frees: %d)", expectedLiveObjects, afterGCStats.Mallocs, afterGCStats.Frees)
+
+	// The number of live objects should be reasonable (we kept half the allocations plus some overhead)
+	if expectedLiveObjects < uint64(keepCount) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected at least %d live objects, got %d", keepCount, expectedLiveObjects)
+	}
+
+	// Test stack statistics
+	if afterGCStats.StackInuse > afterGCStats.StackSys {
+		t.Errorf("StackInuse (%d) should not exceed StackSys (%d)", afterGCStats.StackInuse, afterGCStats.StackSys)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMockGCCircularReferences(t *testing.T) {
+	env := createMockGCEnv()
+	env.setupMockGC()
+	defer env.restoreOriginalGC()
+
+	type Node struct {
+		data [3]uintptr
+		next uintptr
+	}
+
+	// Create a circular linked list
+	nodes := make([]*Node, 5)
+	for i := range nodes {
+		nodes[i] = (*Node)(Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(Node{})))
+		nodes[i].data[0] = uintptr(i) // Store index as data
+	}
+
+	// Link them in a circle
+	for i := range nodes {
+		nextIdx := (i + 1) % len(nodes)
+		nodes[i].next = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(nodes[nextIdx]))
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("Created circular list of %d nodes", len(nodes))
+
+	// Initially all should be allocated
+	for i, node := range nodes {
+		addr := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(node))
+		block := blockFromAddr(addr)
+		state := gcStateOf(block)
+		if state != blockStateHead {
+			t.Errorf("Node %d at %x has state %d, expected %d", i, addr, state, blockStateHead)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test 1: With root references - objects should NOT be freed
+	env.enableMockMode()
+	// Add the first node as root (keeps entire circle reachable)
+	env.addRoot(unsafe.Pointer(nodes[0]))
+
+	freeBytes := env.runMockGC()
+	t.Logf("GC with root reference freed %d bytes", freeBytes)
+
+	// All nodes should still be allocated since they're reachable through the root
+	for i, node := range nodes {
+		addr := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(node))
+		block := blockFromAddr(addr)
+		state := gcStateOf(block)
+		if state != blockStateHead {
+			t.Errorf("Node %d at %x should still be allocated, but has state %d", i, addr, state)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test 2: Without root references - all circular objects should be freed
+	env.clearRoots() // Remove all root references
+
+	freeBytes = env.runMockGC()
+	t.Logf("GC without roots freed %d bytes", freeBytes)
+
+	// All nodes should now be freed since they're not reachable from any roots
+	expectedFreed := uintptr(len(nodes)) * ((unsafe.Sizeof(Node{}) + bytesPerBlock - 1) / bytesPerBlock) * bytesPerBlock
+
+	if freeBytes < expectedFreed {
+		t.Errorf("Expected at least %d bytes freed, got %d", expectedFreed, freeBytes)
+	}
+
+	// Verify all nodes are actually freed
+	for i, node := range nodes {
+		addr := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(node))
+		block := blockFromAddr(addr)
+		state := gcStateOf(block)
+		if state != blockStateFree {
+			t.Errorf("Node %d at %x should be freed, but has state %d", i, addr, state)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify we can allocate new objects in the freed space
+	newPtr := Alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(Node{}))
+	if newPtr == nil {
+		t.Error("Failed to allocate after freeing circular references")
+	}
+}

runtime/internal/runtime/z_defer_gc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//go:build !nogc && !baremetal
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	c "github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite/bdwgc"
+)
+
+// FreeDeferNode releases a defer argument node allocated from the Boehm heap.
+func FreeDeferNode(ptr unsafe.Pointer) {
+	if ptr != nil {
+		bdwgc.Free(c.Pointer(ptr))
+	}
+}

runtime/internal/runtime/z_defer_nogc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//go:build nogc || baremetal
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	c "github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite"
+)
+
+// FreeDeferNode releases the defer node when GC integration is disabled.
+func FreeDeferNode(ptr unsafe.Pointer) {
+	if ptr != nil {
+		c.Free(ptr)
+	}
+}

runtime/internal/runtime/z_face.go

@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ func NewItab(inter *InterfaceType, typ *Type) *Itab {
 		ret.fun[0] = 0
 	} else {
 		data := (*uintptr)(c.Advance(ptr, int(itabHdrSize)))
-		mthds := methods(u, inter.PkgPath_)
+		mthds := u.Methods()
 		for i, m := range inter.Methods {
 			fn := findMethod(mthds, m)
 			if fn == nil {
@@ -395,13 +395,6 @@ func findMethod(mthds []abi.Method, im abi.Imethod) abi.Text {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func methods(u *abi.UncommonType, from string) []abi.Method {
-	if u.PkgPath_ == from {
-		return u.Methods()
-	}
-	return u.ExportedMethods()
-}
-
 func IfaceType(i iface) *abi.Type {
 	if i.tab == nil {
 		return nil

runtime/internal/runtime/z_gc.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-//go:build !nogc
-// +build !nogc
+//go:build !nogc && !baremetal
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.

runtime/internal/runtime/z_gc_baremetal.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//go:build !nogc && baremetal
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/runtime/tinygogc"
+)
+
+// AllocU allocates uninitialized memory.
+func AllocU(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return tinygogc.Alloc(size)
+}
+
+// AllocZ allocates zero-initialized memory.
+func AllocZ(size uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return tinygogc.Alloc(size)
+}

runtime/internal/runtime/z_rt.go

@@ -109,18 +109,6 @@ const MaxZero = 1024
 
 var ZeroVal [MaxZero]byte
 
-// func init() {
-// 	signal.Signal(c.Int(syscall.SIGSEGV), func(v c.Int) {
-// 		switch syscall.Signal(v) {
-// 		case syscall.SIGSEGV:
-// 			panic(errorString("invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference"))
-// 		default:
-// 			var buf [20]byte
-// 			panic(errorString("unexpected signal value: " + string(itoa(buf[:], uint64(v)))))
-// 		}
-// 	})
-// }
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 type SigjmpBuf struct {

runtime/internal/runtime/z_signal.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//go:build !wasm && !baremetal
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	c "github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/runtime/internal/clite/signal"
+)
+
+const (
+	// SIGSEGV is signal number 11 on all Unix-like systems (Linux, Darwin, BSD, etc.)
+	// Using a hardcoded constant avoids importing the syscall package, which would
+	// introduce dependencies on errors and internal/reflectlite packages that cause
+	// linking issues in c-shared and c-archive build modes.
+	SIGSEGV = c.Int(0xb)
+)
+
+// This file contains platform-specific runtime initialization for non-wasm targets.
+// The SIGSEGV signal handler enables Go-style panic recovery for nil pointer dereferences
+// instead of immediate process termination.
+//
+// For wasm platform compatibility, signal handling is excluded via build tags.
+// See PR #1059 for wasm platform requirements.
+func init() {
+	signal.Signal(SIGSEGV, func(v c.Int) {
+		if v == SIGSEGV {
+			panic(errorString("invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference"))
+		}
+		var buf [20]byte
+		panic(errorString("unexpected signal value: " + string(itoa(buf[:], uint64(v)))))
+	})
+}

runtime/overlay.go

@@ -7,27 +7,11 @@ import (
 //go:embed _overlay/runtime/runtime.go
 var fakeRuntime string
 
-//go:embed _overlay/go/parser/resolver.go
-var go_parser_resolver string
-
-//go:embed _overlay/testing/testing.go
-var testing_testing string
-
-//go:embed _overlay/testing/testing_go123.go
-var testing_testing_go123 string
-
-//go:embed _overlay/testing/testing_go124.go
-var testing_testing_go124 string
-
 //go:embed _overlay/net/textproto/textproto.go
 var net_textproto string
 
 var OverlayFiles = map[string]string{
 	"math/exp_amd64.go":          "package math;",
-	"go/parser/resolver.go":      go_parser_resolver,
-	"testing/testing.go":         testing_testing,
-	"testing/testing_go123.go":   testing_testing_go123,
-	"testing/testing_go124.go":   testing_testing_go124,
 	"net/textproto/textproto.go": net_textproto,
 	"runtime/runtime.go":         fakeRuntime,
 }

ssa/decl.go

@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ func (p Function) NewBuilder() Builder {
 	// TODO(xsw): Finalize may cause panic, so comment it.
 	// b.Finalize()
 	return &aBuilder{b, nil, p, p.Pkg, prog,
-		make(map[Expr]dbgExpr), make(map[*types.Scope]DIScope)}
+		make(map[*types.Scope]DIScope)}
 }
 
 // HasBody reports whether the function has a body.

ssa/di.go

@@ -662,14 +662,8 @@ func (b diBuilder) createExpression(ops []uint64) DIExpression {
 
 // Copy to alloca'd memory to get declareable address.
 func (b Builder) constructDebugAddr(v Expr) (dbgPtr Expr, dbgVal Expr, exists bool) {
-	if v, ok := b.dbgVars[v]; ok {
-		return v.ptr, v.val, true
-	}
 	t := v.Type.RawType().Underlying()
 	dbgPtr, dbgVal = b.doConstructDebugAddr(v, t)
-	dbgExpr := dbgExpr{dbgPtr, dbgVal}
-	b.dbgVars[v] = dbgExpr
-	b.dbgVars[dbgVal] = dbgExpr
 	return dbgPtr, dbgVal, false
 }
 
@@ -874,11 +868,7 @@ func (b Builder) DebugFunction(f Function, pos token.Position, bodyPos token.Pos
 }
 
 func (b Builder) Param(idx int) Expr {
-	p := b.Func.Param(idx)
-	if v, ok := b.dbgVars[p]; ok {
-		return v.val
-	}
-	return p
+	return b.Func.Param(idx)
 }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

ssa/eh.go

@@ -91,6 +91,16 @@ func (p Program) tySiglongjmp() *types.Signature {
 	return p.sigljmpTy
 }
 
+// func() unsafe.Pointer
+func (p Program) tyStacksave() *types.Signature {
+	if p.stackSaveTy == nil {
+		paramPtr := types.NewParam(token.NoPos, nil, "", p.VoidPtr().raw.Type)
+		params := types.NewTuple(paramPtr)
+		p.stackSaveTy = types.NewSignatureType(nil, nil, nil, nil, params, false)
+	}
+	return p.stackSaveTy
+}
+
 func (b Builder) AllocaSigjmpBuf() Expr {
 	prog := b.Prog
 	n := unsafe.Sizeof(sigjmpbuf{})
@@ -98,6 +108,12 @@ func (b Builder) AllocaSigjmpBuf() Expr {
 	return b.Alloca(size)
 }
 
+// declare ptr @llvm.stacksave.p0()
+func (b Builder) StackSave() Expr {
+	fn := b.Pkg.cFunc("llvm.stacksave", b.Prog.tyStacksave())
+	return b.InlineCall(fn)
+}
+
 func (b Builder) Sigsetjmp(jb, savemask Expr) Expr {
 	if b.Prog.target.GOARCH == "wasm" {
 		return b.Setjmp(jb)
@@ -133,10 +149,6 @@ func (b Builder) Longjmp(jb, retval Expr) {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const (
-	deferKey = "__llgo_defer"
-)
-
 func (p Function) deferInitBuilder() (b Builder, next BasicBlock) {
 	b = p.NewBuilder()
 	next = b.setBlockMoveLast(p.blks[0])
@@ -146,7 +158,6 @@ func (p Function) deferInitBuilder() (b Builder, next BasicBlock) {
 
 type aDefer struct {
 	nextBit   int          // next defer bit
-	key       Expr         // pthread TLS key
 	data      Expr         // pointer to runtime.Defer
 	bitsPtr   Expr         // pointer to defer bits
 	rethPtr   Expr         // next block of Rethrow
@@ -158,30 +169,6 @@ type aDefer struct {
 	stmts     []func(bits Expr)
 }
 
-func (p Package) keyInit(name string) {
-	keyVar := p.VarOf(name)
-	if keyVar == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	prog := p.Prog
-	keyVar.InitNil()
-	keyVar.impl.SetLinkage(llvm.LinkOnceAnyLinkage)
-
-	b := p.afterBuilder()
-	eq := b.BinOp(token.EQL, b.Load(keyVar.Expr), prog.IntVal(0, prog.CInt()))
-	b.IfThen(eq, func() {
-		b.pthreadKeyCreate(keyVar.Expr, prog.Nil(prog.VoidPtr()))
-	})
-}
-
-func (p Package) newKey(name string) Global {
-	return p.NewVarEx(name, p.Prog.CIntPtr())
-}
-
-func (b Builder) deferKey() Expr {
-	return b.Load(b.Pkg.newKey(deferKey).Expr)
-}
-
 const (
 	// 0: addr sigjmpbuf
 	// 1: bits uintptr
@@ -214,17 +201,19 @@ func (b Builder) getDefer(kind DoAction) *aDefer {
 		blks := self.MakeBlocks(2)
 		procBlk, rethrowBlk := blks[0], blks[1]
 
-		key := b.deferKey()
 		zero := prog.Val(uintptr(0))
-		link := Expr{b.pthreadGetspecific(key).impl, prog.DeferPtr()}
+		link := b.Call(b.Pkg.rtFunc("GetThreadDefer"))
 		jb := b.AllocaSigjmpBuf()
-		ptr := b.aggregateAlloca(prog.Defer(), jb.impl, zero.impl, link.impl, procBlk.Addr().impl)
+		ptr := b.aggregateAllocU(prog.Defer(), jb.impl, zero.impl, link.impl, procBlk.Addr().impl)
 		deferData := Expr{ptr, prog.DeferPtr()}
-		b.pthreadSetspecific(key, deferData)
+		b.Call(b.Pkg.rtFunc("SetThreadDefer"), deferData)
 		bitsPtr := b.FieldAddr(deferData, deferBits)
 		rethPtr := b.FieldAddr(deferData, deferRethrow)
 		rundPtr := b.FieldAddr(deferData, deferRunDefers)
 		argsPtr := b.FieldAddr(deferData, deferArgs)
+		// Initialize the args list so later guards (e.g. DeferAlways/DeferInLoop)
+		// can safely detect an empty chain without a prior push.
+		b.Store(argsPtr, prog.Nil(prog.VoidPtr()))
 
 		czero := prog.IntVal(0, prog.CInt())
 		retval := b.Sigsetjmp(jb, czero)
@@ -237,7 +226,6 @@ func (b Builder) getDefer(kind DoAction) *aDefer {
 		b.If(b.BinOp(token.EQL, retval, czero), next, panicBlk)
 
 		self.defer_ = &aDefer{
-			key:       key,
 			data:      deferData,
 			bitsPtr:   bitsPtr,
 			rethPtr:   rethPtr,
@@ -262,8 +250,7 @@ func (b Builder) getDefer(kind DoAction) *aDefer {
 
 // DeferData returns the defer data (*runtime.Defer).
 func (b Builder) DeferData() Expr {
-	key := b.deferKey()
-	return Expr{b.pthreadGetspecific(key).impl, b.Prog.DeferPtr()}
+	return b.Call(b.Pkg.rtFunc("GetThreadDefer"))
 }
 
 // Defer emits a defer instruction.
@@ -278,14 +265,17 @@ func (b Builder) Defer(kind DoAction, fn Expr, args ...Expr) {
 	case DeferInCond:
 		prog = b.Prog
 		next := self.nextBit
+		if uintptr(next) >= unsafe.Sizeof(uintptr(0))*8 {
+			panic("too many conditional defers")
+		}
 		self.nextBit++
 		bits := b.Load(self.bitsPtr)
 		nextbit = prog.Val(uintptr(1 << next))
 		b.Store(self.bitsPtr, b.BinOp(token.OR, bits, nextbit))
 	case DeferAlways:
 		// nothing to do
-	default:
-		panic("todo: DeferInLoop is not supported - " + b.Func.Name())
+	case DeferInLoop:
+		// Loop defers rely on a dedicated drain loop inserted below.
 	}
 	typ := b.saveDeferArgs(self, fn, args)
 	self.stmts = append(self.stmts, func(bits Expr) {
@@ -298,6 +288,29 @@ func (b Builder) Defer(kind DoAction, fn Expr, args ...Expr) {
 			})
 		case DeferAlways:
 			b.callDefer(self, typ, fn, args)
+		case DeferInLoop:
+			prog := b.Prog
+			condBlk := b.Func.MakeBlock()
+			bodyBlk := b.Func.MakeBlock()
+			exitBlk := b.Func.MakeBlock()
+			// Control flow:
+			//   condBlk: check argsPtr for non-nil to see if there's work to drain.
+			//   bodyBlk: execute a single defer node, then jump back to condBlk.
+			//   exitBlk: reached when the list is empty (argsPtr == nil).
+			// This mirrors runtime's linked-list unwinding semantics for loop defers.
+
+			// jump to condition check before executing
+			b.Jump(condBlk)
+			b.SetBlockEx(condBlk, AtEnd, true)
+			list := b.Load(self.argsPtr)
+			has := b.BinOp(token.NEQ, list, prog.Nil(prog.VoidPtr()))
+			b.If(has, bodyBlk, exitBlk)
+
+			b.SetBlockEx(bodyBlk, AtEnd, true)
+			b.callDefer(self, typ, fn, args)
+			b.Jump(condBlk)
+
+			b.SetBlockEx(exitBlk, AtEnd, true)
 		}
 	})
 }
@@ -338,7 +351,7 @@ func (b Builder) saveDeferArgs(self *aDefer, fn Expr, args []Expr) Type {
 		flds[i+offset] = arg.impl
 	}
 	typ := prog.Struct(typs...)
-	ptr := Expr{b.aggregateMalloc(typ, flds...), prog.VoidPtr()}
+	ptr := Expr{b.aggregateAllocU(typ, flds...), prog.VoidPtr()}
 	b.Store(self.argsPtr, ptr)
 	return typ
 }
@@ -349,19 +362,28 @@ func (b Builder) callDefer(self *aDefer, typ Type, fn Expr, args []Expr) {
 		return
 	}
 	prog := b.Prog
-	ptr := b.Load(self.argsPtr)
-	data := b.Load(Expr{ptr.impl, prog.Pointer(typ)})
-	offset := 1
-	b.Store(self.argsPtr, Expr{b.getField(data, 0).impl, prog.VoidPtr()})
-	if fn.kind == vkClosure {
-		fn = b.getField(data, 1)
-		offset++
-	}
-	for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
-		args[i] = b.getField(data, i+offset)
-	}
-	b.Call(fn, args...)
-	b.free(ptr)
+	zero := prog.Nil(prog.VoidPtr())
+	list := b.Load(self.argsPtr)
+	has := b.BinOp(token.NEQ, list, zero)
+	// The guard is required because callDefer is reused by endDefer() after the
+	// list has been drained. Without this check we would dereference a nil
+	// pointer when no loop defers were recorded.
+	b.IfThen(has, func() {
+		ptr := b.Load(self.argsPtr)
+		data := b.Load(Expr{ptr.impl, prog.Pointer(typ)})
+		offset := 1
+		b.Store(self.argsPtr, Expr{b.getField(data, 0).impl, prog.VoidPtr()})
+		callFn := fn
+		if callFn.kind == vkClosure {
+			callFn = b.getField(data, 1)
+			offset++
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < len(args); i++ {
+			args[i] = b.getField(data, i+offset)
+		}
+		b.Call(callFn, args...)
+		b.Call(b.Pkg.rtFunc("FreeDeferNode"), ptr)
+	})
 }
 
 // RunDefers emits instructions to run deferred instructions.
@@ -415,7 +437,7 @@ func (p Function) endDefer(b Builder) {
 		}
 	}
 	link := b.getField(b.Load(self.data), deferLink)
-	b.pthreadSetspecific(self.key, link)
+	b.Call(b.Pkg.rtFunc("SetThreadDefer"), link)
 	b.IndirectJump(b.Load(rundPtr), nexts)
 
 	b.SetBlockEx(panicBlk, AtEnd, false) // panicBlk: exec runDefers and rethrow

ssa/eh_loop_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//go:build !llgo
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ssa_test
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa"
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/ssa/ssatest"
+)
+
+func TestDeferInLoopIR(t *testing.T) {
+	prog := ssatest.NewProgram(t, nil)
+	pkg := prog.NewPackage("foo", "foo")
+
+	callee := pkg.NewFunc("callee", ssa.NoArgsNoRet, ssa.InGo)
+	cb := callee.MakeBody(1)
+	cb.Return()
+	cb.EndBuild()
+
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("main", ssa.NoArgsNoRet, ssa.InGo)
+	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
+	fn.SetRecover(fn.MakeBlock())
+
+	// Ensure entry block has a terminator like real codegen
+	b.Return()
+	b.SetBlockEx(fn.Block(0), ssa.BeforeLast, true)
+
+	b.Defer(ssa.DeferInLoop, callee.Expr)
+	b.EndBuild()
+
+	ir := pkg.Module().String()
+	if !strings.Contains(ir, "icmp ne ptr") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected loop defer condition in IR, got:\n%s", ir)
+	}
+}

ssa/globals.go

@@ -31,6 +31,19 @@ func (pkg Package) AddGlobalString(name string, value string) {
 	pkg.NewVarEx(name, prog.Pointer(styp)).Init(Expr{cv, styp})
 }
 
+// ConstString creates an SSA expression representing a Go string literal. The
+// returned value is backed by an anonymous global constant and can be used to
+// initialize package-level variables or other constant contexts that expect a
+// Go string value.
+func (pkg Package) ConstString(value string) Expr {
+	prog := pkg.Prog
+	styp := prog.String()
+	data := pkg.createGlobalStr(value)
+	length := prog.IntVal(uint64(len(value)), prog.Uintptr())
+	cv := llvm.ConstNamedStruct(styp.ll, []llvm.Value{data, length.impl})
+	return Expr{cv, styp}
+}
+
 // Undefined global string var by names
 func (pkg Package) Undefined(names ...string) error {
 	prog := pkg.Prog

ssa/package.go

@@ -195,6 +195,7 @@ type aProgram struct {
 	mallocTy       *types.Signature
 	freeTy         *types.Signature
 	memsetInlineTy *types.Signature
+	stackSaveTy    *types.Signature
 
 	createKeyTy *types.Signature
 	getSpecTy   *types.Signature
@@ -797,7 +798,6 @@ func (p Package) afterBuilder() Builder {
 
 // AfterInit is called after the package is initialized (init all packages that depends on).
 func (p Package) AfterInit(b Builder, ret BasicBlock) {
-	p.keyInit(deferKey)
 	doAfterb := p.afterb != nil
 	doPyLoadModSyms := p.pyHasModSyms()
 	if doAfterb || doPyLoadModSyms {

ssa/ssa_test.go

@@ -60,6 +60,42 @@ func TestUnsafeString(t *testing.T) {
 	b.Return()
 }
 
+func TestTooManyConditionalDefers(t *testing.T) {
+	wd, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	os.Chdir("../../runtime")
+	defer os.Chdir(wd)
+
+	prog := NewProgram(nil)
+	prog.SetRuntime(func() *types.Package {
+		fset := token.NewFileSet()
+		imp := packages.NewImporter(fset)
+		pkg, _ := imp.Import(PkgRuntime)
+		return pkg
+	})
+
+	pkg := prog.NewPackage("foo", "foo")
+	target := pkg.NewFunc("f", NoArgsNoRet, InGo)
+	fn := pkg.NewFunc("main", NoArgsNoRet, InGo)
+	fn.SetRecover(fn.MakeBlock())
+	b := fn.MakeBody(1)
+
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected panic: too many conditional defers")
+		} else if r != "too many conditional defers" {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected panic: %v", r)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	b.Return()
+	for i := 0; i < 65; i++ {
+		b.Defer(DeferInCond, target.Expr)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestPointerSize(t *testing.T) {
 	expected := unsafe.Sizeof(uintptr(0))
 	if size := NewProgram(nil).PointerSize(); size != int(expected) {

ssa/stmt_builder.go

@@ -57,11 +57,6 @@ func (p BasicBlock) Addr() Expr {
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-type dbgExpr struct {
-	ptr Expr
-	val Expr
-}
-
 type aBuilder struct {
 	impl llvm.Builder
 	blk  BasicBlock
@@ -69,7 +64,6 @@ type aBuilder struct {
 	Pkg  Package
 	Prog Program
 
-	dbgVars      map[Expr]dbgExpr         // save copied address and values for debug info
 	diScopeCache map[*types.Scope]DIScope // avoid duplicated DILexicalBlock(s)
 }
 

targets/esp32-riscv.app.elf.ld

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-__stack = ORIGIN(dram_seg) + LENGTH(dram_seg);
-__MIN_STACK_SIZE = 0x1000;
-_stack_top = __stack;
+_heapEnd = ORIGIN(dram_seg) + LENGTH(dram_seg);
 
 /* Default entry point */
 ENTRY(_start)
@@ -94,6 +92,12 @@ SECTIONS
     _iram_end = .;
   } > iram_seg
 
+  .stack (NOLOAD) :
+  {
+    . += 16K;
+    __stack = .;
+  } > dram_seg
+
   /**
    * This section is required to skip .iram0.text area because iram0_0_seg and
    * dram0_0_seg reflect the same address space on different buses.
@@ -148,7 +152,7 @@ SECTIONS
   } > dram_seg
 
   /* Check if data + heap + stack exceeds RAM limit */
-  ASSERT(_end <= __stack - __MIN_STACK_SIZE, "region DRAM overflowed by .data and .bss sections")
+  ASSERT(_end <= _heapEnd, "region DRAM overflowed by .data and .bss sections")
 
   /* Stabs debugging sections.  */
   .stab          0 : { *(.stab) }
@@ -193,3 +197,8 @@ SECTIONS
   .gnu.attributes 0 : { KEEP (*(.gnu.attributes)) }
   /DISCARD/ : { *(.note.GNU-stack) *(.gnu_debuglink) *(.gnu.lto_*) }
 }
+
+_globals_start = _data_start;
+_globals_end = _end;
+_heapStart = _end;
+_stack_top = __stack;

targets/esp32.app.elf.ld

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-__stack = ORIGIN(dram_seg) + LENGTH(dram_seg);
-__MIN_STACK_SIZE = 0x2000;
+_heapEnd = ORIGIN(dram_seg) + LENGTH(dram_seg);
 
 ENTRY(_start)
 SECTIONS
@@ -26,6 +25,14 @@ SECTIONS
      the same address within the page on the next page up.  */
   . = ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) - ((CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - .) & (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - 1)); . = DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE), CONSTANT (COMMONPAGESIZE));
 
+  .stack (NOLOAD) :
+  {
+    _stack_end = .;
+    . = ALIGN(16);
+    . += 16K;
+    __stack = .;
+  }
+
 
   .rodata    :
   {
@@ -116,7 +123,7 @@ SECTIONS
   . = DATA_SEGMENT_END (.);
 
   /* Check if data + heap + stack exceeds RAM limit */
-  ASSERT(. <= __stack - __MIN_STACK_SIZE, "region DRAM overflowed by .data and .bss sections")
+  ASSERT(. <= _heapEnd, "region DRAM overflowed by .data and .bss sections")
 
   /* Stabs debugging sections.  */
   .stab          0 : { *(.stab) }
@@ -165,4 +172,7 @@ SECTIONS
 
 _sbss = __bss_start;
 _ebss = _end;
-
+_globals_start = _data_start;
+_globals_end = _end;
+_heapStart = _end;
+_stack_top = __stack;

targets/esp32.memory.elf.ld

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ MEMORY
 /* 64k at the end of DRAM, after ROM bootloader stack
  * or entire DRAM (for QEMU only)
  */
-  dram_seg (RW) : org = 0x3FFF0000 ,
-                  len = 0x10000
+  dram_seg (RW) : org = 0x3ffae000 ,
+                  len = 0x52000
 }
 
 INCLUDE "targets/esp32.app.elf.ld";

test/defer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package test
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// runLoopDefers exercises a defer statement inside a loop and relies on
+// defers executing after the loop but before the function returns.
+func runLoopDefers() (result []int) {
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		v := i
+		defer func() {
+			result = append(result, v)
+		}()
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func runLoopDeferCount(n int) (count int) {
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		defer func() {
+			count++
+		}()
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func runDeferRecover() (recovered any, ran bool) {
+	defer func() {
+		recovered = recover()
+		ran = true
+	}()
+	panic("defer recover sentinel")
+}
+
+func runNestedLoopDeferOrder() (order []string) {
+	outerNestedLoop(&order)
+	return
+}
+
+func outerNestedLoop(order *[]string) {
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		v := i
+		label := "outer:" + strconv.Itoa(v)
+		defer func(label string) {
+			*order = append(*order, label)
+		}(label)
+	}
+	middleNestedLoop(order)
+}
+
+func middleNestedLoop(order *[]string) {
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		v := i
+		label := "middle:" + strconv.Itoa(v)
+		defer func(label string) {
+			*order = append(*order, label)
+		}(label)
+	}
+	innerNestedLoop(order)
+}
+
+func innerNestedLoop(order *[]string) {
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		v := i
+		label := "inner:" + strconv.Itoa(v)
+		defer func(label string) {
+			*order = append(*order, label)
+		}(label)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeferInLoopOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	got := runLoopDefers()
+	want := []int{2, 1, 0}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected defer order: got %v, want %v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeferLoopStress(t *testing.T) {
+	const n = 1_000_000
+	if got := runLoopDeferCount(n); got != n {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected count: got %d, want %d", got, n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeferRecoverHandlesPanic(t *testing.T) {
+	got, ran := runDeferRecover()
+	want := "defer recover sentinel"
+	if !ran {
+		t.Fatalf("recover defer not executed")
+	}
+	str, ok := got.(string)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("recover returned %T, want string", got)
+	}
+	if str != want {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected recover value: got %q, want %q", str, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNestedDeferLoops(t *testing.T) {
+	got := runNestedLoopDeferOrder()
+	want := []string{
+		"inner:3", "inner:2", "inner:1", "inner:0",
+		"middle:1", "middle:0",
+		"outer:2", "outer:1", "outer:0",
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected nested order: got %v, want %v", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func runNestedConditionalDeferWithRecover() (order []string, recovered any) {
+	defer func() { recovered = recover() }()
+	nestedCondOuter(&order)
+	return
+}
+
+func nestedCondOuter(order *[]string) {
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		v := i
+		label := "outer:" + strconv.Itoa(v)
+		if v%2 == 0 {
+			defer func(label string) {
+				*order = append(*order, label)
+			}(label)
+		}
+		nestedCondMiddle(order, v)
+	}
+}
+
+func nestedCondMiddle(order *[]string, v int) {
+	for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
+		u := j
+		label := "middle:" + strconv.Itoa(u)
+		if u < 2 {
+			defer func(label string) {
+				*order = append(*order, label)
+			}(label)
+		}
+		nestedCondInner(order)
+	}
+	if v == 1 {
+		panic("nested-conditional-boom")
+	}
+}
+
+func nestedCondInner(order *[]string) {
+	for k := 0; k < 2; k++ {
+		w := k
+		label := "inner:" + strconv.Itoa(w)
+		defer func(label string) {
+			*order = append(*order, label)
+		}(label)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNestedConditionalDeferWithRecover(t *testing.T) {
+	gotOrder, gotRecovered := runNestedConditionalDeferWithRecover()
+	wantRecovered := "nested-conditional-boom"
+	if s, ok := gotRecovered.(string); !ok || s != wantRecovered {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected recover value: got %v, want %q", gotRecovered, wantRecovered)
+	}
+	wantOrder := []string{
+		"inner:1", "inner:0",
+		"inner:1", "inner:0",
+		"inner:1", "inner:0",
+		"middle:1", "middle:0",
+		"inner:1", "inner:0",
+		"inner:1", "inner:0",
+		"inner:1", "inner:0",
+		"middle:1", "middle:0",
+		"outer:0",
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotOrder, wantOrder) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected nested conditional order: got %v, want %v", gotOrder, wantOrder)
+	}
+}
+
+func callWithRecover(fn func()) (recovered any) {
+	defer func() { recovered = recover() }()
+	fn()
+	return
+}
+
+func loopBranchEven(order *[]string, i int) {
+	label := "even:" + strconv.Itoa(i)
+	defer func() { *order = append(*order, label) }()
+}
+
+func loopBranchOddNoRecover(order *[]string, i int) {
+	label := "odd-wrap:" + strconv.Itoa(i)
+	defer func() { *order = append(*order, label) }()
+	panic("odd-no-recover")
+}
+
+func loopBranchOddLocalRecover(order *[]string, i int) {
+	label := "odd-local:" + strconv.Itoa(i)
+	defer func() { *order = append(*order, label) }()
+	defer func() { _ = recover() }()
+	panic("odd-local-recover")
+}
+
+func runLoopBranchRecoverMixed(n int) (order []string, recoveredVals []any) {
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			loopBranchEven(&order, i)
+		} else if i%4 == 3 {
+			rec := callWithRecover(func() { loopBranchOddNoRecover(&order, i) })
+			recoveredVals = append(recoveredVals, rec)
+		} else {
+			loopBranchOddLocalRecover(&order, i)
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func TestLoopBranchRecoverMixed(t *testing.T) {
+	order, recovered := runLoopBranchRecoverMixed(6)
+	wantOrder := []string{
+		"even:0",
+		"odd-local:1",
+		"even:2",
+		"odd-wrap:3",
+		"even:4",
+		"odd-local:5",
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(order, wantOrder) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected loop/branch order: got %v, want %v", order, wantOrder)
+	}
+	if len(recovered) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected recovered count: got %d, want %d", len(recovered), 1)
+	}
+	if s, ok := recovered[0].(string); !ok || s != "odd-no-recover" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected recovered value: got %v, want %q", recovered[0], "odd-no-recover")
+	}
+}
+
+func deepInner(order *[]string) {
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		idx := i
+		label := "inner:" + strconv.Itoa(idx)
+		defer func(label string) {
+			*order = append(*order, label)
+		}(label)
+		if idx == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		panic("deep-boom")
+	}
+}
+
+func deepMiddle(order *[]string) {
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		idx := i
+		label := "middle:" + strconv.Itoa(idx)
+		defer func(label string) {
+			*order = append(*order, label)
+		}(label)
+		if idx == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+				panic(rec)
+			}
+		}()
+		deepInner(order)
+	}
+}
+
+func deepOuter(order *[]string) (recovered any) {
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		idx := i
+		label := "outer:" + strconv.Itoa(idx)
+		defer func(label string) {
+			*order = append(*order, label)
+		}(label)
+		if idx == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if rec := recover(); rec != nil {
+				recovered = rec
+			}
+		}()
+		deepMiddle(order)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func TestPanicCrossTwoFunctionsRecover(t *testing.T) {
+	var order []string
+	recovered := deepOuter(&order)
+	if s, ok := recovered.(string); !ok || s != "deep-boom" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected recovered value: got %v, want %q", recovered, "deep-boom")
+	}
+	wantOrder := []string{
+		"inner:1", "inner:0",
+		"middle:1", "middle:0",
+		"outer:1", "outer:0",
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(order, wantOrder) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected cross-function defer order: got %v, want %v", order, wantOrder)
+	}
+}